Test drive makore makumi masere ekugadzirwa kwemota yeBMW

Chronology yeiyo nheyo yekutanga yekambani yeBavaria BMW Inoshanda musimba.

Kugadzirwa kwemotokari dzeBMW kwakatanga makore makumi masere apfuura apo DA 80 ine 3/15 hp yakaunzwa kekutanga, iyo yakadzika munhoroondo seDixi. Kunyangwe ipapo, iyo yakakosha musimboti weBMW mukugadzira uye kugadzirwa kwemotokari yaive yakanyanya kushanda pamwe chete neakanakisa simba. Chirevo chakaratidza kubudirira kwazvo munhoroondo yekambani uye chakatsigira kuzivikanwa kwechiratidzo. Nheyo dzeBMW EfficienDynamics dzakaradzikwa makore makumi masere apfuura. Zano rizere rinosanganisira hutsva hwakawanda hwakanangana nekuderedza kushandiswa kwemafuta uye kuburitsa apo uchichengetedza kana kuwedzera simba nemasimba, nekuda kwekuti BMW inogadzira nekushandisa huwandu hwetekinoroji dzinoisa zviyero zvitsva muindasitiri yemotokari.

Musha

Zvinyorwa zvekushambadza mumapepanhau musi wa9 Chikunguru 1929 zvakazivisa veruzhinji kuti BMW yaive yatove kugadzira mota. Husiku hwakapfuura, vashoma vane rombo rakanaka, vakakokwa kuimba itsva yeBMW iri pakati peBerlin, vakawana mukana wekutanga kuyemura mota diki ine zita 3/15 PS DA 2, mavara maviri ekupedzisira ari chidimbu cheDeutsche Ausführung, kana "Kushandurwa kweGermany". Nenguva isipi, motokari yekutanga yeBMW brand yakave yakakurumbira uye nanhasi inoramba iine ngano seDixi.

Yekutanga mota yakabviswa pamutsetse wegungano munaKurume 22, 1929 panzvimbo yeBMW padyo nendege yaimbova yeBerlin-Johannisthol. Uku ndiko kutanga kwechimwe chinhu chinopfuura kugadzirwa kwemotokari dzeBMW. Nepo iyo Dixi iri kunyanya yakavakirwa pane iripo modhi ine zvikamu uye zvikamu zvatova mukugadzirwa, mota iyi pasina mubvunzo inotakura yakajairwa BMW maitiro: kubva pakutanga, kugona uye simba ndizvo zvakakosha kukambani uye zviri pakati pekuzivikanwa kwekambani. muchiso. Parizvino, BMW inozivikanwa nekugadzira zvakawanda zvine hupfumi uye zvemhando yepamusoro zvigadzirwa senge injini dzendege nemidhudhudhu.

BMW isati yaisa brand chena uye yebhuruu logo paDixi grille, mota yakagadziridzwa nehunyanzvi coupe yakagadzirwa nesimbi sechinhu chikuru. Nekuda kweizvozvo, BMW 3/15 yakahwina International Alpine Rally pakupinda kwayo kwekutanga muna 1929, yakabudirira kupedza rwendo rurefu rwese muAlps panguva yerwendo rwakatora mazuva mashanu akazara.

Pamusoro pekuvimbika, Dixi inokwezva vatengi nehupfumi hwayo hwakasiyana-siyana uye nemutengo wakaderera: kushandisa marita matanhatu chete emafuta, Dixi inodhura kupfuura njanji, uye vatengi vanogona kubhadhara 2 Zviratidzo zveiyo modhi yepasi muzvikamu. Nekudaro, BMW yakave yakachipa kupfuura yayo yakafanana Hanomag uye yakakwikwidza neyekutengesa nguva yacho. Opel muti wedatya.

VANOS tekinoroji muna 1938

Nhanho nhanho, mainjiniya eBMW akagadzirisa matekinoroji avo mumakore apfuura kuti awedzere kushanda pamwe nekushanda, zvichipa mukana wakakosha pamusoro pevanokwikwidza. Semuenzaniso, kumashure muna 1930 BMW yakatsvaga kusiyanisa vharuvhu nguva uye ndokugamuchira yekutanga patent yeiyi tekinoroji muna 1938/39.

Iyo prototypes yeBMW 802 aero injini yakashongedzerwa tekinoroji iyo, kunyangwe nhasi, yakakwira kusvika padanho repamusoro, inochengetedza kugona kwepamusoro kweinjini dzese dzeBMW peturu - Twin VANOS. Mune 2 horsepower BMW ndege injini, mavharuvhu ekupinza uye ekupera simba anodzorwa nemadhisiki ane mazino ane anogadziriswa marongero panguva yekushanda.

Muna 1940, BMW yakaunza kekutanga chimwe chinhu chakakosha uye yakakosha kutarisisa kweEfficient Dynamics, kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvisingaremi. Iyo BMW 328 Kamm Racing Coupé muenzaniso unoshamisa wekuita kwakanyanya kweBMW 328 mumotorport. Iyo tubular frame yemotokari inogadzirwa ne-ultra-light alloy uye inorema 32 kg chete. Pamwe chete nearuminiyamu muviri uye matanhatu-silinda injini, uremu hwemotokari huremu hunongova 760 kg. Yakanakisa aerodynamics, sezvakaenzanisirwa naWunibald Kamm, mumwe wemapiyona mundima iyi, inopa mota yekudhonza coefficient inosvika 0.27. Izvi, pamwe chete nesimba re136 hp. iyo injini-mamita maviri inopa kumhanya kwepamusoro kwe230 ​​km / h.

BMW yakadzokera papfungwa iyi zvakare mushure mehondo, ichitevera huzivi hwakafanana muna 1971 muBMW 700 RS. Iyi nyowani yerudzi mota inomiririra yakanyanya kureruka kuvaka, yakagadziriswa tubular furemu uye isina huremu aluminium trim.

Yekumhanyisa mota inorema 630 kg kusanganisira zvemukati zvishandiso, iro risiri dambudziko kune injini yakanyatsogadzirirwa iyi modhi: maviri-humburumbira ne 70 hp. musha uye rinoshanda vhoriyamu 0.7 l. Liter simba 100 HP s./l, kubudirira kunoshamisa nhasi, nekuda kwekuti kumhanya kwakanyanya kunosvika 160 km / h.Nemutyairi mukuru wechiGerman Hans Akaramba ari kumashure kwevhiri reBMW 700 RS, akahwina kukunda kwakawanda mumakwikwi emakomo akasiyana siyana.

1968: BMW matanhatu-humburumbira injini

Muna 1968, zvichitevera budiriro inoshamisa yemutsara mutsva wemotokari uye mamodheru makumi maviri nemaviri, BMW yakatangazve tsika yema02 nekuvandudza enjini dzematanhatu ane simba. Iyo zvakare iri yekutanga BMW 1930 uye 2500, iyo iyo kambani inodzokera kumusika mukuru wemotokari mu sedan uye coupe vhezheni.

Injini, dzakafanana mumamodeli ese ari maviri, dzakakomberedzwa pa30 °, magetsi anosvika pa crankshaft, achifamba mune angangoita manomwe mabheingi, uye anosanganisira gumi nemaviri ekurwisa kwekusabuditsa-isina kutsetseka, inowedzerwazve necamshaft yepamusoro.

Imwe yehunyanzvi hutsva hwemhando mbiri idzi, dzakafanana muhunhu hwadzo hwekugadzira, ikamuri yekupisa inotenderera katatu hemispherical rotary-movable combustion inopindirana nemapiston edhizaini inoenderana. Iyo chaiyo dhizaini inovimbisa yakagadziridzwa yekupisa maitiro, mune iyi kesi kuendesa simba rakawanda uchichengetedza mafuta: iyo 2.5-litre injini inoburitsa yakanyanya kubuda 150 hp. s., 2.8 l - zvinoshamisa kunyange 170 l. Nekungokwana kuvimbisa BMW 2800 nzvimbo muboka rakasarudzika remota dzine kumhanya kwepamusoro kwe200 km/h. Mhando mbiri idzi dzinoramba dzisingakundiki, uye injini dzeBMW dzemasilinda matanhatu dzakaisa mwero mukuvandudzwa kweinjini kwemakore mazhinji ari kuuya.

Kubatsira kwakakosha kuhukuru uhu kunoitwa nemota yemujaho ine yakasarudzika EfficientDynamics mabhenefiti panguva ino, iyo BMW 1971 CSL yakavakwa mu3.0. Zvakare, hungwaru huremu dhizaini inoita kuti iyi inoshamisa modhi iwedzere kusimba, nepo yakanakisa aerodynamics inobatsirawo kukwidziridza kuita kweinjini. Hunhu hwemhando iyi yechiedza, ine simba uye inokurumidza coupe yakaita kuti ive isingaenzaniswi kwemakore mazhinji, uye BMW yakahwina ese kunze kweimwe yeEuropean Passenger Car Championship pakati pa1973 na1979.

1972 Olimpiki: BMW mota yemagetsi

Mumavambo 70s, vagadziri veBMW vakatarisa pane zvinopfuura kungogadziridza kukuru mumotorsport. Mitambo yeOlympic ya1972 yakaratidza kutanga kwekutsvagisa kwakanyanya mugezi yemagetsi mota. Chikwata chidiki cheorenji BMW 1602 sedans, inofambiswa nemabhatiri emagetsi emagetsi, yakave chiratidzo cheMunich Games. Kwemakumi matatu emakore akatevera, BMW yaive yemumwe wevatungamiriri venyika mumunda wemotokari dzemagetsi.

Kwapera gore chete, BMW yakafumura imwe modhi ine hunyanzvi, yakashongedzerwa nematekinoroji epamberi kwazvo enguva yayo: BMW 2002 Turbo yakava yekutanga kugadzira mota muEurope ine injini ine turbocharged. Izvi zvinopa BMW chinzvimbo chinotungamira mune turbocharging tekinoroji mune zvese zvakateedzana kugadzirwa uye motorsport.

Nhanho inotevera yeBMW mukubudirira yaive BMW M1978 muGore 1. Iyi mota yemitambo yepamusoro ine ina-vharuvhu tekinoroji inovhura nhanho nyowani mukugadzirisa kwesirinda kurodha. BMW yakatanga kushandisa tekinoroji iyi zvinobudirira mumotorsport kuma60 uye ndokuishandura ikaita yakateedzana kugadzirwa makore gumi gare gare. Iyo yakagadziriswa humburumbira mutoro tekinoroji yakazoendeswa pamusoro kune mamwe mamodheru eBMW senge M635CSi, M5 uye M3.

Mu1979, tekinoroji yedhijitari yakabatsira kekutanga kuwana hunyanzvi hwepamusoro nekuda kweiyo digital injini manejimendi system muBMW 732i. Uku kuvandudzwa kunowedzerwazve nekudzikisira otomatiki mumafuta ekushandisa nekudzora kushandiswa kwemafuta kusvika zero mumafuta ekushandisa nzira. Nekudaro, indasitiri yemotokari iri kupinda muchikamu chitsva chekuvandudza tekinoroji, uye BMW iri kuve piyona mumunda wemagetsi emagetsi.

BMW inogara ichitarisa zvakanyanya kune yakakosha basa remutyairi mukugadzirisa kushanda kwemotokari. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, muna 1981, imwe budiriro mumunda wemagetsi yakatangwa - yekutanga yepasi rose yemafuta sensor, iyo inoshongedzerwa neyechishanu akatevedzana BMW. Ichi chiratidziro chitsva chinokwevera mutyairi kutarisisa pakushandisa mafuta, zvichivaratidza pachena kuti vangatyaira sei zvine hupfumi. Parizvino, chiratidzo chekushandisa mafuta chinoita basa rakakosha mumamiriro eiyo BMW EfficientDynamics zano.

BMW 524td: dombo repakona rekomboni yedhiziri

Sarudzo yeBMW yekupinda mumusika wedhiziri ndeimwe yeanoshanduka kwazvo munhoroondo yekambani. Chizvarwa chitsva chose cheinjini chinoratidzira budiriro iyi inoshamisa.

Iyo BMW 524td, yakaunzwa muna Chikumi 1983, ine injini yedhiziri inosanganisa zvakanakira tekinoroji yedhiziri nemhando dzeBMW - masimba akatanhamara uye mashandiro ari nani. Izvi zvakakonzera kusikwa kweinjini yeBMW turbo-diesel, yakagadzirwa kubva kune iripo matanhatu-cylinder in-line units kubva pa2.0 kusvika 2.7 malita.

Uchishandisa turbocharging tekinoroji uye iyo 2.4-litre injini hombe yekudyira uye yekuzadza muchinjikwa-zvikamu, mainjiniya eBMW akawedzera kuburitsa kwayo kunoshamisa 115 hp. Panguva imwecheteyo, iwo mwenje wekuvhenekesa mukamuri yemoto wevortex unosimbiswa kusvika pamatanho epamusoro, zvichipa hwaro hwakakwana hwekudzora kushandiswa kwemafuta uye ruzha rwemoto. Zvinoenderana neiyo DIN standard, yazvino BMW turbodiesel inobata 7.1 l / 100 km, kunyangwe mota yekumhanyisa kumhanya iri 180 km / h uye kumhanyisa kubva 0 kusvika 100 km / h kunowanikwa mumasekonzi 12.9.

Iyo chaiyo yakasarudzika pfungwa: iyo eta injini

Imwe pfungwa nyowani yakaunzwa neBMW, panguva ino munzvimbo yepeturu, ndiyo eta. Iyi tekinoroji yakashandiswa neBMW kubva mumatsutso 1981 muBMW 528e inotengeswa mumusika weUS. Muchirimo cha1983, modhi iyi yakateverwa neBMW 525e yakagadzirwa kuGermany, uye muna 1985 BMW 325e yakaunzwa kumusika weEurope.

Tsamba "e" inomirira izvi, mucherechedzo wekugona. Chokwadi, iyo 2.7-litre matanhatu-humburumbira injini yakagadziridzwa pasina kukanganisa kuita uye hupfumi. Inopedza chete 8.4 l / 100 km, kunyangwe injini yemagetsi iri 122 hp. Panguva iyoyo, yakaderera peturu yekushandisa ine simba matanhatu-humburumbira injini yaifungidzirwa senge yekunzwa chaiko. Pfungwa yeinjini ine simba ine simba shoma rekushandisa yanga isina kujairika muEurope panguva iyoyo uye ichiri yakasarudzika nanhasi.

Mukutanga kwema80, BMW yakatanga zvakare kugadzira mota yehydrogen, ichitungamira mune ino ndima. Pamwe chete neGerman Institute for Space Technology Research uye Testing, akavaka akati wandei bvunzo mamodeli kusvika muna 1984. Imwe yemotokari dzakadai yaive BMW 745i Hydrogen.

BMW inogara ichitsigira uye ichivandudza chirongwa chekuvandudza, ichigadzira shanduro dzekuyedza dzeBMW 7 pahydrogen yezvizvarwa zvese zvemotokari.

Kudzikiswa kwekukweva paunenge uchityaira ndeimwe yeakanakisa kuvandudzwa kwemota mbiri dzeBMW dzemitambo mukupera kwema80s. Yekutanga yemhando idzi iBMW Z1, muenzaniso wechokwadi wehunyanzvi uye tekinoroji yepamusoro, yakaunzwa muna 1988 uye inozivikanwa kwete chete nehuremu hwayo hwakaderera nekuda kwemuviri wayo wakagadzirwa nezvinhu zvakakosha zvekugadzira, asiwo nekudhonza kwayo coefficient ye0.36.

Mumwe muenzaniso wezviyero zvitsva muaerodynamics ndeye BMW 850i Coupé yakaunzwa gore rakatevera. Kunyangwe mamhepo ane simba ejini gumi nembiri-cylinder, iyi coupe inoyevedza ine coefficient yekudhonza ye 0.29 chaiyo. Izvi zvinogoneka nekuda kwezvinhu zvakawanda zveaerodynamic mukugadzirwa kwemotokari, senge magirazi ekunze, ayo akagadzirwa zvakanyatsonaka pasina mhedzisiro yekupikisa mhepo.

Muna 1991, BMW yakadzokera kune pfungwa yemotokari yemagetsi, ichiratidza izvo zvaive zvawanikwa munzvimbo ino neBMW E1. Yekutanga mota yakazara yemagetsi, chikamu chakakosha chenyika yanhasi, inopa nzvimbo yakakwana yevatakuri vana nemikwende yavo.

Mukufambirana nepfungwa yekushandisa zviremekedzo zvinhu, muviri unogadzirwa kubva musanganiswa we extruded aluminium profiles nepurasitiki nealuminium cladding. Chinangwa cheiyi mota yakakosha kuwana yakajairika BMW kutyaira mafaro uchishandisa iyo-ye-the-art tekinoroji. Izvi zvave kuitwa zvinokatyamadza sezvo zvichiratidza kuti kugona kweBMW kugadzira mamwe magetsi emagetsi kune hutsva uye kune simba sekuvandudzwa kweinjini.

Muna 1992, BMW yakaunza mavharuvhu ekutonga akasiyana zvachose, iyo BMW VANOS muM3. Simba uye torque zvakagadziridzwa, pamwe nehupfumi hwemafuta uye emission management. Pakazosvika 1992, VANOS yakasanganisirwa seimwe yekuwedzera kusimudzira kune matanhatu-cylinder injini dzeBMW, yakatsiviwa muna 1995 nemapatya VANOS, iyo yakaunzwawo kumainjini eBMW V1998 kubva '8.

1995: BMW XNUMX Series uye Akangwara Lightweight Dhizaini

Muna 1995, chizvarwa chinotevera BMW 5 chakapinda mumusika sekutaura kwekutanga kwechirevo chekuvaka kwakareruka. Iyi ndiyo yekutanga kugadzirwa kwepamusorosoro kwemotokari yakagadzirirwa chassis uye kumiswa kwakagadzirwa zvizere nechiedza chechiedza, izvo zvinoderedza huremu hwese mota neinenge 30%.

Ese aluminium motors zvakare ari 30 kg. kureruka kupfuura nakare, nekudaro kudzikamisa huremu hwehuremu hweBMW 523i ne1 kg. pa525 kg.

Mugore rimwe chetero, BMW yakaunzawo iyo 316g uye 518g, yekutanga gasi mota muEurope kuenda mukugadzirwa kwakateedzana. Imwe injini tekinoroji yakabatsira kudzikisa CO2 emissions neinenge 20% uye kuumbwa kweozone-inopedza mahydrocarbon (HCs) neinoshamisa 80%. Panguva imwecheteyo, idzi injini nyowani dziri kubatsira mukuvandudzwa kweinjini dzehydrogen nekuda kwehunhu hwakafanana uye mhando yemafuta maviri. Iyo huwandu hwakazara hwegasi chaiyo-yakawedzera mota BMW yakasvika 2000 mayuniti na842.

Muna 2001, BMW yakavandudza VANOS tekinoroji yekuchinja nguva yevharuvhu - nguva yeVALVETRONIC iri kuuya. Mune teknolojia iyi, iyo ichiri yakasiyana, hapana miviri ye carburetor. Ne BMW 316ti ina-cylinder injini, izvi zvinoreva basa rakawanda nemafuta mashoma, kunyanya kana kuwedzera mafuta, kuderedza kushandiswa kwemafuta ne12% inokosha kana ichienzaniswa nemuenzaniso wekare. Imwe yemabhenefiti makuru eiyi tekinoroji ndeyekuti inogona kushandiswa pasi rese pasina kunyanya kukwira kwemafuta emhando. Zvadaro, BMW yakaunza VALVETRONIC mune dzimwe injini dzepeturu, kusanganisira injini yechina-cylinder. MINI yakaunzwa mu2006

BMW EfficientDynamics - chinhu chakakosha

Iyo BMW Boka iri kubudirira kuwedzera nekudzamisa zvayinoita kuitira kuti ibudirire zvakanyanya kushanda pamwe nekuchengetedza uye kusimudzira kwekutyaira simba kuburikidza neyakajairika BMW InoshandaDynamics pfungwa. Technologies uye maficha senge akamedura simba kumutsidzira, otomatiki kutanga / kuponesa, chinongedzo poindi chiratidzo, mutyairi rubatsiro masisitimu pane kudiwa, akangwara lightweight pfungwa uye yepamusoro aerodynamics zvakajairika pane ese matsva mamodheru mune yakakodzera kusangana Kutevera musimboti weBMW Yakakodzera Dynamics, yega yega modhi inodarika yakatangira kare maererano nekuderedzwa kwemafuta uye nekuvandudza simba.

Huwandu hwakanyorwa neGerman Automobile Directorate haingoratidzi chete hunoshamisa hweBMW InoshandaDynamics pamusoro peetekinoroji yakafanana inoitwa nevamwe vagadziri vekutanga-kirasi, asi zvakare kuratidza hukuru hweBMW Group pasirese. Mhando nyowani dzeBMW neMINI yakanyoreswa kuGerman ine avhareji yekushandisa mafuta kwe5.9 l / 100 km uye CO2 emissions ye158 gramu pamakiromita. Idzi nhamba mbiri dziri pazasi pevhareji kune dzese mota nyowani dzakanyoreswa kuGerman muna2008, inova 165 gramu pamakiromita. Padanho reEU, iwo BMW neMINI mabhenji anowana hupfumi hwemafuta uye CO2 emissions mazinga pazasi pevhareji yevagadziri vemotokari dzeEurope. Pakati pa1995 kusvika pakupera kwa2008, iyo BMW Boka rakaderedza mafuta emota dzayo dzakatengeswa muEurope neinopfuura 25%, nokudaro zvichizadzisa kuzvipira kweBMW Group kuAssociation of European Automobile Manufacturers (ACEA). ).

Mukati memiganhu yekuverengera, BMW kana MINI inoshandisa mafuta mashoma pane avhareji emotokari dzese dzichangonyoreswa kuGerman. Panyaya yekudyiwa kwezvikepe zvaro, zvakaganhurirwa nevakuru veGerman zvemotokari, iyo BMW Group inodarika kunyange vagadziri vakuru veEurope uye, nekudaro, yakaenzana zvakakwana nenhamba huru yevagadziri yakanangana kunyanya pamota diki mundima yavo.

Chinyorwa: Vladimir Kolev