Mabhatiri emota dzakauchikwa uye dzemagetsi

Muchinyorwa chedu chakapfuura, takakurukura bhatiri senzvimbo yemagetsi, inodiwa kunyanya kutanga mota, pamwe nekuita kwechinguva chipfupi kwemidziyo yemagetsi. Nekudaro, izvo zvakasiyana zvachose zvinodiwa zvinoiswa pazvivakwa zvemabhatiri anoshandiswa mumunda wekufambisa makuru mafoni nhare, kwatiri, mota dzakauchikwa uye mota dzemagetsi. Simba rakakura kwazvo rakachengetwa rinodiwa kuti ishandise mota uye inoda kuchengetwa kumwe kunhu. Mumotokari yakasarudzika ine injini yemoto yemukati, inochengetwa mutangi iri peturu, dhiziri kana LPG. Panyaya yemotokari yemagetsi kana mota yakasanganiswa, inochengetwa mumabhatiri, ayo anogona kutsanangurwa sedambudziko hombe nemotokari yemagetsi.

Maunganidzi azvino anokwanisa kuchengeta simba shoma, nepo iwo ari akakura, achiremerwa, uye panguva imwechete, zvinotora maawa akati wandei kuti vadzorerezve kune yavo yepamusoro (kazhinji 8 kana kupfuura). Mukupesana, mota dzakajairika dzine injini dzemukati dzemoto dzinogona kuchengeta huwandu hwesimba zvichienzaniswa nemabhatiri mune diki kesi, chero zvichingotora miniti, pamwe maviri, kuti dzigadzirise. Zvinosuruvarisa, dambudziko rekuchengetedza magetsi rakatambudza mota dzemagetsi kubvira pakavambwa, uye kunyangwe paine kuramba kusingarambike, simba ravo rekudzivirira kumisa mota richiri rakaderera kwazvo. Mune inotevera mitsara, yekuchengetedza email Tichakurukura simba mune zvakadzama uye kuyedza kuunza padyo chaichoicho chemota dzine yakachena magetsi kana hybrid drive. Kune ngano zhinji dzakakomberedza idzi "mota dzemagetsi", saka hazvikuvadze kunyatso tarisa zvakanakira kana zvakaipira kutyaira kwakadai.

Nehurombo, iwo manhamba akapihwa nevagadziri anewo kusahadzika uye ane dzidziso. Somuenzaniso, Kia Venga ine motokari yemagetsi ine simba re80 kW uye torque ye 280 Nm. Simba rinopihwa ne lithium-ion mabhatiri ane huwandu hwe24 kWh, iyo inofungidzirwa huwandu hweKia Vengy EV maererano nemugadziri ndeye 180 km. Kuwanda kwemabhatiri kunotitaurira kuti, yakazara zvakakwana, vanogona kupa injini yekushandisa ye 24 kW, kana kudyisa kushandiswa kwe48 kW muhafu yeawa, nezvimwewo. A nyore recalculation, uye hatizokwanisi kutyaira 180 km. . Kana taida kufunga nezvemhando yakadai, saka taizofanira kutyaira avhareji ye60 km / h kwemaawa anenge matatu, uye simba rejini raizongova chegumi chemutengo wezita, i.e. 3 kW. Mune mamwe mazwi, nekunyatso nyanya (chenjera) Zvechokwadi, isu hatifungi nezvekubatanidzwa kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvemagetsi. Munhu wose anogona kare kufungidzira chii kuzvinyima zvichienzaniswa yekare motokari. Panguva imwecheteyo, unodira 8 malita emafuta edhiziri muVenga yekare uye kutyaira mazana nemazana emakiromita pasina zvirambidzo. Sei zvakadaro? Ngatiedzei kuenzanisa kuti yakawanda sei simba iri uye kuti huremu hupi motokari yekare inogona kubata mutangi, uye kuti motokari yemagetsi inogona sei kubata mumabhatiri - verenga zvakawanda pano HERE.

Aya mashoma echokwadi kubva kumakemikari uye fizikisi

• calorific kukosha kwe peturu: 42,7 MJ / kg,
• calorific kukosha kwedhiziri mafuta: 41,9 MJ / kg,
• peturu kuwanda: 725 kg / m3,
• kuwanda kwemafuta: 840 kg / m3,
• Joule (J) = [kg * m2 / s2],
• Watt (W) = [J / s],
• 1 MJ = 0,2778 kWh.

Simba ndiko kugona kuita basa, kuyerwa nejoules (J), kilowatt maawa (kWh). Basa (mechanical) rinoratidzwa nekuchinja kwesimba panguva yekufamba kwemuviri, ine zvikamu zvakafanana sesimba. Simba rinoratidza huwandu hwebasa rakaitwa pachikamu chenguva, iyo base unit iri watt (W).

Simba chairo remasimba emagetsi

Simba rekushandisa	Calorific kukosha / kg kuwanda	Calorific kukosha / l Simba / l	Simba / kg
Gasoline	42,7 MJ / kg 725 kg / m3	30,96 MJ / l 8,60 kWh / l	11,86 kWh / kg
Oiri	41,9 MJ / kg 840 kg / m3	35,20 MJ / l 9,78 kWh / l	11,64 kWh / kg
Li-ion bhatiri (Audi R8 e-tron)	42 kWh 470 kg		0,0893 kWh / kg

Kubva pane zviri pamusoro apa zviri pachena kuti, semuenzaniso, ine kukosha kwecalorific ye42,7 MJ / kg uye huwandu hwe725 kg / m3, peturu inopa simba re8,60 kWh pamarita kana 11,86 kWh pakirogiramu. Kana tikavaka mabhatiri azvino ayo akaiswa zvino mumotokari dzemagetsi, semuenzaniso, lithium-ion, kugona kwavo kuri pasi pe0,1 kWh pa kilogiramu (kuitira nyore, isu tichafunga 0,1 kWh). Mafuta anowanzoitwa anopa simba rakapetwa kazana pane huremu hwakaenzana. Iwe unonzwisisa kuti uyu mutsauko wakakura. Kana isu tichiipaza kuita zvidiki, semuenzaniso, Chevrolet Cruze ine 31 kWh bhatiri inotakura simba rinogona kukwana mune isingasviki 2,6 kg yepeturu kana, kana uchida, anenge 3,5 litita epeturu.

Iwe unogona kutaura kuti zvinogoneka sei kuti mota yemagetsi ichatanga zvachose, uye kwete kuti ichave ichine anopfuura makiromita zana esimba. Chikonzero chacho chiri nyore. Iyo mota yemagetsi inoshanda zvakanyanya maererano nekushandura yakachengetwa simba kuita magetsi. Kazhinji, inofanirwa kuve neanoshanda e100%, nepo kugona kweinjini yekutsva yemukati iri 90% yeinjini yepeturu uye 30% yeinjini yedhiziri. Naizvozvo, kupa iwo iwo magetsi kumagetsi emagetsi, zvakaringana nenzvimbo yakadzika kwazvo yesimba.

Kusununguka kwekushandisa kwemumwe munhu anotyaira

Mushure mekuongorora kuverenga kwakareruka, zvinofungidzirwa kuti tinogona kuwana inenge 2,58 kWh yemagetsi emagetsi kubva parita repeturu, 3,42 kWh kubva parita yemafuta edhiziri, uye 0,09 kWh kubva pakirogiramu yebhatiri ye lithium-ion. Saka mutsauko hausi kudarika zana, asi kanokwana makumi matatu chete. Iyi ndiyo nhamba yepamusoro, asi haisati iri yepingi chaiyo. Somuenzaniso, funga mutambo Audi R8. Mabhatiri ayo akachajiswa zvizere, anorema 470 kg, ane simba rakaenzana ne16,3 litres epeturu kana kuti 12,3 litres emafuta edhiziri. Kana kuti, dai taiva neAudi A4 3,0 TDI ine tangi inokwana 62 litres emafuta edhiziri uye taida kuva nemhando imwe chete pabhatiri rakachena, taizoda 2350 kg yemabhatiri. Kusvika ikozvino, chokwadi ichi hachipi motokari yemagetsi ramangwana rakajeka. Nekudaro, hapana chikonzero chekukanda pfuti pa rye, sezvo kudzvanywa kwekugadzira "e-mota" dzakadaro kuchabviswa nehutsinye hwegirini lobby, saka vangave automaker vachizvifarira kana kwete, ivo vanofanirwa kuburitsa chimwe chinhu "girinhi" . “. Iyo chaiyo inotsiva yemagetsi chete dhiraivha ndiyo inonzi mahybrids, ayo anosanganisa injini yekupisa yemukati ine mota yemagetsi. Parizvino inonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeye, semuenzaniso, Toyota Prius (Auris HSD neiyo yakafanana hybrid tekinoroji) kana Honda Mukati. Nekudaro, yavo yemagetsi mhando ichiri kuseka. Muchiitiko chekutanga, anenge 2 km (mune yazvino vhezheni yePlug In yakawedzera "kusvika" makiromita makumi maviri), uye yechipiri, Honda haina kana kugogodza pamagetsi emagetsi. Kusvika ikozvino, kubudirira kunoguma mukuita hakusi kunoshamisa sezvinoratidzwa nekushambadzira kwevanhu vakawanda. Chokwadi chakaratidza kuti vanogona kuvapenda nechero bhuruu kufamba (hupfumi) kunyanya neyakajairwa tekinoroji. Iyo mukana weiyo hybrid power plant inorara zvakanyanya muhupfumi hwemafuta kana uchityaira muguta. Audi nguva pfupi yadarika yakataura kuti parizvino zvinongodiwa kudzikisa huremu hwemuviri kuti uwane, paavhareji, hupfumi hwemafuta hwakafanana hunoitwa nemamwe mabhureki nekuisa hybrid system mumotokari. Mhando nyowani dzedzimwe mota dzinoratidzawo kuti uku hakusi kuridza mhere murima. Semuenzaniso, Volkswagen Golf yechizvarwa chechinomwe ichangoburwa inoshandisa zvinhu zvakareruka kudzidza kubva uye mukudzidzira inoshandisa mafuta mashoma kupfuura kare. Japanese automaker Mazda akatora nzira yakafanana. Pasinei nezvirevo izvi, kuvandudzwa kwe "refu-range" hybrid drive inoenderera mberi. Semuenzaniso, ini ndichataura nezve Opel Ampera uye, zvinoshamisa, iyo modhi kubva kuAudi A20 e-tron.

Kusununguka kwekushandisa kwemumwe munhu anotyaira

Simba rekushandisa	Unyanzvi hweinjini	Simba rinoshanda / l	Anoshanda simba / kg
Gasoline	0,30	2,58 kWh / l	3,56 kWh / kg
Oiri	0,35	3,42 kWh / l	4,07 kWh / kg
Lithium-ion mabhatiri	0,90	-	Zvakanaka. 0,1 kWh / makirogiramu

Vauxhall Ampera

Kunyangwe iyo Opel Ampera ichiwanzo kuratidzwa semotokari yemagetsi, iri chaizvo iri mota yakasanganiswa. Pamusoro peinjini yemagetsi, iyo Ampere inoshandisawo injini inokwana moto yemagetsi inoita 1,4-litre 63 kW. Zvisinei, iyi injini yepeturu haifambisi zvakananga mavhiri, asi inoita sejenareta kuitira kuti mabhatiri apere magetsi. simba. Chikamu chemagetsi chinomiririrwa nemagetsi mota ine goho re111 kW (150 hp) uye torque ye370 Nm. Simba rekushandisa rinofambiswa ne220 T-yakaumbwa lithiamu maseru.Iine simba rakazara re16 kWh uye inorema 180 kg. Iyi motokari yemagetsi inogona kufamba makiromita makumi mana kusvika makumi masere pane mota yemagetsi. Iyi daro inowanzo kwana kwese-kwemazuva ese kutyaira kweguta uye inoderedza zvakanyanya mashandiro emari sezvo traffic yeguta inoda yakakosha peturu yekushandisa mune enjini dzemoto. Iwo mabhatiri anokwanisa zvakare kudzoreredzwa kubva kune yakajairwa nzira, uye kana ichisanganiswa neyemukati injini yemagetsi, iyo Ampera renji inosvika kune inoremekedzwa kwazvo mazana mashanu emakiromita.

Audi e electron A1

Audi, iyo inosarudza dhiraivha ine tekinoroji yepamusoro pane tekinoroji inoda zvakanyanya hybrid drive, yakaunza inonakidza A1 e-tron hybrid mota anopfuura makore maviri apfuura. Lithium-ion mabhatiri ane simba re12 kWh uye huremu hwe150 kg inobhadharwa neWankel injini sechikamu chejenareta inoshandisa simba muchimiro chepeturu yakachengetwa mu 254-litre tank. Injini ine huwandu hwe15 cubic metres. cm uye inogadzira 45 kW / h el. simba. Motokari yemagetsi ine simba re 75 kW uye inogona kugadzira kusvika ku0 kW yesimba munguva pfupi. Kukurumidza kubva ku100 kusvika ku10 inenge 130 seconds uye kumhanya kwepamusoro kweanenge 50 km / h. Motokari inogona kufamba anenge makiromita gumi nemaviri kumativi eguta pane motokari yemagetsi chete. Mushure mekupera kwe e. simba rinoitwa zvine hungwaru neinotenderera mukati memoto injini uye inochajisa magetsi. simba remabhatiri. Huwandu huzere nemabhatiri akachajiswa uye 12 litres epeturu inenge 250 km neavhareji yekushandisa marita zana pa1,9 km. Huremu hwekushanda hwemotokari i100 kg. Ngatitarisei kutendeuka kuri nyore kuti tione mukuenzanisa kwakananga kuti ingani simba rakavigwa mu 1450 litre tank. Tichifunga yemazuva ano Wankel injini kushanda zvakanaka kwe12%, ipapo 30 kg yayo, pamwe ne70 kg (9 L) yepeturu, yakaenzana ne12 kWh yesimba rakachengetwa mumabhatiri. Saka 31 kg yeinjini uye tangi = 79 kg yemabhatiri (akaverengerwa muAudi A387,5 e-Tron uremu). Dai taida kuwedzera tangi yemafuta ne1 litres, tinenge tatova ne9 kWh yesimba rinowanikwa kuti rigone kugonesa motokari. Saka taigona kuenderera mberi. Asi anofanira kubata kamwe chete. Iyo haichazove "yegirini" mota. Saka kunyange pano zvinonyatsoonekwa kuti magetsi emagetsi anonyanya kuderedzwa nehuwandu hwemasimba emagetsi akachengetwa mumabhatiri.

Kunyanya, mutengo wepamusoro, pamwe nehuremu hwepamusoro, zvakakonzera kuti iyo hybrid drive muAudi zvishoma nezvishoma yakapera kumashure. Nekudaro, izvi hazvireve kuti kuvandudzwa kwemotokari dzakasanganiswa uye mota dzemagetsi paAudi dzakadzikira zvachose. Ruzivo nezve vhezheni nyowani yeA1 e-tron modhi yakaonekwa munguva pfupi yapfuura. Kuenzaniswa neyakapfuura, injini inotenderera / jenareta yakatsiviwa ne1,5 kW 94-litre matatu-cylinder turbocharged injini. Kushandiswa kwekirasi yemukati yekupisa unit yakamanikidzwa neAudi kunyanya nekuda kwezvinetso zvinosanganiswa nekutapurirana uku, uye injini itsva yetatu-cylinder yakagadzirirwa kwete kungochaja mabhatiri, asiwo inoshanda zvakananga nemavhiri ekutyaira. Mabhatiri eSanyo ane kubuda kwakafanana kwe12kWh, uye huwandu hwemagetsi chaiwo akawedzera zvishoma kusvika pa80km. Audi inoti yakakwidziridzwa A1 e-tron inofanirwa kuita rita rimwe pamakiromita zana. Zvinosuruvarisa, mari iyi ine snag imwe. Kune mota dzehybrid dzine akawedzera emagetsi emhando. drive inoshandisa nzira inonakidza yekuverenga iyo yekupedzisira kuyerera mwero. Kunonzi kudyiwa kunofuratirwa. refueling kubva iyo bhatiri yekuchaja network, pamwe neyekupedzisira kushandiswa l / 100 km, inongofunga nezve kushandiswa kwepeturu kwe20 km yekupedzisira yekutyaira, kana paine magetsi. bhatiri kuchaja. Nekuverenga kuri nyore, tinogona kuverenga izvi kana mabhatiri akadzimwa. takatyaira mota yapera. simba kubva peturu chete mabhatiri, somugumisiro, kushandiswa kuchawedzera kashanu, kureva, 5 malita peturu pa 100 km.

Audi A1 e-tron II. chizvarwa

Matambudziko emagetsi ekuchengetedza

Nyaya yekuchengetedza simba ndeyekare semagetsi emagetsi pachayo. Mabviro ekutanga emagetsi aive galvanic masero. Mushure menguva pfupi, mukana wekugadzirisa nzira yekuunganidza magetsi mumagetsi echipiri galvanic - mabhatiri akawanikwa. Mabhatiri ekutanga akashandiswa aive mabhatiri ekutungamirira, mushure menguva pfupi nickel-iron uye zvishoma gare gare nickel-cadmium, uye kushandiswa kwavo kwakanaka kwakatora makore anopfuura zana. Inofanirawo kuwedzerwa kuti, pasinei nekutsvakurudza kwakadzama kwepasirese munharaunda iyi, dhizaini yavo yekutanga haina kuchinja zvakanyanya. Uchishandisa tekinoroji nyowani dzekugadzira, kuvandudza zvivakwa zvezvigadziko uye kushandisa zvinhu zvitsva zvesero uye midziyo yekuparadzanisa, zvaive zvichikwanisika kudzikisa zvishoma giravhiti, kuderedza kuzviburitsa kwemaseru, uye kuwedzera kunyaradza uye kuchengetedzeka kweanoshanda, asi zviri pamusoro pazvo. Chinonyanya kukosha drawback, kureva. Chiyero chisina kunaka chehuwandu hwesimba rakachengetwa kune uremu uye huwandu hwemabhatiri hwakasara. Naizvozvo, mabhatiri aya ainyanya kushandiswa mune static application (mabheji emagetsi ekushandisa kana simba guru rikatadza, nezvimwewo). Mabhatiri aishandiswa sechitubu chesimba kune masisitimu ekukwevera, kunyanya panjanji (ngoro dzekutakura), uko uremu hunorema uye hukuru hwakakosha hazvina kukanganisa zvakanyanya.

Simba rekuchengetedza simba

Nekudaro, iko kudiwa kwekuvandudza maseru ane mashoma masimba uye zviyero muma ampere maawa kwakawedzera. Nekudaro, alkaline epakutanga maseru uye akavharika vhezheni yenickel-cadmium (NiCd) uyezve nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) mabhatiri akaumbwa. Zvekuvharirwa kwemasero, iwo iwo masiraidhi maumbirwo uye saizi akasarudzwa seazvino anowanzoitika epakutanga zinc chloride maseru. Zvikurukuru, zviyero zvakawanikwa zve nickel-metal hydride mabhatiri zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kuzvishandisa, kunyanya, munharembozha, malaptop, zvishandiso zvekushandisa, nezvimwewo. Kugadzira tekinoroji yemasero aya kwakasiyana nehunyanzvi hunoshandiswa kumaseru ane hukuru hukuru muma ampere-maawa. Kurongeka kwemalarar yeiyo hombe cell electrode system inotsiviwa nehunyanzvi hwekushandura iyo electrode system, kusanganisira maparadzanisa, kuita cylindrical coil, iyo inoiswa uye inosangana nemasero akaumbwa akaenzana mumasayizi AAA, AA, C uye D, resp. kuwanda kwehukuru hwavo. Kune kumwe kunyorera kwakakosha, maseru akati sandara anogadzirwa.

Mukana wemaseru ehermetic ane spiral electrodes yakapetwa kakati wandei kugona kuchaja uye kuburitsa neakakwira macurrents uye chiyero chehukama simba density kune uremu hwesero uye vhoriyamu zvichienzaniswa neyekirasi hombe sero dhizaini. Izvo zvisingabatsiri ndezvekuzvisunungura uye mashoma ekushanda kutenderera. Iyo yakanyanya simba yeimwe NiMH sero ingangoita gumi Ah. Asi, semamwe masilinda akakura madhayamita, haabvumidze kuchaja mafungu akawandisa nekuda kwekunetseka kwekupisa kupisa, izvo zvinoderedza zvakanyanya kushandiswa mumotokari dzemagetsi, uye nekudaro sosi iyi inongoshandiswa sebhatiri rekubatsira mune hybrid system (Toyota Prius). 10 .1,3 kWh).

Kufambira mberi kwakakosha mumunda wekuchengetedza simba kwave kuri kuvandudzwa kwemabhatiri e-lithium akachengeteka. Lithium chinhu chine yakakwira electrochemical inogona kukosha, asi zvakare inoshanda zvakanyanya mune oxidative pfungwa, izvo zvinokonzeresa matambudziko kana uchishandisa lithium simbi mukuita. Kana lithium inosangana neokisijeni yemhepo, kupisa kunoitika, izvo, zvichienderana nemamiriro ekunze, zvinogona kuva nehunhu hwekuputika. Iyi pfuma isingafadzi inogona kubviswa kana nekunyatso chengetedza pamusoro, kana nekushandisa isingaite inoshanda lithium makomisheni. Parizvino, iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa lithium-ion uye lithium-polymer mabhatiri ane huwandu hwe2 kusvika 4 Ah mumaawa-ampere. Kushandiswa kwavo kwakafanana neiyo yeNiMh, uye paavhareji discharge voltage ye3,2 V, 6 kusvika 13 Wh yesimba iripo. Kuenzaniswa nenickel-metal hydride mabhatiri, lithium mabhatiri anogona kuchengeta kaviri kana mana simba rakawanda kune vhoriyamu imwechete. Lithium-ion (polymer) mabhatiri ane electrolyte mujeri kana kuti yakasimba uye anogona kugadzirwa mumaseru akati sandara akatetepa sezvikamu zvishoma mugumi zvemirimita mune chero chimiro kuti aenderane nezvinodiwa zvemashandisirwo acho.

Iyo yemagetsi dhiraivha mumotokari yevatyairi inogona kugadzirwa seyo huru uye imwe chete (yemagetsi mota) kana yakasanganiswa, uko dhiraivha yemagetsi inogona kuve iri mbiri uye yekubatsira sosi yekudhonza (hybrid drive). Zvichienderana nekusiyana kwakashandiswa, simba rinodiwa pakushanda kwemotokari uye naizvozvo simba remabhatiri rinosiyana. Mumotokari dzemagetsi, huwandu hwebhatiri huri pakati pe25 ne50 kWh, uye ine hybrid drive, yakadzikira uye inotangira pa1 kusvika ku10 kWh. Kubva pane zvakapihwa kukosha zvinogona kuoneka kuti pane voltage yeimwe (lithium) sero ye3,6 V, zvinodikanwa kubatanidza maseru munhevedzano. Kuti uderedze kurasikirwa mukugovera conductors, inverters uye injini windings, zvinokurudzirwa kusarudza voltage yakakwirira kudarika nguva dzose mu-on-board network (12 V) yemadhiraivha - maitiro anowanzo shandiswa anobva ku250 kusvika ku500 V. Kubva nhasi, Lithium masero zviri pachena kuti zvikuru akakodzera mhando. Sezvinobvumwa, achiri kudhura zvakanyanya, kunyanya kana achienzaniswa nemabhatiri e-lead-acid. Zvisinei, dzakanyanya kuoma.

Zita remagetsi emagetsi emagetsi emagetsi emagetsi e-lithium battery ndeye 3,6 V. Iyi inokosha yakasiyana neyakajairwa nickel-metal hydride masero, maererano. NiCd, iyo ine zita remagetsi e1,2 V (kana mutungamiri - 2 V), iyo, kana yakashandiswa mukuita, haibvumiri kuchinjana kwemhando mbiri. Kuchaja kweaya mabhatiri e-lithium kunoratidzwa nekudikanwa kwekunyatso chengetedza kukosha kweiyo yakanyanya kuchaja voltage, iyo inoda yakasarudzika mhando yejaja uye, kunyanya, haibvumire kushandiswa kwechaji masisitimu akagadzirirwa mamwe marudzi emasero.

Hunhu hukuru hwe lithiamu mabhatiri

Huru hunhu hwemabhatiri emagetsi emagetsi nemahybrids anogona kutariswa seachajisheni uye kuburitsa hunhu.

Kubhadharisa hunhu 

Iyo yekuchaja maitiro inoda kudzora kwechaji yazvino, kutonga kwesero voltage uye kudzora kwazvino tembiricha hakugone kutsika. Kune lithiamu maseru ari kushandiswa nhasi ayo anoshandisa LiCoO2 seye cathode electrode, iwo mwero wekuchaja voltage muganho uri 4,20 kusvika 4,22 V pasero. Kupfuura kukosha uku kunotungamira mukukuvara kune zvivakwa zvechitokisi uye, nekupesana, kutadza kusvika paukoshi uhwu kunoreva kusashandiswa kwezita rezita renzvimbo. Zvekuchaja, zvakajairwa IU hunhu hunoshandiswa, ndiko kuti, muchikamu chekutanga icho chibhadhariswa neyakagara iripo kusvika voltage ye4,20 V / cell yasvika. Ikozvino yekuchaja inogumira kune yakanyanya kubvumidzwa kukosha kwakatemwa neyakagadzirwa maseru, zvichiteerana. charger sarudzo. Nguva yekuchaja padanho rekutanga inosiyana kubva pamakumi emaminetsi emaminetsi kusvika kumaawa akati wandei, zvinoenderana nehukuru hwechaji yazvino. Maseru emagetsi anowedzera zvishoma nezvishoma kusvika kumax. kukosha kwe4,2 V. Sezvatotaurwa, iyi voltage haifanire kupfuudzwa nekuda kwenjodzi yekukuvara kune sero. Muchikamu chekutanga chekuchaja, 70 kusvika 80% yesimba inochengetwa mumasero, muchikamu chechipiri chasara. Muchikamu chechipiri, iyo yekuchaja voltage inochengetwa pane yakanyanya kubvumidzwa kukosha, uye iyo yekuchaja ikozvino zvishoma nezvishoma inoderera. Kubhadharisa kwapera kana ikozvino kwadzikira kusvika panenge pa2-3% yesero rakatarwa kubuda zvino. Sezvo iyo yakanyanya kukosha yemahara ekuchaja mune maseru madiki zvakare akawandisa zvakapetwa pane kubuda zvino, chikamu chakakosha chemagetsi chinogona kuponeswa muchikamu chekuchaja chekutanga. simba munguva pfupi pfupi (ingangoita ½ ne1 awa). Nekudaro, muchiitiko chekukurumidzira, zvinokwanisika kubhadharisa mabhatiri emota yemagetsi kunzvimbo inokwana munguva pfupi. Kunyangwe muchiitiko che lithiamu maseru, iwo magetsi akaunganidzwa anoderera mushure menguva yakati yekuchengetedza. Nekudaro, izvi zvinongoitika mushure memwedzi mitatu yekuzorora.

Kuburitsa hunhu

Mhepo inotanga kudonha nekukurumidza kusvika ku3,6-3,0 V (zvinoenderana nehukuru hwezvinoyerera zvazvino) uye inoramba ichingogara iriko mukubuda kwese. Mushure mekuneta kwekuwanikwa kweemail. simba rinoderedzawo magetsi esero nekukurumidza. Naizvozvo, kuburitswa kunofanirwa kunge kwapera pasati papfuura nguva yemagetsi yakatemwa yekuburitsa 2,7 kusvika 3,0 V.

Zvikasadaro, chimiro chechigadzirwa chinogona kukuvara. Kuburitsa maitiro kuri nyore kudzora. Inogumira chete nekukosha kwezvazvino uye inomira kana kukosha kweyekupedzisira kuburitsa voltage kwasvika. Dambudziko chete nderekuti zvivakwa zvemasero ega ega muchimiro chakateedzana hazvina kumbofanana. Naizvozvo, hanya inofanira kutorwa kuti ivhu remhando ipi neipi yesero rirege kuwira pazasi pekupedzisira kubuda kwemagetsi, sezvo izvi zvichigona kukuvadza uye zvichizokonzera bhatiri rese kutadza kushanda. Izvozvowo zvinofanirwa kutariswa pakchaja bhatiri.

Rudzi rwakataurwa rwema lithiamu maseru ane akasiyana cathode zvinhu, umo oxide yecobalt, nickel kana manganese inotsiviwa ne phosphide Li3V2 (PO4) 3, inobvisa njodzi dzakataurwa dzekukuvara kuchitokisi nekuda kwekusateedzera. chinzvimbo chepamusoro. Zvakare zvaziviswa ihwo hupenyu hwavo hwekushambadza hwemazana maviri emakesi macircuit (pa 2% kuburitswa) uye kunyanya chokwadi chekuti kana sero raburitswa zvizere, harizokuvadzwa. Kubatsira kwacho zvakare kuri kwakakwirira kwezita remagetsi rinosvika makumi masere kana uchichaja kusvika ku000 V.

Kubva pane iyi rondedzero iri pamusoro, zvinogona kuratidzwa pachena kuti lithiamu mabhatiri parizvino ndiyo imwe nzira yakadai sekuchengetedza simba rekutyaira mota uchienzaniswa nesimba rakachengetwa mumafuta epasi mutangi remafuta. Chero kuwedzera kwebhatiri kwakanangana nekwanisi kunowedzera kukwikwidza kweiyi eco-inoshamisira dhiraivhu. Tinogona chete kutarisira kuti budiriro haizononoke, asi, nekusiyana, enda kumberi mamaira akati wandei.

Mienzaniso yedzimotokari dzinoshandisa mabheteri emagetsi uye emagetsi

Toyota Prius ndeye yakasarudzika hybrid ine yakaderera magetsi chengetedzo pane yakachena magetsi. kutyaira

Iyo Toyota Prius inoshandisa 1,3 kWh NiMH bhatiri, iyo inonyanyo shandiswa sesimba sosi yekumhanyisa uye inobvumidza yakasarudzika yemagetsi dhiraivhi kuti ishandiswe kune chinhambwe chingangoita 2 km kusvika max. kumhanya kwe50 km / h. Iyo plug-In vhezheni inoshandisa kare lithium-ion mabhatiri ane chinzvimbo che5,4 kWh, iyo inokutendera iwe kutyaira chete pane yemagetsi dhiraivhu chinhambwe chemakiromita gumi nemana kusvika makumi maviri neshanu pakumhanya kwakanyanya. kumhanya 14 km / h.

Opel Ampere-hybrid ine yakawedzera simba rekuchengetedza pane yakachena e-mail. kutyaira

Iyo mota yemagetsi ine yakatambanudzwa renji (40-80 km), sekudanwa kweOpel zvigaro zvina-mashanu masuo Amper, inofambiswa nemagetsi mota ine 111 kW (150 hp) uye 370 Nm yedhorobha. Simba rekushandisa rinofambiswa ne220 T-yakaumbwa lithiamu maseru.Iine simba rakazara re16 kWh uye inorema 180 kg. Iyo jenareta ndeye 1,4 litre peturu injini ine 63 kW kuburitsa.

Mitsubishi uye MiEV, Citroën C-Zero, Peugeot iOn-yakachena el. mota

Lithium-ion mabhatiri anokwana 16 kWh anotendera mota kuti ifambe inosvika makiromita zana nemakumi mashanu pasina kubhadharisa, sekuyerwa zvinoenderana neNEDC (New European Driving Cycle) standard. Mabhatiri emagetsi emagetsi makuru (150 V) ari mukati mevhu uye anodzivirirwa necrafle furemu kubva mukukuvara kana paitika mhirizhonga. Icho chigadzirwa cheLithium Energy Japan, mubatanidzwa pakati peMitsubishi neG GS Yuasa Corporation. Pane makumi masere neshanu ezvinyorwa. Magetsi ekutyaira anopiwa ne330 V lithium-ion bhatiri, inosanganisira 88 330 Ah maseru ane huwandu hwese hwe88 kWh. Bhatiri ichachajwa kubva kuchiteshi chekumba mukati memaawa matanhatu, uchishandisa chijena yekunze inokurumidza (50 A, 16 V), bhatiri rinobhadhariswa ku125% muhafu yeawa.

Ini pachangu ndiri fan hombe yemotokari dzemagetsi uye ndinogara ndichitarisa zviri kuitika munzvimbo ino, asi chokwadi parizvino hachina tariro. Izvi zvinosimbiswawo neruzivo rwuri pamusoro, runoratidza kuti hupenyu hwese mota dzemagetsi dzakachena uye dzakasanganiswa hazvisi nyore, uye kazhinji mutambo wenhamba unonyepedzera kuva. Kugadzirwa kwavo kuchiri kudiwa uye kuchidhura, uye kushanda kwavo kunoramba kuchipokana. Chinhu chikuru chakashata chemotokari dzemagetsi (mahybrids) isimba rakadzikira kwazvo resimba rinochengetwa mumabhatiri kana richienzaniswa nesimba rinochengetwa mumafuta akajairwa (dhiziri, peturu, gasi repetroleum rakanyungudutswa, gasi rakatsikirirwa). Kunyatso kuunza simba remotokari dzemagetsi pedyo nemotokari dzemazuva ose, mabhatiri aizofanira kuderedza uremu hwavo nechikamu chegumi. Izvi zvinoreva kuti yakataurwa Audi R8 e-tron yaifanira kuchengetedza 42 kWh kwete mu 470 kg, asi mu 47 kg. Mukuwedzera, nguva yekuchaja yaizofanira kuderedzwa zvakanyanya. Inenge awa pa70-80% simba richiri rakawanda, uye ini handisi kutaura nezve 6-8 maawa paavhareji pamubhadharo wakakwana. Iko hakuna chikonzero chekutenda bhuru nezve zero kugadzirwa kweCO2 mota dzemagetsi kana. Ngationei pakarepo chokwadi chokuti Simba riri muzvigadziko zvedu rinogadzirwawo nemagetsi ekupisa, uye haangobudisi CO2 yakakwana. Tisingatauri nezvekugadzirwa kwakaoma kwemotokari yakadaro, uko kudiwa kwe CO2 yekugadzirwa kwakakura kudarika mune yekare. Hatifanire kukanganwa nezvehuwandu hwezvikamu zvine zvinorema uye zvine chepfu zvinhu uye dambudziko ravo rinotevera kuraswa.

Nema minuses ese ataurwa uye asina kutaurwa, mota yemagetsi (hybrid) inewo zvakanakira zvisingarambiki. Mumigwagwa yemuguta kana pamusoro pemapfupi marefu, kushanda kwavo kwehupfumi hakugoneki, nekuda kweiyo musimboti wekuchengetedza simba (kudzoreredza) panguva yebhureki, kana mumotokari dzakajairwa inobviswa panguva yebhureki nenzira yemarara kupisa mumhepo, kwete taura nezve mukana makiromita mashoma kutyaira uchitenderedza guta kune zvakachipa recharging kubva kuruzhinji e-mail. net. Kana tikafananidza mota yemagetsi yakachena uye yemhando yepamusoro mota, saka mune yakajairika mota mune mukati memoto injini, iyo pachayo inenge yakaoma yakaoma mechanical element. Simba rayo rinofanira kuendeswa kumavhiri neimwe nzira, uye izvi zvinonyanya kuitwa kuburikidza nebhuku kana otomatiki kutapurirana. Pachine imwe kana yakawanda mutsauko munzira, dzimwe nguva zvakare driveshaft uye nhevedzano yeaxle shafts. Ehe, mota inodawo kudzika, injini inoda kutonhora pasi, uye iyi simba rekupisa rinorasika zvisina basa kune zvakatipoteredza sekupisa kwasara. Motokari yemagetsi inonyanya kushanda uye iri nyore - (haishandisi kune hybrid drive, iyo yakaoma zvikuru). Motokari yemagetsi haina gearbox, gearboxes, cardans uye hafu shafts, kanganwa nezve injini pamberi, kumashure kana pakati. Iyo haina radiator, i.e. inotonhorera uye yekutanga. Kubatsira kwemotokari yemagetsi ndeyokuti inogona kuisa injini zvakananga mumavhiri. Uye kamwe kamwe iwe une ATV yakakwana iyo inokwanisa kudzora vhiri rega rega rakazvimiririra kune mamwe. Nokudaro, nemotokari yemagetsi, hazvizove zvakaoma kudzora gumbo rimwe chete, uye zvinokwanisikawo kusarudza uye kutonga kugovera kwakanyatsonaka kwemasimba ekukona. Imwe neimwe yemamotor inogona zvakare kuve bhureki, zvakare yakazvimiririra zvachose kubva kune mamwe mavhiri, inoshandura kanenge imwe yekinetic simba kudzoka kuita simba remagetsi. Nekuda kweizvozvo, mabhureki akajairwa anozoiswa pasi pekunetseka kwakanyanya. Injini dzinogona kuburitsa iyo yakanyanya kuwanikwa simba pane chero nguva uye pasina kunonoka. Kubudirira kwavo mukusandura simba rakachengetwa mumabhatiri kuita simba rekinetic rinenge 90%, inova inopeta katatu iyo yemamotor akajairika. Nekuda kweizvozvo, hazviburitse kupisa kwakawanda kwasara uye hazvidi kunetsa kutonhora. Zvese zvaunoda pane izvi zvakanaka hardware, control unit uye yakanaka programmer.

Suma sumárum. Kana mota dzemagetsi kana maHybrids ari padyo padyo nemotokari dzekare dzine injini dzinoshanda, ivo vachiri nenzira yakaoma uye yakaoma pamberi pavo. Ini ndinongovimba izvi hazvisimbiswe nenhamba dzinoverengeka dzinotsausa kana. kuwedzeredza kumanikidzwa kubva kuvakuru. Asi ngatiregei kuora mwoyo. Iko kuvandudzwa kweanotechnology kuri kunyatsofamba nekusvetuka uye nemipendero, uye, pamwe, zvishamiso zvakanyatso chengetwa kwatiri munguva pfupi iri kutevera.

Pakupedzisira, ini ndichawedzera chimwe chinonakidza chinhu. Panotova nechiteshi chezuva rinowedzera mafuta.

Toyota Industries Corp (TIC) yakagadzira chiteshi chechaji chezuva chemotokari dzemagetsi uye dzakauchikwa. Chiteshi ichi chakabatanawo negeidhi yemagetsi, saka 1,9 kW solar panels ingangoita sosi yekuwedzera. Uchishandisa wega-wezuva (rezuva) sosi sosi, chiteshi chekuchaja chinogona kupa yakanyanya simba ye110 VAC / 1,5 kW, kana yakabatana nemagetsi, inopa yakakwira ye220 VAC / 3,2 kW.

Magetsi asina kushandiswa kubva kumatanho ezuva anochengeterwa mumabhatiri, ayo anogona kuchengeta 8,4 kWh kuti ishandiswe gare gare. Izvo zvakare zvinokwanisika kupa magetsi kune yekuparadzira network kana yekupa chiteshi accessories. Nzvimbo dzekuchaja dzinoshandiswa pachiteshi dzakavakira-mukati tekinoroji tekinoroji inokwanisa kuzivisa mota zvinoenderana. varidzi vavo vachishandisa smart makadhi.

Mazwi akakosha emabhatiri

• Simba rekushandisa - inoratidza huwandu hwekuchaja kwemagetsi (huwandu hwesimba) hwakachengetwa mubhatiri. Inotsanangurwa mumaawa ampere (Ah) kana, kana iri yemidziyo midiki, mumaawa emamiliamp (mAh). A 1 Ah (= 1000 mAh) bhatiri ine theoretically inokwanisa kuburitsa 1 amp kweawa imwe.
• Yemukati kuramba - inoratidza kugona kwebhatiri kupa yakawanda kana kushoma yekuburitsa ikozvino. Kuenzanisira, zvigubhu zviviri zvinogona kushandiswa, imwe ine diki yekubuda (yakakwirira mukati mekudzivirira) uye imwe ine yakakura (yakaderera mukati mekudzivirira). Kana tikafunga kuadurura, chigaba chine kaburi kadiki chinobuda zvishoma nezvishoma.
• Bhatiri rakatemwa voltage - ye nickel-cadmium uye nickel-metal hydride mabhatiri, iri 1,2 V, inotungamira 2 V uye lithium kubva ku3,6 kusvika ku4,2 V. Panguva yekushanda, iyi magetsi inosiyana mukati me 0,8 - 1,5 V ye nickel -cadmium uye nickel-metal hydride mabhatiri, 1,7 - 2,3 V yemutungamiri uye 3-4,2 uye 3,5-4,9 ye lithium.
• Kutengesa ikozvino, kubuda ikozvino - inoratidzwa mu amperes (A) kana milliamps (mA). Iri iruzivo rwakakosha rwekushandiswa kunoshanda kwebhatiri iri mubvunzo kune imwe mudziyo. Iyo inotarisawo mamiriro ekugadzirisa kwakaringana uye kuburitsa bhatiri kuitira kuti simba rayo rishandiswe kusvika pakakwirira uye panguva imwe chete risina kuparadzwa.
• Kubhadharisa acc. buditsa munyonga - graphically inoratidza shanduko yevoltage zvichienderana nenguva yekuchaja kana kuburitsa bhatiri. Kana bhatiri radzimwa, pane kazhinji shanduko diki mumagetsi kweinenge 90% yenguva yekubuda. Nokudaro, zvakaoma zvikuru kuziva mamiriro ezvinhu aripo ebheteri kubva pamagetsi akayerwa.
• Kuzviburitsa, kuzvibuditsa - Bhatiri haigone kuchengetedza magetsi nguva dzese. simba, sezvo maitiro pa electrodes iri reversible process. Bhatiri rakachajwa rinobuda roga zvishoma nezvishoma. Iyi nzira inogona kutora kubva kumavhiki akawanda kusvika kumwedzi. Panyaya yemabhatiri e-lead-acid, iyi i5-20% pamwedzi, yenickel-cadmium mabhatiri - inenge 1% yemagetsi echaji pazuva, kana iri nickel-metal hydride mabhatiri - anenge 15-20% pa mwedzi, uye lithium inorasikirwa ne60%. kukwanisa kwemwedzi mitatu. Kuzvibvisa pachako kunoenderana nekupisa kwemukati pamwe nekupikiswa kwemukati (mabhatiri ane yakakwirira yemukati kuramba anoburitsa kushoma) uye zvechokwadi dhizaini, zvinhu zvinoshandiswa uye magadzirirwo akakosha zvakare.
•  Bhatiri (makiti) - Chete muzviitiko zvakasarudzika mabhatiri anoshandiswa ega. Kazhinji ivo vanobatanidzwa mune seti, inenge nguva dzose yakabatana mumutsara. Ikozvino yakawanda yegadziriro yakadaro yakaenzana nehupamhi hwepamusoro hwesero rega rega, chiyero chemagetsi ndicho chiverengero chehuwandu hwemagetsi emasero ega ega.
•  Kuunganidzwa kwemabhatiri.  Bhatiri nyowani kana risingashandiswe rinofanira kuiswa kune imwe asi zvingangoita akati wandei (3-5) inononoka kubhadharisa yakazara uye inononoka kubuda macircuit. Maitiro anononoka aya anoisa parameter bhatiri padanho raunoda.
•  Chiyeuchidzo chiitiko -Izvi zvinoitika kana bhatiri rachajwa uye richiburitswa kusvika pamwero wakafanana neinenge isingachinji, kwete yakawandisa ikozvino, uye hapafanirwe kuve nekuchaja kwakazara kana kuyerera kwakadzika kwesero. Iyi yedivi mhedzisiro yakabata NiCd (zvishoma zvakare NiMH).