Test drive makore makumi maviri Toyota Prius: zvakaitika sei
Iyo yakateedzana nezve iyo titanic nzira yaifambwa neyeJapan brand uye mahybridi ayo ave echokwadi
Muna Kukadzi 2017, yekutengesa yemhando yakasanganiswa yeToyota yakasvika mamirioni gumi, nemiriyoni yekupedzisira ichisvika mumwedzi mipfumbamwe chete. Iyi inyaya yezve mweya wechokwadi, kutsungirira, kutsvaga zviroto uye zvinangwa, mahybrids uye kugona kuri mune uku kusangana.
Pakupera kwa1995, mwedzi mitanhatu mushure mekunge vagadziri veToyota vatora mwenje wevhu wakasvibira wepurojekiti yemotokari yakasanganiswa, uye makore maviri pamberi pekugadzirwa kwayo kwakateedzana, vashandi veprojekiti vakagumbuka. Iyo prototype haidi kutanga, uye chokwadi chakasiyana zvakanyanya kubva pakuenzanisa pakombuta chaiyo, zvinoenderana nesisitimu inofanirwa kushanda mushe.
Chikwata chaTakeshi Uchiamada, chakaisa zviwanikwa zvakakosha zvevanhu, tekinoroji uye zvemari mukuita uku, chakamanikidzwa kudzokera kunzvimbo yekutanga uye kuongororazve zano ravo rese. Mainjiniya vanopeta maoko avo votora kuverenga-kwe-wachi, shanduko yedhizaini, kudzokorora, kunyora nyowani yekudzora software, uye zvimwe zviitiko zvisingatengi kwemwedzi wese. Pakupedzisira, kuedza kwavo kunopiwa mubayiro, asi mufaro unogara kwenguva pfupi - motokari inotyaira makumi mashoma emamita, uye inowira zvakare.
Panguva iyoyo, Toyota yanga yagara iri hofori yemotokari ine mufananidzo wakasimbiswa wemugadziri wemotokari wepamusoro, uye kukundikana kweiri bhizimusi idzva rekuda raive mamiriro asingafungidzirwe nekambani. Zvakare, kuratidza kugona kwetekinoroji uye simba rezvemari chikamu chakakosha chemuchina weprojekti, uye vashambadzi havagone kudzoka kubva pabasa ravo.
Kazhinji, iyo pfungwa yekukura kwehybrid haina kufanana nemweya weToyota, iyo panguva iyoyo yaizivikanwa zvakanyanya nekuda kwekuchengetedza kwayo pane kuzvipira kwayo kune innovation. Maitiro ekambani akatungamirirwa nehuzivi hwakasiyana kwemakumi emakore, kusanganisira kushandiswa kwezvakasimbiswa zvekugadzira uye zvekutengesa modhi, kugadzirisa kwavo, kusimudzira nekuvandudza. Iko kusanganiswa kwenzira idzi, dzakasanganiswa nemweya wechinyakare wechiJapan, chirango uye kukurudzira, inokwenenzvera nzira dzekugadzira dzechitsuwa hofori uye inoita kuti ive bhenji rekushanda. Nekudaro, mumakore achangopfuura, manejimendi eToyota akagadzira chiono chitsva cheramangwana zvinoenderana nekuvimba kutsva kwemutambi wepasi rose anoshuvira kusvika pamusoro peindasitiri yemotokari, uye kusikwa kweiyo hybrid modhi kunofanirwa kunge kuri danho rekutanga rakakura basa guru rokuvaka. avant-garde uye kutaridzika kwakasununguka. Chishuvo chekuchinja chinomanikidza hurongwa, izvo, zvakare, zvinoremedza kukwanisa kwekambani kukura kusvika kumagumo. Wekutanga Prius akazvarwa mukutambudzika kwetantalum, uye timu yayo yekugadzira yakatarisana nezvipingamupinyi zvisingatarisirwe, zvinoshamisa zvinonetsa, uye zvinorwadza zvakavanzika zvetekinoroji. Iyo yekuvandudza uye dhizaini nhanho kuyedza kunodhura, kunoperekedzwa nematanho mazhinji asina kunaka uye zvisina kukwana mhinduro dzeinjiniya, izvo zvakatungamira mukudyara kukuru kwenguva, simba uye mari.
Mukupedzisira, chinangwa chakazadzikiswa - iyo avant-garde Prius hybrid yakatamba basa raitarisirwa rekushambadzira rakakwanisa kushandura Toyota kuita piyona wetekinoroji uye kuparadza mufananidzo wekambani inochengetedza, ichigadzira hutsva hwepamusoro-soro aura yakaitenderedza. Kuvandudzwa kwechizvarwa chekutanga kwakadhura Toyota bhiriyoni imwe chete yemadhora, yakabatanidza hukuru hweinjiniya uye yakaedza kutsungirira, kushingaira, mweya uye tarenda yeavo vose vanobatanidzwa zvakananga kana zvisina kunanga muprojekti.
Kunyangwe yakatanga se "pfuti murima," Prius haisi yekungovandudza tekinoroji yeToyota. Maitiro ekusika kwayo anoshandura zvachose iyo manejimendi yemhando yekambani, manejimendi ayo asina kumboita sarudzo dzakadai. Pasina chinzvimbo chakasimba chevatungamiriri vakaita saHiroshi Okuda naFujio Cho, iyo yakasanganiswa inogona kunge isina kuve yakakurumbira hofori yeJapan. Iyo yakaipa, inotambura dhadha inova kutanga kwemavambo ese, inoratidzira nzira inogona kuitika kune ramangwana remota, uye chizvarwa chechipiri chinotanga kuunza zvikamu zvemari zvakanangana, zvichiwira pavhu rakaorera remitengo yakakwira yemafuta. Sezvingatarisirwa, rinotevera mushure mevaviri vataurwa, kambani inotungamira Katsuaki Watanabe neunyanzvi akashandisa hwaro hwakagadzwa nevakatangira, vachiisa michina yehybrid munzvimbo yepamusoro yekusimudzira mumakore anotevera. Wechitatu Prius ikozvino chikamu chakakosha cheToyota huzivi hutsva, pasina mubvunzo chakakosha tekinoroji uye musika chinhu muindasitiri yemotokari, uye yechina inogona kutaridzika kusanzwisisika nekuti paine dzimwe nzira dzakaringana, senge dzinowanzoitika Auris Mbeu dzakauchikwa. Parizvino, kudyara kukuru kwakanangana nematekinoroji ekuvaka uye nzira dzekugadzira kuita kuti chizvarwa chinotevera chemahybridi chive chinodhura uye chinoshanda, iine matekinoroji matsva, zvemagetsi zvemazuva ano zvemagetsi nemagetsi zvinonyanya kukoshesa mumabasa ekuvandudza. Pano isu tichaedza kukuudza nezve iro chairo gamba rinoratidzwa nevagadziri veichi chakasarudzika chisikwa.
Foreword
Iye anotyaira akanyarara uye asinganzwisisike kumota. Iye anotsvedza nepakati pehutsi hwehydrocarbon dzakatsva uye anopfuura injini dzemukoma wake nekunyepedzera chinyararire. Zvishoma kumhanyisa uye kunyarara zvinongoerekana zvavhiringidzwa neyakavanzika asi hunhu hum weinjini yepeturu. Senge sekuratidzira kutsamira kwevanhu paoiri yemafuta, iyo yemhando yepamusoro injini yemoto zvine mwero asi zvisina tsananguro inozivisa huvepo hwayo mune yemazuva ano hybrid system. Ruzha rwemota diki, yepamusoro-soro pisitoni mota isinganyatsooneka, asi kutaridzika kwayo kunoratidza kuti mubairo wekuhwina mubairo wemusanganiswa Prius haisati iri mota yemagetsi uye inoramba yakanamatira zvakanyanya mutangi yegasi ...
Iyi sarudzo yakasikwa chaizvo. Mumakumi emakore ari kuuya, mota yemagetsi inogona kutsiva imwe yayo injini yekupisa, asi padanho rino, hybrid tekinoroji ndiyo yakanakisa nzira kune yakasarudzika peturu nedhiziri mota kana zvasvika kune yakaderera chisi. Imwe sarudzo inoshanda chaizvo inogadzirwa muhuwandu hwakawanda uye yatove nemitengo inonzwisisika.
Panguva imwecheteyo, basa reinjini yepetroli mumuenzaniso weJapan rakaderedzwa zvakanyanya, uye hurongwa hwemagetsi hunotora chikamu chinoshingaira mumotokari, zvose zvakananga uye zvisina kunanga, zvichibatsira kukwidziridza injini kushanda. Mumakore achangopfuura, mainjiniya eToyota neLexus vakagadzira zano ravo rekutanga rekubatanidza hunhu hweyakafanana uye yakatevedzana hybrid nekuwedzera zvimwe zvinhu (kusanganisira chizvarwa chazvino chekuwedzera kutapurirana) nekuvandudza mashandiro emagetsi emagetsi, magetsi emagetsi uye. mabhatiri. Nekudaro, ivo vakaramba vakavimbika kune maviri ehunyanzvi misimboti - kushandiswa kwemuchina wepuraneti kubatanidza simba remichina miviri yemagetsi uye injini yekupisa yemukati uye shanduko yemagetsi yechikamu chesimba reiyo injini inopisa mukati isati yatumirwa kumavhiri. . Kune vakawanda, pfungwa yakasanganiswa yeinjiniya dzeJapan ichiri kutaridzika zvakanaka nhasi, asi midzi yaro inodzokera kumashure. Mupiro chaiwo weToyota uri mukushinga kwechisarudzo chekugadzira mota yakasanganiswa panguva iyo pasina anoida, mukushandiswa kunoshanda kwehunyanzvi hwemazuva ano hunobvumira maitiro kuti adzorerwe zvakakwana uchishandisa hungwaru algorithms uye high-speed zvemagetsi. Nekudaro, iyi gadziriso iri nyore inovanza basa rakakura uye rekuzvipira remazana einjiniya ane hunyanzvi uye mashandisirwo emari hombe uye tekinoroji zviwanikwa. Iine chigadziko chekumberi cheR&D, dudziro yekugadzira yemazano aripo akabudirira, uye atova makore eruzivo mumunda webudiriro yakasanganiswa, hofori yeJapan inoramba iri mukuru mundima iyi, zvisinei nezvishuwo zvevamwe vese.
Nhasi zviri pachena kuti hunhu hwakakosha hwePrius kuwirirana.
pakati pezvikamu zvinoumba nzira yemagetsi, inowanikwa mukutsvaga kwekushanda kwepamusoro. Mayuniti ega ega akabatanidzwa mune conceptually yakabatana synergy scheme, inoratidzwa muzita reiyo drive system - HSD (Hybrid Synergy Drive). Nechekare nekuvandudzwa kwePrius I, mainjiniya eToyota akakwanisa kufunga zvakakura, achisundira miganhu yekusanganiswa pakati peinjini dzinopisa mukati uye mota dzemagetsi dzakaonekwa kusvika parizvino uye nekuona mabhenefiti ekuwedzera kushandiswa kwemagetsi muhurongwa hwakazara. Mune izvi ivo vari pamberi pevamwe vezera ravo, vachishandisa parallel hybrid mhinduro ine coaxially yakabatana yemagetsi mota uye peturu injini. MaJapan akagadzira muchina umo magetsi haapinde munzira yekutanga "bhatiri - yemagetsi mota - transmission - mavhiri" uye zvinopesana, asi inopinda mudenderedzwa rakaoma rinosanganisira injini dzinopisa dzemukati, simba remagetsi rinoshandiswa kugadzira. kutyaira ikozvino munguva chaiyo. Iyo Toyota scheme inoita kuti zvikwanise kudzivirira kudiwa kweiyo classic gearbox, kusarudza nzira dzakasimba dzekushanda kweinjini yekupisa yemukati nekuda kwekubatana kwayo kwakananga kumavhiri ekutyaira, pamwe neiyo simba rekudzoreredza modhi paunomira nekudzima. injini payakamiswa, sechikamu chepfungwa yakajairika yehukuru hwehupfumi.
Kutevera kubudirira kweToyota, mamwe makambani mazhinji akatamirawo kumhando dzakauchikwa. Nekudaro, hazvigone kurambwa kuti angangoita ese mapurojekiti anofasha kusvika kune yakafanana dhizaini mhinduro isingakwanise kupa hunyanzvi, uye nekudaro zvinorehwa nefilosofi yeToyota yehunyanzvi
Kunyangwe nanhasi, iyo kambani inoteera iyo yekutanga dhizaini yeiyo system yakatanga kugadzirwa, asi nekuda kwechokwadi isu tinofanirwa kutaura kuti kugadzira vhezheni dzeakakura maLexus mamodheru zvinoda budiriro yakaenzana neiyo yekutanga Prius. Izvi zvinonyanya kuitika kune yazvino vhezheni yeiyo yakasanganiswa system ine yekuwedzera ina-inomhanyisa kutapurirana nemapuraneti magiya. Iyo Prius pachayo yaita shanduko dzakakosha muchizvarwa chechipiri, chechitatu nechina, kusanganisira kuwedzerwa kweiyo plug-in vhezheni ine lithium-ion mabhatiri seimwe nhanho yekuchinja mukuvandudza kweiyi tekinoroji. Zvichakadaro, iyo voltage mune system yakawedzera zvakanyanya, mota dzemagetsi dzakawedzera kugona uye kudzikisa vhoriyamu yavo, izvo zvakaita kuti zvikwanise kusabvisa zvimwe zvinhu mukugadzirwa kwepuraneti giya dhiraivha uye kudzikisa huwandu hwezvinhu zvinotyairwa. Kubudirira zvakare hakuna kumbomira uye mhando nyowani dzinowedzera kushanda ...
Chekupedzisira asi chisiri chidiki, iyo yakakosha mukana weiyo Toyota modhi haisi chete mune tekinoroji chimiro - simba rePrius riri mumharidzo yekuti pfungwa yayo yakaoma uye dhizaini inobuda. Vatengi vemotokari dzeHybrid vari kutsvaga chimwe chinhu chitsva zvachose uye vari kutarisa kwete chete kuchengetedza mafuta uye kuburitswa, asi kuti vazviite pachena sechiratidzo chemaonero avo ezvakatipoteredza. "Prius yave yakafanana neiyo hybrid, iyo yakasarudzika musimboti weiyi tekinoroji," akadaro mutevedzeri wemutungamiri wekambani. Honda John Mendel.
Parizvino, hapana tarisiro yechokwadi yekuti chero munhu achadenha zvigaro zvehutungamiriri zveToyota neLexus mune tekinoroji yehybrid, kunyangwe makwikwi ari kukura. Kubudirira kukuru kwekambani iyi nhasi kunoitwa nePrius-sekumbotaura kwakaita mutungamiri weToyota USA Jim Press, "Makore mashoma apfuura vanhu vakatenga Prius nekuti yaive Toyota; nhasi vanhu vazhinji vanotenga Toyota nekuti inogadzira modhi se Prius." Izvi pachazvo budiriro yakatanhamara. Pakatanga mahybrids ekutanga pamusika muna 2000, vanhu vazhinji vakangoatarisa neshungu dzekusava nechokwadi, asi nekukwira kwemitengo yemafuta, kumhanya kweToyota uye kutungamira kwakasimba kwakakurumidza kuchinjika kumamiriro ezvinhu.
Nekudaro, kana kusikwa kwePrius modhi kunotanga, hapana anotarisira kuti zvese izvi zviitike - vatangi veprojekiti uye mainjiniya anobatanidzwa mukuitwa havana chinhu kunze kwemapepa machena ...
Kuberekwa kweuzivi
Musi waSeptember 28, 1998, kuParis Motor Show, boka revatungamiriri veToyota rakatungamirwa naChairina Shoichiro Toyoda raifanira kuzarura Yaris, modhi diki nyowani yekambani. Kuonekwa kwaro pamusika weKare Continent yakarongerwa 1999, uye muna 2001 kugadzirwa kwayo kunofanira kutanga pane chirimwa chitsva kumaodzanyemba kweFrance.
Mushure mekunge mharidzo yapera, kana maboss achigadzirira kupindura mibvunzo, chimwe chinhu chinoshamisa chinoitika. Muchidimbu, kutarisisa kunofanirwa kutariswa paYaris, asi vatori venhau, vachibvunza mibvunzo yavo, vanokurumidza kutendeudzira pfungwa yavo kune itsva yeToyota hybrid modhi inonzi Prius. Wese munhu anofarira kuratidzwa kwayo muEurope, iyo inofanirwa kuitika mu2000. Iyo modhi yakatanga kuratidzwa muna 1997 muJapan uye, nekuda kweiyo inoshamisa tekinoroji uye yakaderera kushandiswa kwemafuta, yakakurumidza kukwezva kutarisa kwevagadziri vemotokari nevatapi venhau pasi rese. Muna Chikunguru 1998, ipapo-CEO Hiroshi Okuda akazivisa kuti muna 2000 Toyota yaizotanga kutumira kunze kwemotokari dzinosvika zviuru makumi maviri kuNorth America neEurope. Kubva panguva iyoyo zvichienda mberi, nekuda kwePrius, mazwi eToyota uye hybrid ave kudanwa seanofanana, kunyangwe panguva iyoyo hapana aiziva zvavaitaura nezvazvo. Vashoma vanhu vanoziva kuti kambani yakakwanisa kwete chete kugadzira iyi tekinoroji nyanzvi, asiwo - nekuda kwekushaikwa kwehunyanzvi hwaro uye kugona kwekusimudzira kwevatengesi - kugadzira nekugadzira akawanda akasiyana masisitimu uye zvinhu. Pamapeji mashomanana, zvakaoma kudzokorora zvizere hugamba hwechokwadi hunoratidzwa nevanhu vane mutoro uye vagadziri veToyota, avo vakakwanisa kushandura pfungwa kuva muenzaniso wakakodzera kugadzirwa kwemazhinji.
Chirongwa G21
Pakazosvika 1990, komiyunizimu yaive ichipunzika uye hupfumi hwesimba remaindasitiri hwaive hwakabudirira. Panguva iyoyo ndipo pakagadzwa sachigaro webhodhi revatungamiriri veToyota, Aggi Toyoda. "Tinofanira kuramba tichigadzira motokari nenzira yatinoita zvino here?" Tichapona here muzana ramakore reXNUMX kana kufambira mberi kwedu kukaenderera munzira imwe chete?
Panguva iyoyo, chinangwa chevagadziri chaive chekuita kuti mota dzikure uye dzive dzeumbozha, uye Toyota haina kumira kunze nenzira imwecheteyo. Nekudaro, Toyoda, murume uyo, pamwe nemumwe wake Soichiro Honda, aive munhu anotungamira muindasitiri yemotokari yeJapan mushure mehondo, ari kunetsekana. “Zvadaro zvakabva zvangova pfungwa dzedu. Rimwe zuva, zvese zvichachinja, uye kana tikasatungamira mabasa edu ebudiriro neimwe nzira, tichatambura nemhedzisiro yeizvi mumakore anotevera. " Panguva iyo iyo yekutanga itarisiro yenguva pfupi yemhando dzakasimba uye dzeumbozha, izvi zvinonzwika senhema. Nekudaro, Toyoda akaramba achiparidza huzivi hwake kusvika mutevedzeri wemutungamiri anoona nezve dhizaini nekuvandudza mhando nyowani, Yoshiro Kimbara, agamuchira pfungwa iyi. MunaGunyana 1993, akagadzira iyo G21, komiti yedhizaini yekudzidza chiono uye uzivi hwemotokari yezana ramakore re1993. Hechino chimwe chinhu chinonakidza: muna 3, manejimendi aClinton muUnited States akatanga chirongwa chakanangana nekugadzira mota inoshandisa avhareji ye100 malita emafuta paXNUMX km. Zvisinei nezita rekuda rekuva New Generation Car Partnership (PNGV), iro rinosanganisira maAmerican automaker, mhedzisiro yemakore akati wandei ebasa remainjiniya yaive hovha yeAmerican lightweight billionaire uye yakazara matatu mahybrid prototypes. Toyota neHonda havana kubatanidzwa muchirongwa ichi, asi izvi zvinovakurudzira kuti vagadzire tekinoroji yavo yekudzikisa zvakanyanya kushandiswa kwemafuta ...
(kutevera)
Chinyorwa: Georgy Kolev
