Motokari dzebhatiri

Chii chichava ramangwana reindasitiri yemotokari? Zvechokwadi electrifying, nekuda kwekuwedzera kwemotokari dzine magetsi emagetsi. Kana tikawedzera kune ino yakambogara yakawedzera kuzvitonga yekutyaira masisitimu, zvino mushure memakumi emakore akawanda ekuchinja kwekuchengetedza, indasitiri yemotokari yakamirira shanduko yetekinoroji.

Pandinenge ndakavharirwa mumotokari ndichityaira, dzimwe nguva ndinombodzima mhepo inobva kunze. Kunhuwa kwakanyungudutswa kwemagasi epombi epombi dzemota dzakatenderedza kunova kusingatsungirike. Uye kunyangwe ndiri weboka revatyairi vanofarira kunzwa ruzha rwehasha rweinjini yekupisa kwemukati mushure mekudzvanya gasi pedal zvakanyanya, mumamiriro ezvinhu aya ndinotanga kufungidzira kuti zvingave zvakanaka sei kana ruzha rwunonetesa rweinjini dzikatsiviwa. nekunyarara kunofadza, uye pachinzvimbo chekukachidza magasi emhepo nekurova mukati memota mweya mutsva. Nekudaro, kuti uite izvi, mota dzese dzakanamira munzira, kusanganisira yangu, dzinoda magirini emagetsi emagetsi pasi pehodhi.

Hapasisina zvekuda kuziva

Miono yakadaro inogona kuitika nokukurumidza kupfuura zvatinotarisira. Pakutanga kwa2013, vanhu vanenge 200 vaityaira mumigwagwa pasi rose. EV uye PHEV mota (mota yehybrid ine magetsi ekuchaja kugona). Parizvino pane vanopfuura miriyoni imwe chete. MuEurope chete, mu2015, kutengesa kwavo kwakakura ne48,6% zvichienzaniswa negore rapfuura. Ichokwadi, nhamba idzi mumamiriro ekutengeswa kwemotokari yepasi rose haisati yanyanya kufadza, asi Kukwira kumusoro kwakajeka, uye ingori nyaya yenguva kuti zvikamu zvidzoke - mota dzemagetsi dzichatonga mumigwagwa mune ramangwana.

Zvinhu zvakawanda zvinoparira kukurumbira kwavo kukuru. Chekutanga, tiri kupupurira budiriro huru yetekinoroji inovandudza kushanda kwebhatiri uye kuderedza mutengo wavo. Zvinokosha zvakaenzana kuderera kwemafuta emafuta emafuta, kukwira kwemitengo yekuchera kwayo uye kudzora mitemo ine chinangwa chekudzikisa kuburitswa kweCO.₂. Mayero ari kuramba achiwedzera kusimba, uye kunyangwe maautomaker makuru ari kunetseka kusangana nawo, sekunyomba kwazvino kuVolkswagen uko kwakasvika pakunyengedza kuburitswa kwenitrogen oxide kwakanyatso ratidzwa. Izvi zvinonzi zvimwe, izvi zvinogona kunge zviri kutanga kwekupedzisira kweinjini dzedhiziri. Chii chichavatsiva? Zvechokwadi, ecological discs. Izvi zvakaonekwa zvisina kunanga neVolkswagen pachayo, iyo yakasiya kugadzirwa kweakawanda magadzirirwo emota dzine injini dzinopisa mukati, uye panguva yeJanuary electronics fair muLas Vegas yakazvikudza Budd-e - minivan ine ese-electric drive. Iyo mota show ibherometa yakanaka yekuchinja kuri kuuya. Kana kusvika munguva ichangopfuura, motokari dzemagetsi dzaibatwa sechishuwo ikoko, nhasi anenge mugadziri wese anogona kuzvirumbidza nemotokari yerudzi urwu.

Mumwe wevatungamiriri vekuchinja kwemagetsi muindasitiri yemotokari ndiye Nissan yeJapan. Pakati pemamiriyoni evatyairi vakatotenga motokari dzemagetsi, vakawanda se200 30 vakasarudza Nissan Leaf yemagetsi. Gore rino, kunetseka kwakaigadzira nebhatiri idzva rine simba re 250 kWh, iyo, maererano nemugadziri, yakawedzera huwandu hwemakiromita anenge XNUMX. Shizha rave pamusika kwemakore mashanu ikozvino, saka Nissan iri kugadzirira zvishoma nezvishoma mutsivi wayo. Zvichida ichave iri pfungwa inonakidza inoratidzwa kuTokyo Motor Show inonzi IDS.

Motokari dzemagetsi inguva yemberi. Mufananidzo: Nissan IDS pfungwa (Kwakabva: Nissan)

Iyo inoshongedzerwa nemanyorero uye otomatiki kutyaira modhi (iyo vhiri rinogona kuvanzwa mucab uye rakatsiviwa nechiratidziro chikuru) uye 60 kWh bhatiri, iro, rakasanganiswa neakanakisa aerodynamic zvivakwa, rinokutendera kuti uvhare 400 km pane imwechete. charge. Imwe kambani yeJapan iri kuwedzera kubheja pamotokari dzemagetsi. Mitsubishi yave ichishanda pamotokari dzemagetsi kubva kuma60s, asi kufanana nevakwikwidzi vayo, ichangobva kuwedzera mabasa ayo munzvimbo ino. Panosvika 2020, maEV nemaPHEV achaverengera makumi maviri muzana ekugadzirwa kweboka.

Iyo yepasirese yakasanganiswa yekuchaja system yakagadziridzwa nemakambani eGerman Audi, BMW, Daimler, Porsche neVolkswagen mukubatana kwepedyo neFord neGeneral Motors (mabviro: Audi).

Muna 2018, mota yemagetsi yekutanga yeAudi yakavakirwa paAudi e-tron quattro concept ichasvika pamusika. Motokari inoshandisa simba remagetsi matatu emagetsi - imwe yacho inotyaira ekisero yekumberi, uye imwe mbiri inotyaira ekisero yekumashure. Simba ravo rose i320 kW. Iyo bhatiri huwandu - 95 kWh - inonzi inopa simba rakakwana 500 km yekutyaira. Mota yacho inogona kubhadhariswa zvese zviri zviviri zvakanangana nekutsinhana zvazvino, induction kuchaja zvakare inogoneka, uye mumazuva ezuva magetsi anowedzerwa nekuiswa kwezuva akaiswa padenga.

Zvakare, makambani eAmerica haasi kuzovhara mapeya nemadota. Pakazosvika 2020, Ford ichaisa imwe madhora mabhiriyoni mana nemazana mashanu emadhora mukuvandudza motokari yemagetsi uye kuunza mhando gumi nenhatu itsva dzemotokari dzemagetsi. PaJanuary Auto Show muDetroit, Chevrolet yakaratidza shanduro itsva yeBolt yemotokari yemagetsi, iyo yakawedzera kusvika ku4,5 km.

Zvisinei, kuti zvive zvakanaka, zvinofanira kutaurwa izvozvo Mazhinji ematambudziko makuru emotokari agara achiuya kumotokari dzemagetsi pasina mhosva, uye ingori hupfumi hwepasirese hwemavhiri mana seGoogle neTesla hwavatsamwisa kuita. Kunyanya iyo yekupedzisira, yakasikwa uye inotungamirirwa naElon Musk, muoni uye muumbi ane mabhiriyoni emadhora kune chikwereti chake, akabatsira kumagetsi emotokari. Musk haagadzirisike, haafarire mota dzakasanganiswa, uye anga achigara achigadzira madhiraivha emagetsi, izvo zvaanoona seramangwana reindasitiri yemotokari. "Mumakore mashoma, vanhu vachatarisa mota dzinopisa mukati sematarisiro atinoita mainjini. Vachataura nemoyo: idzi dzaive nguva dzakanaka, asi dzaenda uye hadzichadzokeri, ”anodaro aine chivimbo. Akavaka Tesla kubva pasi kusvika pasina simba rekuchengetedza makambani makuru. Zvakamutorera makore gumi chete kugadzira, kugadzira uye kutengesa mota dzakadzikama dzisiri kungoita zvakatipoteredza, asiwo dzinenge dzisiri dzakaderera kune vakwikwidzi vane injini dzinopisa mukati maererano nekuita kwavo. Musk's flagship product, Tesla Model S, yakanaka, inokurumidza, uye mabhatiri ayo haaperi mushure memakiromita makumi matanhatu, achikubvumira kufamba kanopfuura kana. Gore rakapera, iyo Model S yakawana mukoma mudiki, asi mukoma mukuru ndiye Model X sports crossover. Muna Kurume 100, Tesla inofanirwa kuratidza prototype yeModel 2016, iyo inofanirwa kunge iri budiriro yemhando, kunyanya nekuti iyo. ichave yakachipa zvakanyanya kupfuura yakatangira. Mutengo, unofanira kutanga kubva 3 zviuru. madhora, zvisinei, ichiri mari inorambidzwa kune mazhinji emavhiri mana. Uye iri ndiro dambudziko guru nemotokari dzemazuva ano dzemagetsi: dzine mari yekumhanya, asi dzinodhura zvikuru paunofunga nezvemutengo wekutenga.

Chisikwa chazvino chaTesla ndiyo Model X yemitambo crossover (mabviro: Tesla Motors).

Dambudziko mabhatiri

Vashoma vanhu vanoziva kuti mota dzemagetsi dzakagadzirwa kare kare kupfuura vakwikwidzi vavo vemukati. Maererano nemimwe mishumo, motokari yemagetsi yekutanga yakagadzirwa neHungary Anjos Jedlik kumashure muna 1828. Zvigadzirwa zveDutch purofesa Sibrandus Strating Groningen uye American mupfuri Thomas Davenport, izvo zvachose vakazvimiririra mumwe nomumwe, zvishoma zviri nani zvakanyorwa pakati 30s. Magetsi. Iyo injini yekupisa yemukati haina kugadzirwa kusvika 1885, asi makumi matatu emakore gare gare yakatonga pamusika. Mabhatiri ndiwo chitsitsinho cheAchilles chekutyaira kwemagetsi - kusashanda, kudhura kugadzira, kudzivirira kukurumidza kuchaja uye rwendo rurefu. Motokari dzemagetsi dzakange dzakashongedzerwa nadzo hadzina kumbomira kupikisa Ford T isingadhuri uye isingaparadziki. Zvakatora makore anoda kusvika zana kuti kufambira mberi kweruzivo rwemichina kusvine simba rakawanda kubva mumabhatiri e-lithium-ion.

Budiriro yakakura, asi haisati yakwana. Mari yekugadzira yebhatiri ye lithium-ion inoramba yakakwira zvakanyanya: kubva PLN 250 kusvika kunenge PLN 1. gomba. zve1kw. Nokudaro, bhatiri pachayo inogona kuverenga kusvika ku50-60% yemutengo wemotokari. Nekuda kweizvozvo, maEV achiri kudhura avhareji ye30-40% kupfuura vamwe vavo veICE, uye pakupedzisira, kunyangwe nemitengo yakaderera yekumhanyisa, EV haina kudhura kupfuura mota dzakajairwa.

Kuita kuti zvinhu zviwedzere kuipa, mabhatiri haasi kungodhura zvakanyanya, asi zvakare anoderedza zvakanyanya huwandu hwemotokari dzemagetsi. Ichokwadi, iyo zana-kiromita chipingamupinyi chakatokundwa, nekuda kwekuti chave chokwadi kukunda madaro mapfupi muguta, asi kufamba munzira yakareba nemotokari yemagetsi ibasa rakaoma rekugadzirisa, uye munzvimbo dzisina. kuchaja zviteshi, zvinova zvisingaite. Kuita kwebhatiri kunokanganiswawo nemamiriro ekunze, kupisa uye chando chakanyanya kuvakuvadza. Sezvo mota inokura, huwandu hwebhatiri hunoderera, uye nekudaro huwandu. Mukuwedzera, lithium-ion mabhatiri anochaja zvishoma nezvishoma. Paunenge uchishandisa yekare magetsi kubuda, izvi zvinotora maawa 6-10. A CHAdeMO kana CCS Combo 2 inokurumidza charger inodzikisa izvi kusvika pamaminitsi makumi matatu kusvika makumi mana, asi ichiri nguva inotyisa kana ichienzaniswa nekuzadza peturu kana dhiziri.

Green cars park for free

Rondedzero refu yezvinetso izvo vashandisi vemotokari yemagetsi vanotarisana nazvo zvinogona kutyisa, kunyangwe kune avo vatyairi vanonyatsoziva zvakatipoteredza. Nekudaro, zvinofanirwa kuyeukwa kuti izvi zvipimo zvehunyanzvi uye kukosha kwavo kunodzikira nekuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi hwemazuva ano. Tinofanira kuonga zvishoma nezvishoma zvakanakira rudzi urwu rwekutyaira. Uye kune akati wandei awo. Nheyo yekushanda kwemotokari yemagetsi iri nyore kwazvo: magetsi akachengetwa mumabhatiri anoendeswa kune AC motokari inotyaira mavhiri. Injini yakadai sekutyaira kwemotokari inoshanda zvakanyanya kupfuura injini yekupisa yemukati nekuti inosvika payo torque yepamusoro nekukasira, iyo inodudzira kune yakakwirira kutyaira uye kubvisa clutch, uye kazhinji giya bhokisi. Kuchaja mabhatiri kwakachipa zvisingaenzaniswi pane kuwedzera mafuta pazviteshi zvepeturu. Motokari itsva yeChikamu B ine injini yedhiziri inopedza marita zana emafuta edhiziri pamakiromita mashanu. Nemutengo wemafuta wePLN 100 parita, izvi zvinotidyira nezve PLN makumi maviri. Zvichakadaro, mota yemagetsi ichashandisa akati wandei kilowatt-maawa esimba kuvhara chinhambwe chakafanana, saka chete 5-4 PLN ichasara kubva pachikwama chedu. Mukuwedzera, mari yekuchengetedza motokari yemagetsi yakaderera nokuti haifaniri kuchinja nguva nenguva mafuta, spark plugs kana air filter. Kutyaira kunyangwe munzira dzakareba hakusi kunetesa - mota inofamba chinyararire, uye mabhatiri akaiswa pasi anodzikisa zvakanyanya pakati pemotokari yemagetsi, zvichipa mutyairi kudzora zvirinani zvemotokari.

Munyika dzakawanda, varidzi ve eco-mota vanogona kuvimba nekukurudzira kwakasiyana uye kurudziro yemari. Semuenzaniso, muNorway, motokari dzemagetsi dzinosunungurwa kubva kuVAT uye mutero wemugwagwa, vanogona kutyaira mumigwagwa yebhazi, varidzi vadzo havabhadhare kupaka, tolls kana ferry service. Nekuda kweizvozvo, ingangoita yega yega mota yevatatu inotengeswa muNorway ine dhiraivha yemagetsi. Mota dzemagetsi dzinopihwa kutanga zvakanyanya nekuti yadzo yakaipa kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza ishoma, zvakanyanya nekuda kwezero CO emissions.₂, maokisidhi ecarbon uye nitrogen uye soot. Muchirevo chechinyorwa ichi zvisinei, zvakakosha kubhadhara kune iyo magetsi anopa simba motokari dzakasvibirira dzinobva. MuPoland, chitubu chayo chikuru, semuenzaniso, marasha - somugumisiro, kana uchityaira motokari inopomerwa nemagetsi emagetsi emagetsi, isu tichiri kugovera kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza, kunyange zvisina kunanga. Dambudziko rekuraswa kwemabhatiri akashandiswa rinoramba risati ragadziriswa.

Kumirira kubudirira

Chero nzira, ramangwana remotokari dzemagetsi rinotaridzika zvakanaka. Izvi zvinoratidzwa nehuwandu huri kuramba huchikura hwemachaja anokurumidza kuoneka pazviteshi zvepeturu, masupamaketi, nzvimbo dzekutengesera nenzvimbo dzekugara. Pachine vashoma vavo maererano nezvinodiwa, asi mamiriro ezvinhu ari kuwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma, kunyanya munyika dzakapfuma (zvinosuruvarisa, muPoland majaja akadaro achiri ekunze). Semuenzaniso, kune maCHAdeMO 10 353 ari kushanda pasi rose, 5960 2755 ari kuJapan, 1530 ari kuEurope, 108 590 ari kuNorth America, uye 70 ari kune mamwe matunhu. Tesla iri kuwedzera zvakanyanya network yayo yezviteshi zvekuchaja zvine simba, pasina kutarisa kumashure uye pasina kumirira rubatsiro rwehurumende (inotova ne38, kunyanya muUS). Elon Musk anodawo kudzikisa mutengo wemabhatiri anofambisa mota dzake nemari inosvika zviuru zana, kusvika pamadhora zana. pa kilowatt awa. Kiyi yekubudirira inofanirwa kuvakwa nemutengo wemabhiriyoni emadhora emadhora. state-of-the-art chirimwa muNevada, iyo inonzi Gigafactory. Masero achave akachipa, asiwo zvakanyanya tekinoroji. Tesla anotarisira kushandisa yakanyatsoshanda cobalt-aluminium (NCA) cathode yakasanganiswa nesilicon-based anode uye synthetic graphene.

Iyo induction yekuchaja sisitimu yemotokari dzemagetsi yakagadzirwa neVolvo (mabviro: Volvo).

Mamwe makambani ari kushandawo kugadzirisa zvivakwa zvebhatiri. Kambani yeGerman Kreisel Electric ichangobva kuunza mota yemagetsi system yakavakirwa pa85 kWh bhatiri inopa huwandu hwe300 km uye inochaja inosvika 18% yehuwandu hwakayerwa mumaminetsi makumi masere chete. Inductive kuchaja matekinoroji ari kugadzirwa zvakare. Ingomisa mota panzvimbo yakaratidzwa uye bhatiri rinotanga kuchaja otomatiki. Iyo induction coil muchiteshi chekuchaja ichagadzira inochinjana magetsi emagetsi, uye yakafanana coil munharembozha inotora simba kubva mundima iyi uye yoishandura kuita yemagetsi yakachengetwa mubhatiri. Nyore uye yakanakira.

Zvinogoneka, zvisinei, kuti mabhatiri e-lithium-ion haafa, uye shanduko chaiyo inongotanga kana chinhu chakasiyana zvachose chinoshandiswa kugadzira maseru, senge graphene, chinhu chine yakanakisa superconducting zvivakwa, zvinosanganisira imwe layer ye carbon atomu. Masero ekutanga ekuedza graphene akatogadzirwa ayo anobvumira bhatiri remotokari yemagetsi kuti rizadzwe zvizere mukati meisingasviki miniti, rinoita biodegradable, uye rinopa hupenyu hwakareba uye kushanda nesimba kupfuura mabhatiri anogadzirwa izvozvi!

Makwikwi eMota Yemagetsi - Hydrogen Drive (mabviro: Toyota).

Nekudaro, kana mota dzemagetsi dzichitonga pamusika, kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji munzvimbo ino kunofanirwa kukurumidza zvakanyanya. Vane makwikwi akasimba kudivi ravo izvo zvakangofanana nehunyanzvi uye ecology, kana zvisiri zvakanyanya. Ndinoreva motokari dzehydrogen, dzinoshandisa masero emafuta apo hydrogen inosanganiswa neokisijeni. Mota dzekutanga kugadzira mota dzakadai dzatove mumigwagwa yedu (Hyundai ix35 Fuel Cell neToyota Mirai).

Ndeipi nzira yekusimudzira iyo zvinonetsa zvemotokari pakupedzisira zvichasarudza? Hatisati taziva izvi, asi tinogona kuva nechokwadi chechinhu chimwe - ramangwana riri pedyo munyika yemakumbo mana harina kuvimbisa kuva rinonakidza uye rinonakidza kwenguva yakareba.

Magetsi kuti utarise

Tesla Model S

Iyi pasina mubvunzo nyeredzi chaiyo pakati pemotokari dzemagetsi. Muviri weModel S wakashongedzwa semutambo coupe uye wakagadzirwa nealuminium zvachose. Sezvo bhatiri paki iri pasi pevhu, uye mamotor anowanikwa zvakananga pamaaxle emavhiri, mota ine maviri ekutakura zvinhu (panzvimbo peyakajairwa trunk yekumashure, zvigaro zviviri zvevana zvinogona kuiswa).

Hunhu hwemukati trim zvinhu uye kutevedzera kwavo ndiyo yepamusoro mota ligi ligi. Inonyanya kushamisa zvakare 17-inch touch screen multimedia piritsi, yakaiswa pakati pedhibhodhi, iyo isu tinodzora masisitimu ese ayo mota inoshongedzerwa nawo. Iyo yakangwara kumiswa kwemhepo inodzikisa kureba kwemotokari pakumhanya kwakanyanya, senge kana uchityaira mumugwagwa, nekudaro uchiwedzera huwandu. Uye izvi, zvichienderana neshanduro, inotangira kubva ku370 km (70 kWh bhatiri) kusvika ku440 km (muenzaniso 85D). Iyo yazvino vhezheni yeP90D inokwanisa kumhanya kusvika 100 km/h. mumasekondi 3,3 chete Zvishamiso zvakadaro, zvinosuruvarisa, zvinodhura mari. Tesla Model S mitengo inotanga pa54 uye inopera pa138. madhora.

BMW i3

i3 ndiyo yekutanga mota yemagetsi yekambani kubva kuMunich. Silhouette yaro ikati remangwana, sezvakaita yakakura uye yakashongedzwa yemukati. Chinhu chinonakidza kushaikwa kweB-mbiru, zvinoreva kuti magonhi ekumashure anovhurika akatarisana pane echinyakare mota. Iyo I3 inotyaira 170 hp yemagetsi mota. uye torque ye 250 Nm, iyo inofambisa motokari kune zana mumasekondi 7 chete egasi pedal. Simba rakachengetwa mumabhatiri ane simba re 22 kWh rinokubvumira kufamba kubva ku130 kusvika ku160 km pamutengo mumwe chete. i3 inoongorora zvine hungwaru mashandisirwo ebhatiri zvichibva pane zvazvino mugwagwa mamiriro uye yako pachako kutyaira maitiro. Kuchaja kuburikidza nesoketi yemumba yenguva dzose kunotora anenge maawa gumi, tichishandisa CCS yekubatanidza isu tinongoda maminetsi makumi matatu chete. Mutengo: kubva ku10 zviuru. zloty

Nissan Leaf

Iyo Nissan Leaf imotokari yemagetsi yekare. Kunyangwe muchina uyu usinganakidze mukunaka kwawo, wakasununguka uye wakagadzirwa zvakanaka, uye iyo 109 hp injini, sezvinokodzera dhiraivha yemagetsi, ine 254 Nm ye torque inowanikwa mushure mekusimuka. Mhando yemotokari ine 24 kWh bhatiri inofanira kusvika 190 km. Nekudaro, mumamiriro echando, pandakaedza Leaf, mhedzisiro yakanaka yaive ye120 km. Bhatiri idzva rinowanikwa gore rino rine 30kWh yesimba rinofanira kutibvumira kutyaira imwe 50km. Mukati meLeaf wakanyatsopedzwa uye nemazuva ano, unopa nzvimbo yakawanda yemutyairi nevafambi, zvigaro zvinopisa zvose zviri mberi nekumashure, heater inowanikwawo mudhiraivha. Iyo CHAdeMO inokurumidza charger inobvumidza iwe kuchaja mabhatiri anosvika makumi masere muzana mumaminetsi makumi matatu. -Kuchaja kubva kune yakajairwa 80 V socket kunotora anenge maawa gumi. Mutengo: kubva ku30 zviuru. zloty.

Chevrolet bhaudhi EV

Iyo yapfuura Bolt yemagetsi mota yakatengeswa yakatenderedza 100 mayuniti. makopi. Saka hazvishamisi kuti veAmerica vakatevera uye pakutanga kwegore rino vakaratidza shanduro itsva ye "electrician" iyi yakakurumbira. Anogona kudiwa nenzira dzakawanda. Ziso rinokwezvwa neyakatetepa uye inoyevedza silhouette ine zvimiro zvakadzikama, ichipa yakaderera coefficient yekudzivirira kwemhepo. Injini ye200 hp inogadzira 360 Nm ye torque inopa 60 kWh bhatiri pack.

Saka, iyo chaiyo renji inogona kusvika 300 km, inova mhedzisiro yakanaka. Machaja akajairika anozadza bhatiri mumaawa angangoita mapfumbamwe, uye CCS Combo mumaminetsi makumi mana neshanu. (kusvika ku9%). Mukati iwe unowana hombe yekubata sikirini iyo inogona kudzorwa neakasarudzika majeti. Unyanzvi hutsva hunosanganisira hurongwa hwekutarisisa kwezvakatipoteredza uye chionioni chekumashure chinogona kutsiviwa nechekumashure-chemera kamera. Wedzera kune izvi zvese mutengo unoyevedza (ungaita 45-60 zviuru zvemadhora kune yekutanga vhezheni) uye isu tine resipi yekurova "mota yegirinhi".