Uye kubatanidzwa?

Mishumo pakupera kwegore rapfuura nezve kuvakwa kweiyo reactor ye synthesis nenyanzvi dzeChinese yakanzwika sensational (1). Vezvenhau veChina vakataura kuti nzvimbo yeHL-2M, iri panzvimbo yekutsvagisa muChengdu, ichashanda muna 2020. Inzwi remishumo yenhau yakaratidza kuti nyaya yekuwana simba risingaperi re thermonuclear fusion yakagadziriswa zvachose.

Kunyatsotarisisa zvakadzama kunobatsira kudzikamisa tariro.

Nyowani tokamak mhando yemidziyo, ine dhizaini yepamusoro kupfuura idzo dzinozivikanwa kusvika pari zvino, inofanira kugadzira plasma ine tembiricha inodarika mamiriyoni mazana maviri edhigirii Celsius. Izvi zvakaziviswa mukuburitswa kwenhau nemukuru weSouthwestern Institute of Physics yeChina National Nuclear Corporation Duan Xiuru. Chishandiso ichi chinopa rutsigiro rwehunyanzvi kune maChinese anoshanda pachirongwa ichi International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER)pamwe chete nekuvaka.

Saka ndinofunga haisati yave shanduko yesimba, kunyangwe yakagadzirwa nemaChinese. reactor KhL-2M kusvika parizvino zvishoma zvinozivikanwa. Isu hatizive kuti chii chakafanotaurwa chekupisa kwekubuda kweiyi reactor kana kuti ndeapi mazinga esimba anodiwa kuita nyukireya fusion reaction mairi. Isu hatizive chinhu chinonyanya kukosha - iChinese fusion reactor dhizaini ine yakanaka simba chiyero, kana ingori imwe yekuyedza fusion reactor inobvumira fusion reaction, asi panguva imwechete inoda simba rakawanda re "kupisa" kupfuura simba rinogona kuwanikwa semugumisiro wekuita.

Kuedza kwenyika dzakawanda

China, pamwe neEuropean Union, United States, India, Japan, South Korea neRussia, inhengo dzechirongwa cheITER. Iyi ndiyo inodhura zvakanyanya pamapurojekiti ekutsvaga epasirese akapihwa mari nenyika dzataurwa pamusoro apa, achiita mari inosvika US$20 bhiriyoni. Yakavhurwa nekuda kwekushandira pamwe pakati pehurumende dzaMikhail Gorbachev naRonald Reagan munguva yeCold War, uye makore mazhinji gare gare yakaverengerwa muchibvumirano chakasainwa nenyika dzese idzi muna 2006.

2. Panzvimbo yekuvaka yeITER tokamak

Chirongwa cheITER muCadarache kumaodzanyemba kweFrance (2) iri kugadzira tokamak hombe pasi rose, kureva, kamuri yeplasma inofanirwa kupingudzwa pachishandiswa simba remagineti rinogadzirwa nemagetsi emagetsi. Ichi chigadzirwa chakagadzirwa neSoviet Union muma50s uye 60s. Project Manager, Lavan Koblenz, yakazivisa kuti sangano raifanira kuwana "plasma yekutanga" panosvika Zvita 2025. ITER inofanira kutsigira thermonuclear reaction kune vanhu vangangoita chiuru chimwe nechimwe. masekonzi, kuwana simba 500-1100 MW. Kuenzanisa, tokamak yakakura yeBritish kusvika nhasi, JET (joint European torus), inochengeta maitiro kwemakumi akati wandei emasekonzi uye inowana simba kusvika 16 MW. Simba mune iyi reactor richasunungurwa nenzira yekupisa - haifaniri kuchinjwa kuva magetsi. Kuendesa simba refusion kune grid hakusi kumubvunzo sezvo purojekiti iri yezvinangwa zvekutsvagisa chete. Izvo chete pahwaro hweITER kuti chizvarwa chemangwana che thermonuclear reactor chichavakwa, kusvika pasimba. 3-4 zviuru. MW.

Chikonzero chikuru nei zvakajairwa kusanganisa magetsi zvidyarwa zvisati zviripo (zvisinei neanopfuura makore makumi matanhatu ekutsvaga kwakadzama uye kunodhura) kuoma kwekudzora uye "kugadzirisa" maitiro eplasma. Zvisinei, makore ekuedza akapa zviwanwa zvakawanda zvinokosha, uye nhasi simba rekubatanidza rinoratidzika kuva riri pedyo zvikuru kupfuura nakare kose.

Wedzera helium-3, simbisa uye kupisa

ITER ndiyo inonyanya kutariswa yekutsvagisa kwepasirese fusion, asi nzvimbo zhinji dzekutsvagisa, makambani nemarabhoritari emauto ari kushandawo pane mamwe mapurojekiti efusion anotsauka kubva pamaitiro echinyakare.

Somuenzaniso, yakaitwa mumakore achangopfuura kubva kuMassachusetts Institute of Technology experiments ne Helem-3 pa tokamak yakapa mhedzisiro inonakidza, kusanganisira kuwedzera kagumi musimba plasma ion. Masayendisiti ari kuita ongororo paC-Mod tokamak kuMassachusetts Institute of Technology, pamwe chete nenyanzvi kubva kuBelgium neUK, vakagadzira rudzi rutsva rwemafuta ethermonuclear ane marudzi matatu emaion. Team Alcatel C-Mod (3) akaita chidzidzo kumashure munaSeptember 2016, asi data kubva kuongororo idzi ichangobva kuongororwa, ichiratidza kuwedzera kukuru kwesimba re plasma. Mhedzisiro yacho yaikurudzira zvekuti masayendisiti ari kufambisa murabhoritari yakakura kwazvo pasi rose, JET muUK, vakafunga kudzokorora zviedzo. Kuwedzera kumwe chete kwesimba kwakawanikwa. Mhedzisiro yechidzidzo ichi inoburitswa mujenari Nature Physics.

3. Tokamak Alcator C-Mod iri kushanda

Chinokosha chekuwedzera kushanda kwemafuta enyukireya kwaiva kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwehelium-3, isotopu yakagadzikana yehelium, ine neutron imwe panzvimbo peviri. Mafuta enyukireya akashandiswa muAlcator C nzira yaimbove nemhando mbiri dzeiyoni, deuterium nehydrogen. Deuterium, yakagadzikana isotopu yehydrogen ine neutron munyukiresi yayo (kusiyana nehydrogen isina neutron), inoita 95% yehuturu. Masayendisiti kuPlasma Research Center uye Massachusetts Institute of Technology (PSFC) vakashandisa nzira inonzi RF kupisa. Iwo antenna ari padyo ne tokamak anoshandisa chaiyo radio frequency kufadza zvimedu, uye masaisai anogadziriswa kuti "atarise" maion ehydrogen. Nekuti hydrogen inogadzira chikamu chidiki diki chehufuta hwehuturu, kuisa chikamu chidiki chete cheiyoni pakudziya kunoita kuti simba rakanyanyisa risvike. Uyezve, iyo inokurudzirwa hydrogen ions inopfuura kune deuterium ions inokunda mumusanganiswa, uye zvimedu zvakaumbwa nenzira iyi zvinopinda kunze kweganda re reactor, zvichibudisa kupisa.

Kubudirira kwechiitiko ichi kunowedzera apo helium-3 ions inowedzerwa kumusanganiswa muhuwandu husingasviki 1%. Nekutarisa kupisa kweredhiyo pane zvishoma zvehelium-3, masayendisiti akasimudza simba reiyoni kune megaelectronvolts (MeV).

Kutanga kuuya - kwekutanga kushumirwa Yakaenzana muchiRussian: Kudya kunonoka muenzi uye pfupa

Pakave nezviitiko zvakawanda pasi rose zvebasa rekubatanidza rakadzorwa mukati memakore mashoma apfuura izvo zvakamutsiridza tarisiro dzesainzi nesu tose kuti tisvike pa "Holy Grail" yesimba.

Zviratidzo zvakanaka zvinosanganisira, pakati pezvimwe, zvakawanikwa kubva kuPrinceton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) yeUS Department of Energy (DOE). Mafungu eredhiyo akashandiswa nekubudirira kukuru kudzikisa zvakanyanya kunonzi kuvhiringika kweplasma, izvo zvinogona kukosha mukuita "kupfekedza" maitiro e thermonuclear. Chikwata chimwe chete chekutsvagisa muna Kurume 2019 chakashuma kuyedza kwelithium tokamak umo madziro emukati ebvunzo reactor akaputirwa ne lithium, chinhu chinozivikanwa kubva kumabhatiri anowanzo shandiswa mumagetsi. Masayendisiti akacherekedza kuti lithium lining pamadziro eiyo reactor inotora yakapararira plasma particles, ichidzivirira kuti irege kuratidzwa kudzoka kune plasma gore uye kukanganisa maitiro ethermonuclear.

4. Kuonekwa kwechirongwa cheTAE Technologies

Nyanzvi dzinobva kumasangano makuru ane mukurumbira wesainzi dzakatove dzakangwarira mukutaura kwadzo. Nguva pfupi yadarika, kwave zvakare nekuwedzera kukuru kwechido mune inodzorwa fusion matekiniki mubazi rakazvimirira. Muna 2018, Lockheed Martin akazivisa hurongwa hwekugadzira compact fusion reactor (CFR) prototype mukati memakore gumi anotevera. Kana iyo tekinoroji iyo kambani iri kushanda pamabasa, mudziyo wakaenzana nerori uchakwanisa kupa magetsi akakwana kuti asangane ne100-square-foot device. vagari vomuguta.

Mamwe makambani nenzvimbo dzekutsvagisa ari kukwikwidza kuona kuti ndiani anogona kuvaka yekutanga chaiyo fusion reactor, kusanganisira TAE Technologies uye Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Kunyangwe yeAmazon's Jeff Bezos naMicrosoft's Bill Gates vachangobva kubatanidzwa mumapurojekiti ekubatanidza. NBC Nhau nguva pfupi yadarika yakaverenga makambani madiki gumi nemanomwe chete muUS. Matangiro akaita seGeneral Fusion kana Commonwealth Fusion Systems ari kutarisa kune madiki mareactor akavakirwa pahunyanzvi hwepamusoro.

Pfungwa ye "cold fusion" uye dzimwe nzira kune makuru reactors, kwete tokamaks chete, asiwo izvo zvinonzi. nyeredzi, ine dhizaini yakati siyanei, yakavakwa kusanganisira muGermany. Kutsvaga kweimwe nzira yakasiyana kunoendererawo. Muenzaniso weizvi mudziyo unonzi Z-pinch, yakavakwa nemasayendisiti kubva kuYunivhesiti yeWashington uye yakatsanangurwa mune imwe yezvinobuda mumagazini Physics World. Iyo Z-pinch inoshanda nekuteya nekumanikidza plasma mune ine simba remagineti. Mukuyedza, zvakagoneka kudzikamisa plasma yegumi nematanhatu mamicroseconds, uye fusion reaction yakaenderera kweinenge chikamu chimwe muzvitatu cheiyi nguva. Kuratidzira kwaifanirwa kuratidza kuti diki-diki synthesis inogoneka, kunyangwe masayendisiti mazhinji achine kusava nechokwadi kwakanyanya pamusoro peizvi.

Nekudaro, nekuda kwerutsigiro rweGoogle uye mamwe epamusoro tekinoroji investimendi, iyo California kambani TAE Technologies inoshandisa zvakasiyana, pane zvakajairwa pakuedza fusion, boron mafuta musanganiswa, iyo yaishandiswa kugadzira zvidiki uye zvakachipa reactor, pakutanga nechinangwa cheinonzi fusion rocket injini. A prototype cylindrical fusion reactor (4) ine counter matanda (CBFR), iyo inopisa hydrogen gasi kuumba maviri eplasma marin. Zvinobatanidza nemasumbu ezvimedu zveinert uye zvinochengetwa mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, izvo zvinofanira kuwedzera simba uye kusimba kweplasma.

Imwe fusion yekutanga General Fusion kubva mudunhu reCanada reBritish Columbia inonakidzwa nerutsigiro rwaJeff Bezos pachake. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, pfungwa yake ndeyekupinza plasma inopisa mubhora resimbi yemvura (musanganiswa welithium uye lead) mukati mebhora resimbi, mushure meiyo plasma inomanikidzwa nepistons, yakafanana neinjini yedhiziri. Dzvinyiriro yakagadzirwa inofanirwa kutungamira mukusanganiswa, iyo inoburitsa huwandu hukuru hwesimba kusimbisa maturbine emhando nyowani yemagetsi emagetsi. Mike Delage, mukuru wetekinoroji kuGeneral Fusion, anoti kutengeserana kwenyukireya fusion inogona kutanga mumakore gumi.

5. Mufananidzo kubva kuUS Navy thermonuclear patent.

Munguva pfupi yapfuura, US Navy yakaisawo patent ye "plasma fusion mudziyo". Iyo patent inotaura nezve magineti minda kugadzira "yakawedzera vibration" (5) Iyo pfungwa ndeyekuvaka fusion reactor idiki zvakakwana kuti itakurika. Hazvina basa kutaura, iyi patent application yakasangana nekupokana.