Abstraction inotonga nyika

Mari yakave uye inotsanangurwa nenzira dzakawanda dzakasiyana - dzimwe nguva zvakanyanya kufananidzira, semugumisiro wezvakaipa munyika, dzimwe nguva pragmatically, senzira yekuguma. Parizvino, inoonekwa zvakanyanya semhando yehunyanzvi kana tekinoroji inoita kuti hupenyu huve nyore kumunhu. Kutaura zvazviri, agara akadaro.

Kunyanya, sezvo yakava chimwe chinhu chine chirevo, chekufananidzira uye chisingaverengeki. Apo vanhu vaichinjana zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana,. Mari dzesimbi dzaive dzatove nhanho yekuenda kune zvakajairwa, kunyangwe chidimbu chesimbi yakakosha chiriwo chinhu. Nekudaro, mari yakava yekubvisa uye chishandiso mupfungwa izere yeshoko pavakatanga kushandisa mabhomba akamira ega, uye pakupedzisira - banknotes (1).

Kunyangwe mari yemapepa yaizivikanwa muChina neMongolia kare kuMiddle Ages, iro chairo basa rebhengi rakatanga kutenderedza XNUMXth century, payakatanga kushandiswa muEurope. Panguva iyoyo, marisiti edhipoziti akabudiswa nemasangano akasiyana-siyana (kusanganisira mabhangi) akatanga kushandiswa zvakanyanya mukutengeserana kwekutengeserana, achisimbisa dhipoziti yemari inoenderana mu bullion. Muridzi wechibatiso chakadaro anogona panguva ipi neipi kuchitsinhanisa neanopa mari yakaenzana nayo.

Nokuda kwezvokutengeserana, mari yemabhengi yakava nzira yebudiriro, asi panguva imwe cheteyo nhamba yawo yakawedzera. kutyisidziraizvo zvaitozivikanwa munguva yematombo. Kuwanda kwevanoburitsa, mikana yakawanda yemanyepo.

Kare pakutanga kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX, Nicolaus Copernicus akacherechedza kuti kana mari yemhando yakasiyana-siyana yakanga iri kutenderera, mari yaiunganidzwa zviri nani nevashandisi, izvo zvakaita kuti vamanikidzwe kunze kwemusika nemari yakaderera. Nekuuya kwemari yemabhengi, tsika yekubiridzira mari yakawedzera. Hazvishamisi kuti nekufamba kwenguva, nyika imwe neimwe yakaedza kudzora zvakajeka chikamu ichi chemusika uye kuderedza zvakanyanya nhamba yevanoburitsa. Parizvino, mari dzemabhangi dzinowanzo kupihwa chete nebhanga guru renyika.

Migumisiro yekutenga ndege huru

Mumakore ekuma60, apo vendege vakaisa maodha avo ekutanga e747 uye DC-10 yakafara-body ndege, dambudziko rakamuka. Motokari hombe nenhamba huru yezvigaro zvaitengeswa zvaireva kuti mhomho yevanhu vaiuya kunzvimbo dzekuitira vatengi yakakura panguva imwe chete. Naizvozvo, kuitira kudzivirira mhirizhonga, vendege vakatanga kutsvaga nzira yekumhanyisa kutengeswa kwematikiti uye kugadzirisa kwedata revatyairi. Panguva iyoyo, mabhangi, zvitoro, uye akawanda ezvimiro zvitsva zvebasa zvaiva nezvinetso zvechimiro chakafanana izvo zvaida kuwana mari kusingadzongonyedzwi, pasina ganhuriro dzenguva, zvakadai sokuvhura maawa emasangano ezvemari.

2. Magnetic mitsetse makadhi

Akagadzirisa matambudziko emabhangi ATM. Panyaya yemakambani endege, mudziyo wakafanana wakagadzirwa unokwanisa kuronda mabookings uye kuburitsa mapassage ekukwira. Zvakanga zvakafanira kugadzira muchina wekunhonga mari nekupa magwaro. Zvisinei, kuti vatengi vavimbe nemichina yakadaro, mainjiniya aifanira kuuya nenzira yaizobvumira vashandisi kuti vaonekwe zviri nyore, nepo vachipwisa munhu wose anobatanidzwa kuti yakanga inokurumidza, iri nyore uye yakachengeteka.

Mhinduro yaiva magnetic card. Yakagadzirwa neBMM, yakaunzwa mu70s, yakapararira pasirese muma80s, uye pakupedzisira yakave yakajairika muma90s.

Nekudaro, chekutanga vagadziri vacho vaifanira kufunga kuti vangaisa sei data pane imwe neimwe kadhi. Pakupedzisira, mhinduro iri nyore yakasarudzwa - multitrack kurekodha, tekinoroji ichangoburwa inobvumira seti mbiri dzakasiyana dzedata kuti dzivharwe pamutsara mumwe chete wemagineti. Indasitiri yega yega inogona kuzvimiririra kuseta zviyero zvegwara rayo. Pakanga paine kunyange nzvimbo yechitatu track, iyo yakabvumira kuchengetedza uye indasitiri yechikwereti kunyora ruzivo rwekutengesa pakadhi pacharo.

Imwe neimwe yematatu matatu yaive 0,28 cm yakafara ine diki rekodhi divider. Nzira yekutanga yakagoverwa kuindasitiri yendege yaisanganisira, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, nhamba yeakaundi (manhamba gumi nemapfumbamwe), zita (19 alphanumeric characters) uye data rakasiyana-siyana (kusvika manhamba gumi nemaviri). Yechipiri track, yakapihwa kumabhangi, yaive nenhamba huru account (kusvika 26 manhamba) uye akasiyana data (anosvika gumi nemaviri manhamba). Mamiriro akafanana achiri kushandiswa nhasi.

Muna Ndira 1970, American Express yakapa $250 kune vatengi veChicago. makadhi emitsara yemagineti uye akaisa makaunda etiketi ekuzvishandira paAmerican Airlines tikiti kaunda paChicago O'Hare Airport. Vane makadhi vaigona kutenga matikiti nemapasi ekupinda pakiosk kana kumumiririri. Vakaswedera pedyo nematanga.

Iyo magnetic stripe yekubhadhara kadhi yave imwe yeakanyanya kubudirira matekinoroji muhafu yekupedzisira yezana (2). Yakabuda pakati pe80's. smart card teknolojia. Makadhi eSmart anotaridzika zvakafanana, uye mazhinji achine magineti mutsara wekushandisa munzvimbo dzisina smart kadhi kuverenga asi iine microprocessor yakavakirwa muchikamu chepurasitiki chekadhi.

Iyi chip inoteedzera kadhi chiitiko, zvinoreva kuti inenge 85% yekutengeserana inogona kupihwa mvumo zvichienderana neruzivo rwakachengetwa muchip chete, pasina kupfuura netiweki.

Kutenda kune "varongi" vepurojekiti yese - masisitimu ekubhadhara akadai seVisa - makadhi ekubhadhara anopa mutengi vimbiso yekudzoserwa mari kana ikatadza kune chikamu chekontrakta. Iyi vimbiso inopiwa nebhangi, kambani yekugadzirisa uye sangano rekubhadhara pasina kubatanidzwa kwemutengi. Kubva ku70s, makadhi epurasitiki ave akanyanya kukosha kune imwe mari.

Cashless nyika?

Pasinei nekubudirira kwavo, makadhi haasati akwanisa kutsiva mari yepanyama. Zvechokwadi, tinonzwa kwose kwose kuti kupera kwemari hakudzivisiki. Nyika dzakaita seDenmark dziri kuvhara mint dzadzo. Kune rumwe rutivi, pane zvakawanda zvinonetsa kuti 100% mari yemagetsi ndeye 100% yekuongorora. Ndidzo nzira itsva dzemari, kureva. kryptowalutykukunda kutya uku?

Masangano emari pasi rose - kubva kuEuropean Central Bank kuenda kunyika dzemuAfrica - ari kuramba achikahadzika mari. Vakuru vemitero vanoomerera pakuisiya, nokuti zvakanyanya kuoma kunzvenga mitero mune inodzorwa yemagetsi kutenderera. Vanotsigirwawo nemapurisa nemamwe masangano ezvemitemo.izvo, sezvatinoziva kubva mumafirimu ehutsotsi, masutukesi ane mabhengi emasangano makuru anonyanya kufarira ... Uyezve, munyika dzakawanda, varidzi vezvitoro zviri pangozi yekuba vari kuramba vasingadi kuchengeta mari.

Nyika dzeScandinavia, dzimwe nguva dzinonzi post-cash, dzinoita sedzakagadzirira kutaura zvakanaka kune mari yezvinhu. MuDenmark, ikoku kwakanga kuchiri mukuvamba kwema90, nepo mumakore achangobva kupfuura kwaingova bedzi chinenge chikamu chimwe muzvishanu. Musika wemuno unotongwa nemakadhi uye mafoni ekubhadhara maapplication. Danish Central Bank kunyange nguva pfupi yadarika yakaedza kushandiswa kwemari chaiyo.

Zvinoenderana nezviziviso, panosvika 2030 mari ichanyangarika muSweden. Panyaya iyi, inokwikwidza neNorway, uko chete inenge 5% yekutengeserana inoitwa mumari. Hazvisi nyore kuwana chitoro kana resitorendi ipapo (3) iyo inobvuma yakawanda muchimiro chechinyakare.

3. Cashless bar muSweden

izvi zvinofambiswa netsika yakakosha iripo ipapo, zvichibva pakuvimba kukuru kwehuwandu hwevanhu mumasangano ehurumende, masangano emari nemabhanga. Nekudaro, kwaivewo nehupfumi hwemumvuri munyika dzeScandinavia. Asi iye zvino izvo zvina-zvishanu zvekutengeserana zvose zvakaitwa nemari yemagetsi, zvose zvakanyangarika. Kunyange kana chitoro kana bhangi zvichibvumira mari, kana tichitengeserana nemari yakawanda, tinofanira kutsanangura kuti takaiwana kupi. Vashandi vemumabhanga vanotosungirwa kuti vamhan’ara mabhindauko makuru erudzi urwu kumapurisa. Kubvisa mapepa nesimbi kunounzawo mari. Mabhangi eSweden paakatsiva masefa nemakombuta uye akabvisa kudiwa kwekutakura matani emapepa mumarori ane zvombo, ivo vakaderedza zvakanyanya mari yavo.

Kunyangwe muSweden, zvakadaro, kune rudzi rwekupokana kuhodha mari. Simba rayo guru ndevakwegura, vanowana zvakaoma kuchinja kumakadhi ekubhadhara, tisingatauri kubhadhara nhare.

Kupfuura izvozvo vamwe vanoratidza kuti kuvimba zvachose pamagetsi kunogona kutungamirira kumatambudziko makuru kana hurongwa hukakundikana. Pakatove nezviitiko zvakadaro - semuenzaniso, pane imwe yemitambo yemimhanzi yeSweden, kukundikana kwekubhadhara zviteshi zvakakonzera kumutsidzirwa kwekutengeserana kwebarter.

Kwete chete Scandinavia iri kuenda kune cashless kutengeserana. Belgium ine kurambidzwa kwekushandiswa kwemari yemapepa mukutengesa zvivakwa. Muganho we3 euros wakaunzwawo mukubhadhara mari mukati menyika. Zviremera zveFrance zvinoshuma kuti 92% yevagari vakatosiya mari yemapepa muhupenyu hwavo hwezuva nezuva. 89% yeBritish inoshandisa e-banking chete zuva nezuva. Zvakare, Bhangi reKorea rinofanotaura kuti panosvika 2020 nyika ichasiya mari yechinyakare.

Sezvazvinoitika, shanduko yehupfumi husina mari iri kuitika kunze kwevakapfuma West neAsia zvakare. Kuonekana kuAfrica kunogona kuuya kuzotora mari nekukurumidza kupfuura zvinofungwa nemunhu. Semuenzaniso, Kenya yatove nemamiriyoni akati wandei evashandisi vakanyoreswa veMPesa mobile banking app.

Chinhu chinonakidza ndechekuti imwe yenyika dzine urombo muAfrica, isingazivikanwe pasi rose Somaliland, yakaparadzaniswa mu1991 kubva kuSomalia, yakanyura mumhirizhonga yemauto, iri pamberi penyika zhinji dzakabudirira mumunda wekutengesa kwemagetsi. Izvi zvingangove zvichikonzerwa nehuwandu hwehutsotsi huripo, izvo zvinoita kuti zvive nengozi kuchengeta mari yepanyama newe.

Mari yemagetsi? Hongu, asi zviri nani kusazivikanwa

Kana iwe uchikwanisa kutenga chete nemari yemagetsi, zvese zvekutengesa zvinosiya chiratidzo chavo. Ivowo vanoumba nhoroondo inokosha yehupenyu hwedu. Vanhu vakawanda havafariri kutarisira kutariswa kwese kwese nehurumende nemasangano ezvemari. Chinonyanya kutyiwa nevapikisi mukana wekubvisa pfuma yedu zvachose nekungodzvanya kamwe chete. Isu tinotya kupa mabhanga anenge akazara simba pamusoro pedu.

Pamusoro pezvo, e-currency inopa zviremera chishandiso chakanakira kubata neanoramba. Muenzaniso wePayPal, Visa uye Mastercard, iyo pane imwe nguva yakavhara kubhadhara kweWikileaks, inoratidza zvikuru. Uye iyi haisiyo chete nyaya yerudzi rwayo. Naizvozvo, mune mamwe madenderedzwa, zvakare zvinosuruvarisa kuti matsotsi, cryptocurrencies yakavakirwa pamaketani emabhuraki akavharidzirwa () ari kuwana mukurumbira.

Cryptocurrencies inogona kuenzaniswa ne "mari" chaiyo yakaonekwa paInternet uye mumitambo kubva kuma 90. Kusiyana nemamwe marudzi emari yedhijitari, iyo inonyanya kufarirwa cryptocurrency,. Vanofarira vayo, pamwe chete nevatsigiri vemamwe mari yemagetsi akafanana, vanovaona semukana wekuyananisa zviri nyore kutenderera kwemagetsi nekudiwa kwekuchengetedza zvakavanzika, nekuti ichiri encrypted mari. Mukuwedzera, imari ye "social", inenge inodzorwa kwete nehurumende nemabhangi, asi nechibvumirano chakakosha chevashandisi vose, avo vangave vane mamiriyoni munyika.

Zvisinei, nyanzvi dzinoti kusazivikanwa kwekristptocurrency inhema. Kutengeserana kumwe kunokwana kupa kiyi yeruzhinji encryption kumunhu chaiye. Bato rinofarira rinokwanisawo kuwana nhoroondo yese yekiyi iyi, saka nhoroondo yekutengeserana inoonekawo. Ndivo mhinduro kudambudziko iri. mixery coin. Nekudaro, kana tichishandisa musanganisi, isu tinofanirwa kuvimba zvizere neanoshanda mumwechete, zvese kana zvasvika pakubhadhara mabitcoins akasanganiswa uye kusaburitsa hukama pakati peadhiro anouya neabuda.

Ko cryptocurrencies icharatidza kuva yakanaka kuwirirana pakati pe "nhoroondo yezvinodiwa" iyo mari yemagetsi inoratidzika kuva uye kuzvipira kune zvakavanzika munharaunda yekuwana uye kushandisa? Zvingava. Australia, iyo inoda kubvisa mari mukati memakore gumi, iri kupa vagari chimwe chinhu senyika bitcoin mukudzoka.

Bitcoin haigone kutsiva mari

Nekudaro, iyo nyika yezvemari inokahadzika kuti cryptocurrencies ichatsiva mari yechinyakare. Nhasi, Bitcoin, semari ipi neipi, inokurudzirwa nekuderera kwekuvimba nemari inopihwa nehurumende. Nekudaro, ine zvimhingamupinyi zvakakura sekutsamira pakuwana internet uye magetsi. Kune zvakare kutya kuti iyo cryptography kuseri kweBitcoin haizopona padhuze nemakomputa equantum. Kunyange zvazvo michina yakadai haisati yavepo uye hazvizivikanwe kana ichizombogadzirwa, chiono chaicho chekukurumidza kubvisa account chinoodza mwoyo kushandiswa kwemari chaiyo.

Mumushumo waro wepagore waChikunguru gore rino, Bhangi reInternational Settlements (BIS) rakatsaurira chitsauko chakakosha kumari yekristpto kekutanga. Sekureva kweBIS, chinangwa chavo ndechekutsiva mabasa emasangano ezvemari akavimbika akadai sepakati uye mabhanga ekutengesa, akagovera ledger tekinoroji () naizvozvowo . Nekudaro, sekureva kwevanyori vechidzidzo, cryptocurrencies haigone kutsiva mhinduro dziripo mumunda wekuburitsa mari.

Dambudziko guru rine cryptocurrencies rinoramba riripo kwavari high degree of decentralizationuye kugadzira kuvimba kunodiwa kunokonzeresa kurasika kukuru kwesimba remakomputa, haina hunyanzvi uye haina kugadzikana. Kuchengetedza kuvimba kunoda kuti mushandisi wega wega atore pasi uye aone nhoroondo yezvese kutengeserana kwakamboitwa, kusanganisira iyo mari yakabhadharwa, mubhadhari, anobhadhara uye imwe data, iyo inoda hombe simba rekombuta, inove isingashande uye inoshandisa huwandu hukuru hwesimba. Panguva imwecheteyo, kuvimba kwekristptocurrencies kunogona kunyangarika chero nguva nekuda kwekushayikwa kwepakati pekupa iyo inovimbisa kugadzikana kwavo. Cryptocurrency inogona kuerekana yaderera kana kumira kushanda zvachose (4).

4. Zvinofananidzirwa bitcoin bhora

Mabhangi epakati anodzikamisa kukosha kwemari yenyika nekugadzirisa kugoverwa kwenzira dzekubhadhara kune zvinodiwa zvekutengeserana. Zvichakadaro, iyo nzira iyo cryptocurrencies inosikwa inoreva kuti haigone kuchinjika kupindura kune shanduko mukudiwa, nekuti izvi zvinoitwa zvinoenderana neprotocol inotaridza nhamba yavo pamberi. Izvi zvinoreva kuti chero kuchinja-chinja kuri kudiwa kunotungamira kune shanduko mukuyerwa kwemari ye crypto.

Kunyangwe nguva nenguva kukura kwakakosha mukukosha, Bitcoin haina kuratidza kuva nzira iri nyore yekubhadhara. Iwe unogona kuisa mari mairi kana kufungidzira pakuchinjana kwakakosha, asi zvakanyanya kuoma kutenga mukaka nemabhanzi nawo. Iyo tekinoroji yakamisikidzwa iyo inodzika cryptocurrencies, saka, haizotsivi mari yechinyakare, kunyangwe ichigona kushandiswa mune dzimwe nzvimbo. Nyanzvi dzeBIS dzinotaura pano, semuenzaniso, kurerutswa kwemaitiro ekutonga paunenge uchiita kutengeserana kwemari kana masevhisi ekubhadhara kuyambuka kune zvidiki.

Internet yezvinhu uye mari

Parizvino vari kurwisa chinzvimbo chemari mafoni ekubhadhara. Pasi rose mumakore achangopfuura kwave nekatsika kekukurudzira vanhu kushandisa nharembozha dzavo pavanenge vachitenga. Mumasevhisi ekubhadhara nharembozha, nharembozha inongove kadhi rechikwereti, ichichengeta zvinhu zvakafanana nekadhi uye ichitaurirana nekadhi rechikwereti remutengesi uchishandisa tekinoroji yeredhiyo inonzi. (5).

5. Kubhadhara munzira yepedyo yekukurukurirana yemunda

Izvo hazvifanirwe kunge zviri smartphone. Muzera reInternet, kunyangwe firiji yedu, ichitaurirana neyedu smartphone, inozoodha mafuta pachinzvimbo chedu kana ma sensors anoratidza kuti iri kupera. Isu tinobvumira dhiri chete. Nekudaro, iyo mota inobhadhara iyo mafuta pachayo nekumisikidza yekubatanidza kure neyekubhadhara terminal pachinzvimbo chedu. Zvinogona zvakare kuti kadhi yekubhadhara icha "sona" mune izvo zvinonzi. magirazi akangwara ayo achatora mamwe emabasa e-smartphone (yekutanga anonzi atove atengeswa).

Kune zvakare nzira nyowani yekubhadhara pamhepo - kushandisa vakurukuri vakangwaraseGoogle Home kana Amazon Echo, inozivikanwawo sevabatsiri vepamba. Masangano emari ari kuongorora mukana wekushandisa pfungwa iyi kune inishuwarenzi nemabhangi. Nehurombo, zvinonetsa kuvanzika, sekurekodha zvisina tsarukano kwenhaurirano dzemhuri uchishandisa midziyo yakangwara yekumba uye kunyomba kweFacebook munguva pfupi yapfuura pamusoro pekuunganidza data remushandisi, zvinogona kunonotsa kusimukira nekupararira kwehunyanzvi uhu.

Financial Technology Innovators

Yakanga iri itsva muma90s. PayPal, sevhisi inobvumidza iwe kubhadhara zviri nyore online. Paive neakawanda dzimwe nzira dzake ipapo ipapo. Kwemakore akati wandei, mazano matsva akatarisana nemhinduro dzenharembozha uchishandisa mafoni. Imwe yekutanga yekutanga yeiyi wave wave yaive yeAmerica Dwolla (6), iyo yakaunza online yekubhadhara system yakagadzirirwa kunzvenga makadhi echikwereti.

6. Dwalla Administration uye Headquarters

Mari yakaiswa kubva kubhengi account kuenda kuDwolla account inogona kutumirwa ipapo kune chero mumwe mushandisi weiyi system nekuisa yavo nhamba yefoni, email kero kana Twitter zita mufoni application. Kubva pakuona kwemushandisi, kukwezva kukuru kwesevhisi ndiyo mutengo wakaderera wekutamisa, uchienzaniswa nemabhangi uye, semuenzaniso, PayPal. Shopify, kambani inotengesa online shopping software, inopa Dwolla senzira yekubhadhara.

Iyo nyowani, uye yatopenya zvakanyanya kupfuura mamwe ese, nyeredzi muindastiri iri kukura nekukurumidza - Revolut - chimwe chinhu chakaita sepasuru yemabhengi maakaundi emari yekunze akasanganiswa nekadhi rekubhadhara chairo kana remuviri. Iri harisi bhanga, asi sevhisi yekirasi inozivikanwa nezita rayo (kupfupisa). Iyo haina kuvharwa nedhipoziti garandi chirongwa, saka kungave kusachenjera kuendesa mari yako yawakachengeta pano. Nekudaro, mushure mekuisa imwe mari muRevolta, isu tinowana mikana yakawanda iyo yechinyakare mari zviridzwa zvisingapi.

Revolut yakavakirwa pane nharembozha. Vanhu vanogona kushandisa shanduro mbiri dzesevhisi - yemahara uye yakawedzerwa nemamwe maprimiyamu maficha. Chirongwa ichi chinogona kutorwa kubva kuGoogle Play kana kuApp Store - chishandiso chinogadzirirwa chete kumapuratifomu maviri makuru. Maitiro ekunyoresa haafanire kukonzera kunetsa kunyangwe kune novice smartphone vashandisi. Iwe unofanirwa kugadzira password ine manhamba mana inodiwa kuti umhanye application.

Isu tinogona zvakare kushandisa biometric verification tichishandisa fingerprint scanner parunhare. Mushure mekuvhura account, isu tatova nechikwama chemagetsi chakakamurwa kuita mari. Pakazara, makumi maviri neshanu mari dziri kutsigirwa parizvino, kusanganisira iyo zloty yePoland. Imwe yemabhenefiti makuru eRevolut kusavapo kwemakomisheni ekutsinhana kwekutengeserana uye kushandiswa kweiyo interbank musika mitengo (hapana yekuwedzera margin). Vashandisi veiyo yemahara vhezheni yepakeji vane mashoma - pasina komisheni, unogona kuchinjanisa yakaenzana nePLN 25 20 pamwedzi. zloty. Pamusoro pemuganho uyu, komisheni ye0,5% inooneka.

Maitiro akareruka ekunyoresa haadi chitupa chekuongorora. Nechepfungwa, mushandisi anogona kuzoisa data rekunyepedzera uye otanga chikwama chemagetsi - zvisinei, panguva ino, anogashira chigadzirwa chakanyanya kushomeka. Zvinoenderana nemirairo yeEU pamusoro pekutengeserana kwemagetsi uye kudzivirira kwekutengesa mari, huwandu hwakanyanya hwePLN 1 hunogona kuverengerwa kuaccount pasina kuzere kuzere. złoty mukati megore.

Unogona kubhadhara account yako nekuendesa kubhengi, kubva pakadhi rekubhadhara, kuburikidza neGoogle Pay - uchishandisa kadhi ruzivo rwakachengetwa muGoogle mobile wallet. Vashandisi veiyo yemahara vhezheni yeRevolut vanogona zvakare kuodha yakabhadharwa Mastercard kana chaiyo kadhi (7), inoonekwa nekukurumidza mukushandisa uye yakagadzirirwa kutenga online. Iyo virtual kadhi inopihwa mahara.

7. Revolut kadhi uye app

Kune akawanda makambani efintech uye mashandisirwo ekubhadhara kunze uko. Tichataura, semuenzaniso, seStripe, WePay, Braintree, Skrill, Venmo, Payoneer, Payza, Zelle. Uye aya angori mavambo. Basa muchikamu ichi richangotanga.

Iwe hausi kupa hemoglobin level

Mari inogona kurasika kana kurasika kana tatarisana nembavha. Izvi zvinoshandawo kune kadhi, iyo isingade kubiwa mumuviri kuti uwane mari yemagetsi - inokwana kuiongorora uye kuongorora iyo PIN kodhi. Zvinogonekawo kuba kana Hack mbozha runhare. Ndosaka nzira dzebiometric dzakataurwa semidziyo yetekinoroji yemari.

Vamwe vedu vanotopinda mumafoni edu uye kubhengi pane yedu smartphone. fingapurindi yeminweiyo inogona zvakare kushandiswa kutora mari kubva kune mamwe maATM. Kune mabhanga ekutanga uko kuchengeta zvinyorwa tinopinda nenzwi redu. Voice authentication tekinoroji yakaedzwa zvakare neAustralia Revenue Service kwemakore mana. Vanopfuura mamirioni mazana matatu nemazana matanhatu vakanyorera bvunzo iyi, sekureva kwemutauriri wesangano iri, uye nhamba iyi inofungidzirwa kuti ichapfuura mamirioni mana mukupera kwa3,6.

Kambani yeChinese Alibaba yakazivisa makore mashoma apfuura kuti inotarisira kuunza mvumo yekubhadhara. tekinoroji yekuzivikanwa kumeso - kunyanya kubva kumafoni efoni. Munguva yeCeBIT, vamiriri veAlibaba vakapa mhinduro ("kunyemwerera kubhadhara").

Munguva pfupi yapfuura, iwe unogona kushandisa chiso kubhadhara kuzadzisa kurongeka muChinese vhezheni yeKFC cheni (9). Simba remari raAlibaba Ant Financial, inove investor muKPro (Chinese KFC) ketani, yatanga mukana wakadaro muguta reHangzhou. Iyo sisitimu inoshandisa pikicha yemutengi yakatorwa nekamera ye3D, inozochengetwa mudura. Kuti aongorore mapikicha, anofunga nezvenzvimbo dzinosvika mazana matanhatu kumeso uye chinhambwe chiri pakati padzo. Vatengi vanongoda kusaina chibvumirano chekugadzirisa neAlipay pamberi.

9. Biometric authentication yetransaction uchishandisa face scanning muChinese KFC

MuWuzhen, guta rine nhoroondo rinoshanyirwa nemamiriyoni evashanyi gore rega rega, zvave kuita kuenda kunzvimbo dzakawanda kuratidza chiso chakamboongororwa uye kuchibatanidza nesarudzo yetikiti rekupinda rakatengwa. Maitiro ese anotora isingasviki sekondi uye kambani inoti sisitimu iyi ndeye 99,7%.

Nekudaro, zvinoitika kuti hadzisi dzese "tsika" nzira dzebiometric dzakachengeteka. Mukuwedzera, vanotakura dzimwe njodzi. Munguva ichangopfuura kuMalaysia, matsotsi aida kutanga motokari inodhura ine mafingerprint kuverenga pamoto akauya nezano... rokudimbura chigunwe chemuridzi.

Naizvozvo, isu tiri kugara tichitsvaga zvakachengeteka uye zvinobudirira mhinduro. Muchikamu chezvemari, Hitachi naFujitsu vanga vachishanda mumakore gumi apfuura kutengeserana matekinoroji anozivisa vanhu kubva kugadziriswa kwetsinga dzeropa (sere). Mushure mekuisa kadhi rebhangi muATM, kukurumidza kunooneka pachiratidziro chayo kuti uise chigunwe chako mupurasitiki recess. Pedyo nechiedza che infrared chinovhenekera mativi ese ekuchekwa, uye kamera pazasi inotora mufananidzo wetsinga dzechigunwe uye yozoienzanisa neyakarekodhwa pateni. Kana paine mutambo, simbiso inoonekwa pachiratidziri kwesekondi, wobva waisa PIN yako woenderera mberi nekutengeserana. Bhanga reJapan reKyoto rakatanga chirongwa chebiometric muna 8, uye kusvika pari zvino, chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chevatengi varo mamirioni matatu vakachisarudza.

Mhinduro dzemakambani maviri ataurwa pamusoro apa dzakasiyana kubva kune mumwe. Hitachi anotora x-ray yeminwe yake uye anotora mufananidzo kubva kune rumwe rutivi. Fujitsu inoratidzira chiedza kubva paruoko rwose uye inoshandisa sensor kuti ione chiedza chisina kutorwa netsinga. Kuenzaniswa nedzimwe nzira dzakawanda dzebiometric, tsinga scanners inokurumidza uye yakarurama. Zvekuba pano zvakaoma. Kunyange kana mbavha ikagura ruoko rwedu kuti inyengedze tsinga inovheneka, yaizofanira neimwe nzira kuchengeta ropa rose mukati menhengo yakachekwa. Ropa chete rine mwero wakati we hemoglobin rinotora chiedza chiri pedyo ne infrared spectrum, parinoshanda muverengi.

Zvisinei, pane kusava nechokwadi kwakawanda pamusoro pemaitiro aya. Tsvagiridzo inoratidza kuti vatengi havafarire zano rebhangi rinochengeta zvitupa zvebiometric mudhatabhesi. Zvakare, kana ma hackers vakambopinda mudhatabhesi iyi, kuyedza biometric kwaizopera nekusingaperi (uye nekusingaperi) kune vese vatengi vane maakaundi akarwiswa - havaizokwanisa kuwana seti nyowani yetsinga!

Saka Hitachi yakagadzira hurongwa umo kadhi rebhangi remutengi rinochengeta biometric template, uye mufananidzo wakatorwa ne sensor muATM inofananidzwa nemufananidzo uri pakadhi. Fujitsu inoshandisa nzira yakafanana. Kana kadhi rikabiwa, kunyange vatengesi vepamusoro vachawana zvakaoma kuwana ruzivo rwebiometric data. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti makadhi akagadzirirwa kuti agamuchire data kubva kuATM sensor, uye kwete kuendesa data kune yekunze komputa.

Zvisinei, tichazomborarama here kuti tione zuva apo isu tinogona kusiya zvachose kubhengi, kiredhiti, debit, chitoro, PIN makadhi, marezinesi ekutyaira uye kunyange mari pachayo - mushure mezvose, itsinga dzedu kana zvimwe zvipenyu zvipenyu zvichava zvedu? zvikwama?

polymer mari

Uye zvakadini kuchengetedzwa kwemari? Uyu mubvunzo unoenda kune ese marudzi avo, kubva kune yakanaka yekare mari kusvika kune yakavanzika wallet matipi akanyorwa kumeso kwese.

Chero bedzi mari yemapepa yaitonga, kuvandudzwa kwemaitiro ekuchengetedza mabhengi kwakaita basa rakakosha muhunyanzvi hwemari. Dhizaini yebhengi pachayo - dhigirii rekuoma kwayo, kushandiswa kweakawanda akadzama, akasiyana, anopindirana uye anopinda mukati megraphic uye ruvara zvinhu, nezvimwewo, ndechimwe chekutanga, chikuru zvipingamupinyi kune inogoneka yekunyepedzera.

Iro bepa pacharo chinhu chekudzivirira - yakanakisa mhando, iyo yakakosha kwete chete kusimba kwemabhangi uye fakes, asiwo nekubatikana kwemasangano kune akasiyana tekinoroji maitiro padanho rekugadzira. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti munyika yedu, mapepa ekotoni emabhangi anogadzirwa pane yakakosha fekitori yemapepa yePolish Security Printing House.

Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dziri kushandiswa nhasi. mavanga emvura - kubva ku monochromatic, ine chiratidzo chakareruka kana kusviba kupfuura bepa, kuburikidza nefiligree uye maviri-mavara, kune akawanda-toni nemhedzisiro yekuchinja kwakatsetseka kubva kune yakareruka kuenda kune yakasviba toni.

Mimwe mhinduro dzinoshandiswa dzinosanganisira kudzivirira fibers, yakabatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kwepepa, inoonekwa masikati, ultraviolet kana infrared chiedza, tambo dzekuchengetedza dzinogona kugadzirwa nesimbi, dzakadhayiwa, dzinopenya mumirairo yeUV, dzinogona kudhindwa, dzine magnetic domains, nezvimwewo. kuchengetedzwa nemakemikari, kuitira kuti chero kuedza kurapa nemakemikari kunokonzera kuumbwa kwemavara akajeka uye asingadzimiki.

Kuti uwedzere kuomesa basa revanonyepedzera, yakaoma banknotsi kudhinda maitiro, vachishandisa michina yakasiyana-siyana yokudhinda. Panguva imwecheteyo, zvimwe zvekuchengetedza zvinounzwa, semuenzaniso, anti-copy mashure ane mitsetse mitete mizhinji, yakatsetseka yekuchinja kwemavara mubhangi panguva yekudhinda kweoffset, zvinhu zvakadhindwa pamativi ese ebhengi, izvo zvinosanganiswa pamwechete kana chete. kutariswa kune rumwe rutivi. chiedza, microprints negatives uye positives, marudzi akasiyana-siyana eingi anokosha, kusanganisira ingi dzakadzika dzinopenya pasi pekuita kwe UV rays.

Simbi engraving tekinoroji inoshandiswa kuwana mhedzisiro yebulge yezvinhu zvega pabhangi. Mutoo wokudhinda weletterpress unoshandiswa kupa bhengi rimwe nerimwe nhamba yakasiyana. Mukuwedzera, inoshandiswa kupa kuchengetedzwa kwemaziso (senge holograms).

National Bank of Poland yambotaurwa inoshandisa nzira dzakawanda dziri pamusoro apa, asi pfungwa itsva dziri kuramba dzichibuda munyika. Kanenge kongiri zvinonzwisiswa kudzivisa bepa. MunaGunyana 2017, kushandurwa kwepepa gumi-pondo manotsi kuita polymer banknotes (gumi). Kushanda kwakafanana kwe10-pondo manotsi kwakaitwa ipapo kubva munaGunyana 5 kusvika Chivabvu 2016.

10. Polymer hole punch yemakomba gumi

Mari yepolymer inoshingirira kukuvara pane mari yemapepa. Bhengi reEngland rinoshuma kuti hupenyu hwavo hwesevhisi hurefu neka 2,5. Havasi kurasikirwa nechinhu mukuonekwa kwavo kunyange mushure mekugeza mumushini wekugeza. Ivo zvakare, sekureva kweanopa, chengetedzo iri nani pane avo vakatangira mapepa.

quantum mari

Pasinei nekumanikidzwa kushandisa mari yemagetsi, nzira itsva dzekuchengetedza mari dzichiri kugadzirwa. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzefizikisi dzinofungidzira kuti, pasinei nerudzi rwemari, inofanira kushandiswa nokuda kweizvi. quantum nzira. Scott Aaronson, musayendisiti paMassachusetts Institute of Technology, akaronga zvinodaidzwa kuti mari yakawanda - musiki wekutanga aive Steven Wiesner, kumashure muna 1969. Maererano nemafungiro ake panguva iyoyo, mabhangi aifanira "kurekodha" zana kana kupfuura mafotoni pane imwe neimwe banknote (11). Kana makumi mashanu emakore apfuura, kana ikozvino, hapana ane zano rekuita sei. Nekudaro, iyo pfungwa yekudzivirira mari nepolarized photon watermark ichiri kunakidza.

Paunenge uchizivisa bhengi kana mari mune imwe nzira, bhangi rinotarisa chete hunhu hwefotoni yega yega (semuenzaniso, yakatwasuka kana yakatwasuka polarization), ichisiya mamwe ese asina kuyerwa. Nekuda kwedzidziso inorambidza kuita cloning, hazvingaite kuti munyengeri wekufungidzira kana hacker apime hunhu hwese hwephoton yega yega kuti abudise kopi kana kuchengeta mari yemagetsi yakadaro muakaundi yake. Izvo zvakare zvaisakwanisa kuyera chimiro chimwe chete chephoton yega yega, sezvo chete bhangi raizoziva izvo izvo hunhu. Iyi nzira yekuchengetedza inoita kunge yakachengeteka zvakanyanya kupfuura iyo encryption inoshandiswa mu cryptocurrencies.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti muenzaniso uyu yakavanzika encryption. Kusvika parizvino, bhangi rinoburitsa chete ndiro raigona kubvumidza kuburitswa kwemabhengi kumusika, ukuwo Aaronsson quantum mari, iyo chero munhu anogona kutarisa, inova ndiyo yakanaka. Izvi zvinoda kiyi yeruzhinji yakanyatso chengetedzeka kupfuura iri kushandiswa parizvino. Hatisati taziva nzira yekuwana kukwana kwakakwana kwehuwandu hwematunhu. Uye zviri pachena kuti hapana munhu anoda chikwama icho pane imwe nguva chinongoerekana chapinda quantum "decoherence" ...

Nokudaro, chiono chinosvika kure cheramangwana remari chinoratidzwa nenzira yebhayometriki chikwama chinobva pane chiso chedu kana zvimwe zvipenyu zvipenyu, izvo zvisingagoni kuvharwa nokuti inodzivirirwa ne quantum encryption nzira. Izvi zvingaita sezvisinganzwisisike, asi zvakafanira kuyeuka kuti kubvira patakabva kune commodity-for-commodity modhi, mari yagara iri nhanho. Hazvingave here, zvakadaro, kune chero wedu abstraction mupfungwa yekuti isu hatina.