Anatomy yemuchina muhombe
Kutaurirana naPorsche Injiniya Matthias Hofstätter nezve iyo nyowani 911
Iyo 911 imota yekurota kune vakawanda. Tinosangana zvakare nemukuru weDhipatimendi reinjini yePorsche kuti atiudze nezvemafambiro ayo zvikwata zvebudiriro zvekambani zvaifanira kusangana nazvo pakugadzira modhi. Mitsetse inotevera yakatsaurirwa kune tekinoroji ye992 nyowani.
Kudhonza chivharo chekuburitsa lever pamusoro peinjini kunogona kutsausa. Mushure mekutarisa uchizengurira, iwe unoona kuti icho chinofanirwa kuve chivharo chaicho ipaneru idiki pane yekumashure spoiler, pasi payo iwe unogona kuona inoita senge yepurasitiki tubhu ine mafeni maviri akaiswa. Basa ravo rakajeka, asi chitarisiko chavo chine chimwe mhedzisiro - chinomutsa mhando dzakatonhodzwa nemhepo ine fan-centered fan yavo yakakomberedzwa netambo dzemagetsi.
450. Nhamba iyi inoratidza simba rebhiza rechizvarwa chitsva 4 Carrera S naCarrera 992S 1986-liter bi-turbo-six-cylinder flat-six injini uye pakarepo inomutsa mamwe masangano - iyi 959 super Porsche inonzi 450, iyo yakagadzirawo 33 hp. . With. Chiitiko chakanaka chekuenzanisa uye kuratidza kuvandudza tekinoroji mumunda weinjini dzinopisa mukati dzine mhando imwechete. Nekudaro, kana makore makumi matatu nematatu apfuura iyo 959 yaive yemhando yepamusoro uye isinganzwisisike yehunyanzvi hwekugona, nhasi injini ine simba rakafanana inofambiswa neambotaurwa mavhezheni eCarrera S, ayo akaderera mumhando yemhando.
Kufanana kwedu kunowedzerawo kune kutamiswa, kuri pedyo zvikuru - 2848's 3cc maringe ne959's 2981cc. Injini ye3 inyanzvi yechokwadi yetekinoroji yenguva yayo, ine kutonhora kwakasanganiswa kwakasanganiswa. Masilinda anotonhodzwa nefani ine simba, nepo misoro ichitsamira pane 992L mvura yekutonhodza system. Kubatsira mukupisa kupisa, hongu, sekune ese einjini dzePorsche "mhepo", kune oiri inotonhorera lubrication system isingakwanise kugarisa chero. kwete kupfuura uye kwete pasi pe959 malita emafuta. Saka, nekuda kwekuvakwa kwemuenzaniso ine injini yekumashure uye ma radiator epamberi, iyo 25 yakakomberedzwa nemapaipi anoumba yakajairika kutenderera system.
Panyaya iyi, zvishoma zvachinja nhasi. Iyo 911 Carrera 4S, iyo inogona kutariswa sehama yepedyo ye959 nekuda kwekutapurirana, haina kuvimba nefani ine simba, asi panzvimbo pacho inotonhora uye inobata marita 28,6 emvura, nepo girisi iri ichida marita 11,3. ruomba.
Nekudaro, iyo dhizaini, iyo inosanganisira yakatwasuka kurongeka kwemasilinda matanhatu, zvisinei, ine chimwe chiratidzo chakakosha chekufanana kweinjini mbiri - kuvimbika. Muchokwadi, izvi zvinowanzoitika kune ese ekambani mabhokisi mabhasiketi, ayo asingazosiya waranti kana ichityairwa panjanji. YePorsche, kupindirana kwezvinofambisa enjini, zvakateerana kupokana munzvimbo yepiston mhete, piston, cylinder, pamwe nemabearings e crankshaft uye mashandiro enguva, kwagara kwakakosha zvakanyanya.
Turbines ehunhu hwakasiyana
Mune ese mamodheru, ma turbocharger ari pamativi ese emasilinda mabhangi, asi mu959, cascade refueling system yakavakwa, iyo yakaramba iri chena kumedza munhoroondo yetekinoroji. Iko kusanganiswa kwediki uye hombe turbocharger inoita senge kuyedza uye inowanzoshandiswa nhasi mumajini edhiziri, asi haina kukodzera injini dzepeturu - nekuda kweiyo shoma gasi pamutoro wakaderera uye rpm, asi pakupisa kwakanyanya haina kuita senge. imwe yakabatanidzwa. mune yakananga jekiseni mayuniti ane yakakwira compression reshiyo yemapatya-jet turbines akasanganiswa neanobuda manifolds akavakwa mumisoro. Kana zvichidikanwa, mechanical (Volvo) kana yemagetsi (Mercedes) compressors. Kusvika pamwero wakati, zvikonzero zviri pamusoro apa zvinopa kusiyana kwekushanda pakati peinjini 992 uye 995. Kunyange zvazvo, kusiyana neyakakura turbocharged (ichiri 991 chizvarwa) turbocharged versions, Carrera 4S injini ine fixed geometry wastegate turbocharger ine yakanyanya kuzadza kumanikidzwa kwe1,2. .530 bar, torque yakakura ndeye 2300 Nm pa450 rpm. Michina miviri inosvika pamasimba makuru e6500 hp. pa500 rpm, asi kunyangwe uine turbocharger diki, torque yakakura kubva pa959 Nm kusvika 5500 inongowanikwa pa…33 rpm. Uku ndiko kutaura kwakajeka kwekuvandudza tekinoroji mumakore makumi matatu nematatu aya.
Kubudirira equation
Uye zvakadaro, chii chinotsanangura kusiyana uku? Mhinduro ndeyekusanganiswa kwezvinhu zvakawanda zvetekinoroji. Iyo 992 inobatsira kubva kune "boxed" injini yekuvaka, nebhangi rega rega remasilinda akazadzwa neturbocharger imwe. Panyaya iyi, inogona kutorwa sehuwandu hwematatu matatu-cylinder injini, uye ichokwadi chinozivikanwa kuti rudzi rweinjini iyi yakanyatsokodzera turbocharged midziyo nekuda kwekureba kwemafungu ekupuruzira uye kushomeka kweinjini. kukanganisa pakati pavo. Muinjini dzakatwasuka-nhanhatu, magasi kubva kune imwe neimwe yemasilinda matatu anogona kuendeswa kune imwe turbine kana kune akasiyana maviri-turbine dunhu, asi nekuda kwechinhambwe chiri pakati pemabhangi ecylinder, mhinduro yekutanga chete inoramba sechisarudzo kune matanhatu. -cylinder boxer injini. chirongwa chakachipa asi chisingashande chine imwe). Mune cascade charge ye959, imwe neimwe yemasilinda matanhatu inochaja imwe neimwe yeturbocharger kana ichimhanya.
Asi icho chingori chikamu cheiyo equation. Iyo 992 injini ine 9,4 mm yakarebesa sitiroko (chinodikanwa chepamusoro torque), sezvazvino zvigadzirwa zvepamusoro-soro zvinobvumidza masimba einertial kuwedzerwa kana iyo pisitoni kumhanya ichiwedzera kubva pa14,5 kusvika 16,6 m / s. ... Kutenda kune yakananga jekiseni (muchizvarwa chitsva nema piezo majekiseni ekunyonganisa kwakapfava), yakaoma yakaoma mwenje maitiro, kugogodza kudzora uye kumanikidza mweya wakadzikiswa kune yakaderera tembiricha uchishandisa zvazvino mvura yekupisa zvinopisa (izvo zvinobatsirawo kupfupisa nzira yemhepo inoenda kumasirinda), iyo compression reshiyo yakawedzerwa kusvika 10,2: 1. Nekuwedzera iyo VarioCam inoshandura kuchaja sisitimu kune iyo equation iri kutariswa, uyu musiyano mukuita kweinjini unowedzera kujeka.
Yenguva yekuchinja ... uye kudzoka
Iyo matatu-litre Carrera injini haina kungosiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune yakatangira kure, asi zvakare yakaomesesa kana ichienzaniswa nemupi wayo, yakapihwa nguva pfupi yapfuura muna 991. Mukutaura, kuwedzera kwesimba uye torque nezvikamu makumi matatu (kubva pa30 kusvika ku420 hp uye kubva pa450 ). kusvika ku500 Nm) inoita kunge inokwanisika nyore neyakareruka software yekumisikidza. Zvakawanda zvakanyanya kwaive kusvika kwechikwata chaMatthias Hofstetter, mukuru wedhipatimendi reinjiniya yePorsche, uyo munyori wemutsara uyu aive nemukana wekusangana kechipiri panguva yekuratidzwa kwe530.
Chinhu chinonakidza chausingazowani mune chero kudhinda ndechekuti iyo 911 nyowani yakatanga kugadzirwa seplug-in hybrid. Kuti uite izvi, nzira yepamberi yakawedzerwa uye yakanga iripo, pakati pemavhiri epamberi, iyo lithiamu-ion bhatiri yaifanira kunge iripo. Iyo ichangobva kugadzirwa yekufambisa ine maclutches maviri uye masere panzvimbo yemagiya manomwe ine yakawedzera saizi yeimba pakati pe crankshaft nemaseti maviri emaclutches - anenge masere masendimita. Yaifanirwa kunge iine "electric disc", sekudanwa kwaiitwa injini naHofstetter, pamwe nekuda kweiyo disc dhizaini. Kusvika ikozvino yakanaka, uye muchirevo inoratidzika zvikuru, kunyanya kubva pakuchinja pakati pesimba regiravhiti mberi uye pasi kuchava nemigumisiro inobatsira pakupararira kwehuremu hwe 911. Mukuita, zvisinei, motokari inobata kune zvishuvo zvakadaro nenzira yakanyanyisa. nzira. “Mashanduro ekutanga (emuenzaniso) e992 akawedzera kukurumidza,” anodaro Matthias Hofstetter, “uye akaparira manzwiro chaiwoiwo kurudyi.” Zvisinei, kuenzanisa kwakanaka kwemuenzaniso kunoenda kugehena, uye 911 inova isina kugadzikana uye isingatarisirwi mumakona. Kukwirisa mota kumberi ine torque vectoring kugona kunogona kudzikamisa zvikanganiso kusvika pamwero wakati, asi zvinoreva kudzokera kubhodhi rekudhirowa uye hombe dhizaini yekugadzira. Chero zvazvingava, iyo yakapfava-injini yehybrid system yakasiiwa, huwandu hwakakomba hwekugadzira basa hwakadzimwa, uye iyo 911 yadzoka munzira isina vabatsiri vemagetsi. Kuedza kuwedzera simba uye kuderedza kushandiswa kwakanangana nezvikamu zvakaita sejini, kutapurirana uye basa remuviri.
Muzita rekuwedzera kwesimba, iyo injini itsva yeinjini ine turbocharger yakakura - zvichienderana nemamita matatu (kusvika 48 mm) uye mamirimita mana (kusvika 55 mm) ye turbine uye compressor. Izvi zvakaita kuti zvikwanise kuwana kudzvanywa kwe1,2 bar, kunyangwe zvipingamupinyi zvakagadzirwa neiyo itsva dizeli particulate sefa. Chinzvimbo cheiyo compressed air heat exchangers yakashandurwa zvakare, ichifamba kubva munzvimbo dziri kunze kwemabhangi ecylinder kuenda kune imwe nzvimbo iri pakati nepamusoro pejini. Izvi zvinopfupisa nzira yemhepo, inonatsiridza mhinduro yeinjini, uye inoderedza kurasikirwa kwepombi (izvo zvaive zvakaoma kuwana, zvakanyanya nekuda kwemaitiro ekuchengetedza vanhu vari muchikepe chePorsche vakanangana nekuchinja kwakakura kwedhizaini). Kugadziriswa kutsva kunogadzirisa danho rekuderedza 10-dhigirii muinjini-inotungamirirwa nemhepo, uye izvi, pamwe chete nemajekiseni epiezo anogadzira musanganiswa wemafuta emhepo, anobvumira kuti compression ratio iwedzere nehafu yeyuniti kusvika 10,2: 1 ( inguva yakanaka kutaura kuti muzita rekudzivirira preconditions ye detonation, iyo 959's compression ratio ingori 8,3: 1). Mukuwedzera, kuitira kuti kuenzanisa nzira yegesi kune turbines, dunhu rakashandurwa kuva rimwe chete nekufamba kubva pasi kusvika kumusoro. Nokudaro, ma turbines anotenderera mune imwe nzira kana achionekwa kubva kuseri kwemotokari.
Uchishandisa iyo VarioCam sisitimu ine akasiyana camshaft cam profiles, mainjiniya ePorsche anogadzirisa kufamba kwemaviri mavhavha ekudyira nenzira dzakasiyana, idzo dzakasiyana dzakasiyana mutoro wekufamba. Nekudaro, iyo mhepo inopinda muinjini inotanga "kutenderera", ichigadzira kutenderera kunofamba, zvese zvichiteedzana neiyo axis (iyo inonzi vortex) uye yakatwasuka (somersault). Izvi zvinobatsira kusimudzira zvakanyanya mhando yemabatiro emoto, umo pamberi pe murazvo unofamba nekukurumidza uye kupisa kunonyatsoita. Pakazara mutoro, sitiroko inokwana kunze nekuti kumhanya kwemhepo kwakakwira zvakakwana zvekuti mhinduro yakadaro haidi. Nekuda kweizvozvo, Hofstätter anoti zvinosvibisa iri gasi mbishi zvadzikiswa, nemhedzisiro yekuti chinokonzeresa chave nebasa rakaderera. Nekudaro, mileage yayo inowedzera kusvika anopfuura mazana mazana matatu emakiromita. Uye zvakare, nekuda kwetembiricha yepasi yemweya, chinokonzeresa chiri kunzwisiswa hachichaitwe kubva kune jira simbi, asi chakakandirwa, icho, zvakare, chinoita kuti kuderedze kuramba kwekuyerera kwegasi uye iko pachako kunowedzera kushanda. Iyo yese "yekuvaka ensemble", inosanganisira iyo particulate firita ine yakasanganiswa mavharuvhu, inofanirwa kugadzira 300 soundscape iyo iri yakasarudzika.
Yakawanda aluminium mune iyo kesi
Iyo yekufambisa iri nyowani nyowani, ikozvino iine magiya masere, ayo, nekuda kwechirongwa chekutyaira, akasarudzika kune 911 uye haishandiswe mune chero modhi yechiratidzo kana kunetsekana. Yekutanga giya ipfupi pane yapfuura, uye yechisere yakareba kupfuura yegiya rechinomwe repfuura. Iyo nyowani magiya ratios zvakare anotendera kune yekupedzisira yekupedzisira dhiraivha, iyo inoguma neinodzikama injini uye inomhanya pane yakaderera kumhanya munzira yepamugwagwa.
Kunyatso kuendesa torque kumberi ekisero chinhu chinodiwa pakuvandudza hunhu hwemotokari, uye izvi zvinokonzeresa dhizaini nyowani yemubatanidzwa wematareti pamberi pekusiyanisa kwepamberi. Iyo yeyuniti yeyese yakanyoroveswa nemvura, yakasimbiswa discs uye nekukurumidza kupukunyuka. Zvese izvi hazvisi chete zvinovandudza masimba, asiwo kuyambuka-nyika kugona kwemuchina, semuenzaniso, kana uchityaira pachando.
Kunyangwe ichinyanya kushandisa yazvino mapurani 992, mukuita zvachinja zvakanyanya. Chikamu chesimbi mune ino "yakawanda-musanganiswa" dhizaini yakadzikiswa kubva pa63 kusvika makumi matatu muzana. Kunze, mahwindo esimbi ekare akatsiviwa nealuminium, zvichida nzira nyowani yekuzvigadzirisa. Chiyero (extruded aluminium) chinowedzera zvakanyanya muchikamu chinotsigira chemuviri. Nekuda kweizvozvo, kumisikidza torsion kuri nani.
Yakawedzerwa kune yakazara mashandiro epakeji ndeye inoshanduka muviri aerodynamics, uchishandisa nzira dzakasiyana kutungamira mweya kuburikidza nekumashure kunopamba uye mukuvhurika kumberi kwemavhiri epamberi. Iwo ekupedzisira ane mavharuvhu anoshanda anovhura zvichienderana nezvinodiwa zvemajoini ekutonhora. Muparadzi wekumashure ane rimwe basa zvakare, kutungamirira mhepo kana zvichidiwa kuvandudza injini kutonhora uye kunyanya intercoolers. Uye, hongu, kune zvese izvi isu tinofanirwa kuwedzera yakasarudzika mabhureki uye chassis yePorsche, pamwe ne torque vectoring uye kudzika nekudzika neanoshanda anti-roll bar pane yekumashure axle, pamwe neanoshanda kumashure vhiri chidhiraivho.
Chinyorwa: Georgy Kolev
2020-08-30
