Athena
September 4, 1939, kuma10:30 mangwanani, mvura iri kuchamhembe kweIreland. Mutyairi weBritish weAthenia, akaputika manheru apfuura neU30 nguva pfupi isati yanyura.
Mukutanga kwaGumiguru gore rapfuura, ruzivo rwakaonekwa munhau dzeBritish nezvekuwanikwa kwekuparadzwa kweiyo Athenia passenger liner. Izvi zvakakonzerwa nekutsikiswa kwerimwe bhuku raDavid Mearns, uyo akapa chimwe chezvitsauko kuchikepe ichi, chakanyudzwa nengarava yepasi pemvura munguva yekutanga yehondo pakati peFoggy Albion neThird Reich. Kunyangwe Mearns akataura kuti kushandiswa kwerobhoti repasi pemvura chete kwaizobvumira ne XNUMX% chokwadi kuziva chinhu chakawanikwa nesonar, mukurumbira waakawana mumakore ekutsvaga kwakabudirira (akawana, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, kuputsika kwechikepe chehondo. Hood) inoratidza kuti ichi chingori chimiro. Mukutarisira kwake, zvakakosha kuyeuka nhoroondo yeAtenea.
Zvikepe zveCunard Line, mumwe wevaridzi vezvikepe veBritish vanotungamira kufamba kwevanhu vachiyambuka North Atlantic, zvakakuvadzwa zvakanyanya panguva yeHondo Yenyika Yekutanga, zvakanyanya nekuda kweKaiser submarines. Zvakanga zviri pachena kuti kurasikirwa kwezvikepe zvakatorwa kubva kuGermany hazvigone kubhadharwa uye mitsara yakasara (7 kubva pa18, kusanganisira iyo huru Mauritania neAquitaine) yaifanira kutsigirwa nekutsvaga kutsva. Nokudaro, chirongwa chakaitwa kusati kwapera kurwisana kukuru kwakadana kuvakwa kwezvikamu gumi nemana. Matambudziko emari akatadzisa imwe hofori inokurumidza kuoneka, panguva ino yainyanya kukoshesa hupfumi hwemafuta uye kukwezva vatakuri vasingadi kukurumidza, asi vanoda "chete" kunyaradzwa nemutengo unonzwisisika. Zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa izvi, mapurojekiti akagadzirirwa ngarava dzine kutamiswa kwe14 kana 20 gross tons, nefunnel imwe chete uye turbine drive, izvo zvakaita kuti zvikwanisike kugadzira kumhanya kwekufamba kwe000-14 knots. zvikamu, zvakagadzirwa naCunard Nomenclature "A-kirasi", yakatangwa naAusonia (000 GRT, 15 vafambi), yakagadzwa muna Nyamavhuvhu 16.
Anchor-Donaldson yakaumbwa makore mashanu apfuura kuti ishandise zvikepe zvina zvevatyairi zveDonaldson Line munzira dzinobva kuLiverpool neGlasgow kuenda kuMontreal, Quebec neHalifax. Isati yapera hondo, vaviri vavo, "Athena" (4 GRT) uye "Letitia" (8668 GRT), vakarasika (wokutanga akava nyajambwa weU 8991 16 August 1917, uye wechipiri, ipapo chikepe chechipatara. , yakawira kumahombekombe mukati memhute iri pasi pechiteshi chekupedzisira chataurwa ndokutyoka keel yayo). Sezvo Anchor Line yaive yeCunard, kambani yakatanga kuvaka patsva zvikepe nekutora - nekuda kwechikwereti chakakura kubva kuCommercial Bank yeScotland - chikepe che "A" chekirasi chakavakirwa pane imwe yematanho eFairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Co. muGovan pedyo neGlasgow, iyo yakatanga muna 53.
Iyo Athenia itsva yakatangwa musi wa28 Ndira 1923. Kune miriyoni imwe 250 pounds sterling, mutengi akagamuchira chikepe chechimiro chemazuva ano chenguva idzodzo, nekutamiswa kwe000 gross toni, ine hull hull hurefu hwe 13 m uye hupamhi hwehupamhi hwe 465 m, ine mvura inopisa boilers uye 160,4 ma turbines aifambisa kutenderera kwawo nemagiyabhokisi pa20,2 cardan shafts. Yakagadzirirwa 6 vafambi mukirasi kabhini uye 2 mukirasi III. Nekuda kwekuganhurirwa kwenhamba yevatorwa neUnited States neCanada uye kuwedzera kwekuyerera kwevashanyi, kubvira 516, mushure mekuvakwazve kwesalon, aigona kugamuchira huwandu hwevanhu mazana matatu negumi nevaviri mune yekutanga, 1000 mumakamuri ekirasi yevashanyi. uye 1933 vanhu. mukirasi III. Anchor-Donaldson akaedza kukwezva vafambi vayo vakanyanya kunyungudutsa neslogan yekuti Athenia "ine zvese zvakanakira hotera yeumbozha," asi avo vakambofamba nechikepe pane chero matani mahombe emutsetse chero upi zvawo vaifanira kunge vaona kuderera, kunyangwe menyu. Zvisinei, kwaisazova kuwedzeredza kutaura kuti yakanga iri ngarava yakabudirira zvikuru, kutozosvikira 314 kushanda kwayo kusina kuvhiringidzwa nokubonderana, pasi, kana kuti moto.
Pamwe chete nemapatya ayo Letitia, akaunzwa muna 1925, Athenia yakagadzira maviri makuru eAnchor-Donaldson Line mayuniti, akabata isingasviki 5 muzana yeNorth Atlantic traffic zvakanyanya. Yainyanya kukwikwidzana nemaraini eCanadian Pacific Railway, kazhinji ichifona paHalifax (panguva yayakasvika pasi, yakanga yaita ndege dzinopfuura zana, dzaitora avhareji yemazuva gumi nemaviri). Sezvo traffic mhiri kweAtlantic yakaderera munguva yechando, yaimboshandiswa pakufamba. Kubva 100, mushure mekunge Anchor yavharwa uye midziyo yayo yakatengwa nemumwe wevashandi, yakapfuura mumaoko eDonaldson Atlantic Line ichangogadzirwa.
Sezvo munhuwi weimwe hondo muEurope wakawedzera, zvigaro zvakawanda zvakatorwa mungarava dzaiyambuka Atlantic. Athenia payakasimuka kubva kuGlasgow munaGunyana 1, sezvakarongwa, pakanga paine vanhu 420 vaive muchikepe, kusanganisira 143 vagari vemuUS. Kushambadza kwakaitika nguva pfupi pashure pemasikati, dzichangopfuura 20 manheru Athenia yakapinda muBelfast, ichitora vanhu 00 kubva ipapo. James Cook, anga ari kaputeni wayo kubvira 136, akaudzwa ipapo kuti aifanira kufamba nechikepe pasina kujeka munzira yekuenda kuLiverpool. Paakasvika ikoko, akagamuchira mirairo kubva kuAdmiralty muhofisi yemukuru, achimuraira kuti aitewo zigzag uye, mushure mokubva kuAtlantic, kutevera nzira yekuchamhembe kwenzira yakajairika. Kubva muna 1938:13, vafambi vakawanda vakakwira muAtenea - vaiva 00. Nokudaro, pamwe chete, ngarava yakatora vanhu 546 parwendo, kupfuura nguva dzose. Vagari veCanada (1102) neU.SA (469) vakaita zvakanaka, nemapasipoti eBritish - 311 vatasvi, kubva kuEurope continent - 172. Boka rekupedzisira raisanganisira vanhu 150 vechiJudha vane mapasipoti eGermany, pamwe chete nePoles neCzechs.
Northern Ireland
Musi weMugovera 2 Gunyana pa16 Athenia yakatanga kusiya muromo weMersey. Kunyangwe asati aenda kugungwa rakashama, imwe alarm yechikepe yakaridzwa. Panguva yekudya kwemanheru, mumwe wevatakuri akanga akagara patafura yakaputeni akataura kuti ngarava yacho yairatidza kuti yakanga yakazara vanhu vakawanda, uye mukuru mukuru weredhiyo David Don aifanira kupindura kuti, “Ndapota musazvinetse henyu, pachava nebhachi rokuzvidzivirira. Kusava nehanya kwake, chaiko kana kuti kwokunyepedzera, kwaiva nehwaro hwakasimba, sezvo maiva nezvikepe zvokununura upenyu 30, marefu 26, mavheti anopfuura 21 uye 1600 18 mabhuya okuponesa upenyu. Zvikepe zvizhinji zvakanga zvakarongwa mumitsara, chimwe nechimwe chezvikepe zvikuru, zvepasi chaikwana vanhu 86, uye maduku epamusoro, aiva nenhamba imwe cheteyo uye vara A, 56 rimwe nerimwe, aityairwa neinjini dzinobvira mukati. Pakazara, zvikepe zvinogona kutora vanhu makumi mashanu nevatanhatu, uye raft - 3 vanhu.
Panenge pana 3:03 musi wa40 Gunyana, Athenia ine rima uye yakatsvuka yakapfuura chitsuwa cheInishtrahall kuchamhembe kweIreland. Nguva pfupi pashure pa11:00 mufambisi wenhepfenyuro aiva pabasa akagamuchira shoko pamusoro pemamiriro ehondo pakati peBritain neThird Reich. Pakarepo uye zvakadzikama sezvinobvira, shoko racho rakasvitswa kuvatakuri. Cook akarayirawo kuti magwa nemaraft zvipinzwe uye zvekudzimisa moto nemahydrants zviongororwe. Manheru, kunetsana kwaaiva muchikepe kwakatanga kuderera, sezvo miniti yoga yoga ngarava yaifamba ichienda kure nemvura yaigona kuva nengozi. Nguva pfupi yapfuura 19, nekumhanya kwakasimba kwemapfundo gumi nemashanu, akasvika pachinzvimbo che00°15'N, 56°42'W, anenge makiromita makumi mashanu neshanu kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweRockall. Kuonekwa kwaive kwakanaka, kwaive nekamhepo kaifefetera kubva kumaodzanyemba, saka masaisai aingove mita imwe nehafu. Zvisinei, izvi zvakanga zvakakwana kudzivirira vafambi vakawanda kuti vasaonekwe pamabiko akanga achangotanga. Kusimbisa kwaive kuswedera kumagumo apo nguva dza14:05 jolt yakasimba yakarova kumashure kweAtenea. Vazhinji vevashandi vake nevafambi vakabva vafunga kuti ngarava yakanga yarohwa nemhepo.
Colin Porteous, mukuru wechitatu aitarisira wachi, akabva aita mashandiro ekuvhara magonhi mumadziro asina mvura, akatendeudzira teregirafu injini kunzvimbo ye "Stop" uye akaraira "Don" kutumira chiratidzo chekutambudzika. Achisiya nzvimbo yake patafura, Cook akaenda kubhiriji netochi, nokuti magetsi ose aiva mukati akadzimwa. Ari munzira, akanzwa rondedzero yengarava zvakanyanya kuruboshwe, ndokuzotwasanudza zvishoma ndokutora mupendero. Pakusvika pazambuko, akaraira kuti jenareta rechimbichimbi ribatiswe ndokutumira mukuru mukuru wemichina kuti aongorore zvakanga zvaparadzwa. Achidzoka, kaputeni akanzwa kuti imba yeinjini yakanga yakazara mafashamo, iyo yakawanda yakaiparadzanisa kubva mukamuri yekubikira yakanga ichidonha zvakanyanya, chiyero chemvura muchikamu chekumusoro chedhishi "C" chaive chinenge 0,6 m, uye mugomba pasi pechivharo che bata Nhamba 5. Mukuru wemakanika akaudzawo Cook kuti magetsi aingokwana chete kuvheneka, asi pombi hadzisati dzakwanisa kurarama nekuwanda kwemvura kwakadaro.
