5G yenyika yakangwara

Zvinotendwa nevakawanda kuti shanduko chaiyo yeInternet yezvinhu ichakonzerwa chete nekuzivikanwa kwechizvarwa chechishanu mobile Internet network. Iyi network ichiri kugadzirwa, asi bhizinesi harisi kuzvitarisa izvozvi nekuunzwa kweIoT zvivakwa.

Nyanzvi dzinotarisira kuti 5G ive isiri shanduko, asi shanduko yakakwana yenharembozha. Izvi zvinofanirwa kushandura indasitiri yese yakabatana nerudzi urwu rwekutaurirana. Muna Kukadzi 2017, panguva yemharidzo paMobile World Congress muBarcelona, ​​​​mumiriri weDeutsche Telekom akatotaura kuti nekuda kwe ma smartphones acharega kuvapo. Kana yave yakakurumbira, isu tichagara tiri online, nezvose zvinenge zvakatikomberedza. Uye zvichienderana nekuti ndeipi chikamu chemusika chichashandisa tekinoroji iyi (telemedicine, kufona kwezwi, mapuratifomu emitambo, kubhurawuza kwewebhu), network ichaita zvakasiyana.

5G network kumhanya ichienzaniswa neyakapfuura mhinduro

Munguva imwecheteyo MWC, yekutanga kushandiswa kwekutengesa kweiyo 5G network yakaratidzwa - kunyangwe aya mazwi achimutsa kusahadzika, nekuti hazvisati zvazivikanwa kuti chii chaizvo. Mafungiro acho haawirirani zvachose. Mamwe masosi anoti 5G inotarisirwa kupa kumhanya kwekufambisa kwemakumi ezviuru emamegabit pasekondi kune zviuru zvevashandisi panguva imwe chete. Iyo yekutanga yakatarwa ye5G, yakaziviswa mwedzi mishoma yapfuura neInternational Telecommunication Union (ITU), inoratidza kuti kunonoka hakuzopfuure 4 ms. Dhata inofanira kutorwa pa20 Gbps uye kuiswa pa10 Gbps. Isu tinoziva kuti ITU inoda kuzivisa iyo yekupedzisira vhezheni yetiweki nyowani kudonha uku. Wese munhu anobvumirana pane chinhu chimwe - iyo 5G network inofanirwa kupa panguva imwechete isina waya yekubatana kwemazana ezviuru zvema sensors, inova kiyi yeInternet yezvinhu uye ubiquitous masevhisi.

Makambani anotungamira akadai seAT&T, NTT DOCOMO, SK Telecom, Vodafone, LG Electronic, Sprint, Huawei, ZTE, Qualcomm, Intel, uye mamwe akawanda akajekesa tsigiro yavo yekumhanyisa nguva ye5G. Vese vanobatana vanoda kutanga kutengesa pfungwa iyi kutanga kwa2019. Nekune rimwe divi, European Union yakazivisa chirongwa che5G PPP () chekutarisa gwara rekusimudzira chizvarwa chinotevera network. Pakazosvika 2020, nyika dzeEU dzinofanirwa kuburitsa iyo 700 MHz frequency yakachengeterwa chiyero ichi.

5G network chipo chetekinoroji nyowani

Zvinhu zvimwechete hazvidi 5G

Sekureva kwaNokia, pakupera kwegore rapfuura, 5,6 bhiriyoni zvishandiso zvaive mukushanda mu (, IoT). Paaya, angangosvika mazana mana emamiriyoni akashanda nenharembozha, uye mamwe aine mapfupi-renji network seWi-Fi, Bluetooth kana ZigBee.

Iko kuvandudza chaiko kweInternet Yezvinhu kunowanzo kusanganiswa ne5G network. Mashandisirwo ekutanga ematekinoroji matsva, pakutanga mubhizinesi rebhizinesi, anogona kuoneka mumakore maviri kusvika matatu. Nekudaro, isu tinogona kutarisira kuwana kune inotevera-chizvarwa network kune vatengi vega kwete pamberi pe2025. Kubatsira kwe5G tekinoroji, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, kugona kubata miriyoni zvishandiso zvakaunganidzwa panzvimbo yekiromita. Ingaita senge nhamba huru, asi kana iwe ukafunga nezve izvo chiratidzo cheIoT chinotaura nezvazvo maguta akachenjeraumo, kuwedzera kune zvivakwa zvemudhorobha, mota (kusanganisira mota dzinozvimiririra) uye imba (smart homes) nemidziyo yehofisi yakabatana, uye, semuenzaniso, zvitoro uye zvinhu zvakachengetwa mazviri, iyi miriyoni pakiromita imwe neimwe inomira kuita senge zvakadaro. hombe. Kunyanya pakati peguta kana nzvimbo dzine mahofisi akawanda.

Ziva, zvisinei, kuti michina mizhinji yakabatana kunetiweki uye masensa akaiswa paari haadi zvekumhanya zvakanyanya, nekuti anofambisa zvikamu zvidiki zve data. Ultra-inokurumidza Internet haidiwe neATM kana yekubhadhara terminal. Hazvina kudikanwa kuve neutsi uye tembiricha sensor muhurongwa hwekudzivirira, kuzivisa, semuenzaniso, mugadziri we ice cream nezve mamiriro ari mufiriji muzvitoro. Kumhanya kwakanyanya uye yakaderera latency haidiwe pakutarisa nekudzora mwenje wemumugwagwa, wekufambisa data kubva kumagetsi nemvura mita, yekudzora kure uchishandisa smartphone yeIoT-yakabatana midziyo yemumba, kana mune logistics.

Nhasi, kunyangwe isu tine LTE tekinoroji, iyo inotibvumira kutumira akati wandei makumi kana kunyange mazana emamegabit e data pasekondi imwe panharembozha, chikamu chakakosha chemidziyo inoshanda muInternet yezvinhu zvichiri kushandisa. 2G network, i.e. iri kutengeswa kubva 1991. GSM chiyero.

Kuti ukunde chipingamupinyi chemutengo chinoodza moyo makambani mazhinji kubva pakushandisa IoT mumabasa azvino uye nekudaro inonotsa kusimukira kwayo, matekinoroji akagadzirwa ekuvaka network akagadzirirwa kutsigira michina inofambisa madiki data pakiti. Manetiweki aya anoshandisa ese mafrequency anoshandiswa nevafambisi venhare uye bhendi risina rezinesi. Tekinoroji dzakadai seLTE-M neNB-IoT (inonziwo NB-LTE) inoshanda mubhendi rinoshandiswa neLTE network, nepo EC-GSM-IoT (inonziwo EC-EGPRS) inoshandisa bhendi rinoshandiswa ne2G network. Mune iyo isina rezinesi renji, unogona kusarudza kubva mhinduro senge LoRa, Sigfox, uye RPMA.

Zvose zviri pamusoro apa zvinopa zvakasiyana-siyana uye zvakagadzirirwa nenzira yekuti zvigadzirwa zvekupedzisira zvakachipa sezvinobvira uye zvinopedza simba shoma sezvinobvira, uye nokudaro kushanda pasina kuchinja bhatiri kunyange kwemakore akawanda. Saka zita ravo remubatanidzwa - (yakaderera simba rekushandisa, kureba). Manetiweki eLPWA anoshanda muzvikamu zvinowanikwa kune vanofambisa nhare vanongoda kuvandudzwa kwesoftware. Kuvandudzwa kwekutengesa LPWA network kunoonekwa nemakambani ekutsvagisa Gartner uye Ovum sechimwe chezviitiko zvakakosha mukuvandudzwa kweIoT.

Vashandi vanoshandisa matekinoroji akasiyana. Dutch KPN, iyo yakatanga network yayo yenyika gore rapfuura, yakasarudza LoRa uye inofarira LTE-M. Boka reVodafone rakasarudza NB-IoT - gore rino rakatanga kuvaka network muSpain, uye ine zvirongwa zvekuvaka network yakadai muGermany, Ireland neSpain. Deutsche Telekom yakasarudza NB-IoT uye inozivisa kuti network yayo ichatangwa munyika sere, kusanganisira Poland. Spanish Telefonica yakasarudza Sigfox uye NB-IoT. Orange muFrance yakatanga kuvaka network yeLoRa ndokuzozivisa kuti ichatanga kuburitsa maLTE-M network kubva kuSpain neBelgium munyika dzaanoshanda madziri, uye nekudaro pamwe muPoland zvakare.

Kuvakwa kweiyo LPWA network kunogona kureva kuti kuvandudzwa kweiyo IoT ecosystem kuchatanga nekukurumidza kupfuura 5G network. Kuwedzera kweimwe hakusanganisire imwe, nekuti ese ari maviri matekinoroji akakosha kune yakangwara grid yeramangwana.

5G isina waya yekubatanidza ingangoda yakawanda zvakadaro simba. Pamusoro pematanho ambotaurwa, nzira yekuchengetedza simba pamwero wemidziyo yega yega inofanira kutangwa gore rapfuura. Bluetooth web platform. Ichashandiswa netiweki yeakangwara bulbs, makiyi, masensa, etc. Iyo tekinoroji inobvumidza iwe kuti ubatanidze kumidziyo yeIoT zvakananga kubva pawebhu browser kana webhusaiti pasina kudiwa kweakakosha maapplication.

Kuona kweWeb Bluetooth tekinoroji

5G pamberi

Zvakakosha kuziva kuti mamwe makambani anga achitsvaga tekinoroji ye5G kwemakore. Semuenzaniso, Samsung yanga ichishanda pane yayo 5G network mhinduro kubva 2011. Munguva iyi, zvaive zvichikwanisika kuwana kutapurirana kwe1,2 Gb / s mumotokari inofamba ichimhanya 110 km / h. uye 7,5 Gbps kune akamira anogamuchira.

Zvakare, kuyedza 5G network yatovepo uye yakagadzirwa mukubatana nemakambani akasiyana. Nekudaro, parizvino zvichiri kunyanyo kukurumidza kutaura nezve yave pedyo uye yechokwadi yepasi rose kumira kweiyo network itsva. Ericsson irikuiedza muSweden neJapan, asi midziyo midiki yevatengi iyo inoshanda neiyo chiyero chitsva ichiri kure kure. Muna 2018, mukubatana neSweden opareta TeliaSonera, kambani ichavhura yekutanga yekutengesa 5G network muStockholm neTallinn. Pakutanga zvichaita urban network, uye isu tichafanirwa kumirira kusvika 5 ye "full-size" 2020G. Ericsson kunyange ane yekutanga 5G foni. Zvichida izwi rekuti "runhare" ndiro izwi risiri iro mushure mezvose. Chigadzirwa chacho chinorema 150 kg uye unofanira kufamba nacho mubhazi hombe rine midziyo yekuyeresa.

Gumiguru apfuura, nhau dzekutanga kweiyo 5G network dzakabva kure kure kuAustralia. Nekudaro, idzi mhando dzemishumo dzinofanirwa kusvikirwa nechinhambwe - unoziva sei, pasina chiyero che5G uye kutsanangurwa, kuti sevhisi yechizvarwa chechishanu yakatangwa? Izvi zvinofanirwa kuchinja kana chiyero chabvumiranwa. Kana zvese zvikafamba sekuronga, pre-yakajairwa 5G network ichaita kutaridzika kwayo kwekutanga ku2018 Chando Olympics muSouth Korea.

Millimeter masaisai uye maseru madiki

Kushanda kweiyo 5G network kunoenderana ne akati wandei akakosha matekinoroji.

Base station inogadzirwa neSamsung

Yokutanga millimeter wave connections. Zvishandiso zvakawanda zviri kubatanidza kune mumwe nemumwe kana kuInternet uchishandisa maredhiyo akafanana. Izvi zvinokonzeresa kurasikirwa nekumhanya uye kugadzikana kwekubatanidza nyaya. Mhinduro yacho inogona kuva yekuchinja kune millimeter waves, i.e. muhuwandu hwehuwandu hwe30-300 GHz. Parizvino ari kushandiswa kunyanya mukukurukurirana nesatellite uye radio astronomy, asi mhedzisiro yavo huru yanga iri pfupi yavo. Rudzi rutsva rweantenna runogadzirisa dambudziko iri, uye kuvandudza tekinoroji iyi kuchiri kuenderera mberi.

Tekinoroji ndiyo mbiru yechipiri yechizvarwa chechishanu. Masayendisiti anozvirumbidza kuti ivo vatove vakakwanisa kutumira data vachishandisa millimeter mafungu pamusoro pechinhambwe chemamita anopfuura 200. Uye chaizvoizvo ose 200-250 m mumaguta makuru pangave, i.e., zviteshi zviduku zvine simba rakaderera zvikuru. Zvisinei, munzvimbo dzine vanhu vashoma, "masero maduku" haashande zvakanaka.

Izvi zvinofanirwa kubatsira nenyaya iri pamusoro MIMO tekinoroji chizvarwa chitsva. MIMO mhinduro inoshandiswawo muyero ye4G inogona kuwedzera huwandu hwetiweki isina waya. Chakavanzika chiri mune akawanda-antenna kutapurirana pane ekufambisa uye kugamuchira mativi. Zviteshi zvechizvarwa chinotevera zvinogona kubata zviteshi zvakapetwa kasere semazuva ano kutumira uye kugamuchira data panguva imwe chete. Saka, network throughput inowedzera ne22%.

Imwe nzira yakakosha ye5G ndeyekuti "beamforming“. Iyo inzira yekugadzira chiratidzo kuitira kuti iyo data iunzwe kumushandisi munzira yakakwana. inobatsira mamilimita masaisai kusvika kuchishandiso mudanda rakanyura kwete kuburikidza neomnidirectional kutapurirana. Nokudaro, simba rechiratidzo rinowedzerwa uye kukanganisa kunoderedzwa.

Chinhu chechishanu chechizvarwa chechishanu chinofanira kunge chiri icho chinonzi duplex yakazara. Duplex inzira mbiri, i.e. imwe umo kutapurirana uye kugashira ruzivo kunogoneka mumativi ese. Duplex yakazara inoreva kuti data inofambiswa pasina kukanganiswa kwekutapurirana. Iyi mhinduro inogara ichivandudzwa kuti iwane yakanakisa paramita.

 

Chizvarwa chechitanhatu?

Nekudaro, maLab ari kutoshanda pane chimwe chinhu nekukurumidza kupfuura 5G - kunyangwe zvakare, isu hatizive chaizvo kuti chizvarwa chechishanu chii. Masayendisiti echiJapan ari kugadzira ramangwana rekutumira data data, sekunge, inotevera, yechitanhatu vhezheni. Inosanganisira kushandisa ma frequency kubva ku300 GHz uye kumusoro, uye kumhanya kunowanikwa kuchave 105 Gb / s pane yega yega chiteshi. Tsvagiridzo nekuvandudza matekinoroji matsva kwave kuenderera kwemakore akati wandei. Muna Mbudzi apfuura, 500 Gb/s yakawanikwa pachishandiswa 34 GHz terahertz bhendi, uyezve 160 Gb/s vachishandisa transmitter mu300-500 GHz bhendi (machani masere akagadziridzwa pa25 GHz intervals). ) - ndiko kuti, zvinoguma zvakapetwa kakawanda kupfuura zvinotarisirwa zvetiweki ye5G. Kubudirira kwekupedzisira ibasa reboka revasayendisiti kubva kuYunivhesiti yeHiroshima uye vashandi vePanasonic panguva imwe chete. Ruzivo nezve tekinoroji yakatumirwa pawebhusaiti yeyunivhesiti, fungidziro uye maitiro eiyo terahertz network zvakaratidzwa muna Kukadzi 2017 pamusangano weISSCC muSan Francisco.

Sezvaunoziva, kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwekushanda kwete chete kunogonesa kukurumidza kufambisa data, asi zvakare kunoderedza zvakanyanya mukana weiyo chiratidzo, uye zvakare kunowedzera kukanganisa kwayo kune ese marudzi ekukanganisa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti zvinodikanwa kuvaka chivakwa chakaomarara uye chakagovaniswa.

Izvo zvakakoshawo kuziva kuti shanduko - senge 2020G network yakarongerwa 5 uyezve hypothetical kunyangwe inokurumidza terahertz network - zvinoreva kuti mamirioni emidziyo inoda kutsiviwa neshanduro dzakachinjirwa kune mitsva mitsva. Izvi zvingangove zvakanyanya… kudzikisira mwero weshanduko uye kukonzera shanduko yakatarisirwa kuti ive shanduko.

Zvichaenderera mberi Nhamba yenyaya mumagazini yazvino uno yemwedzi nomwedzi.