Baltic cauldron: Estonia, Latvia uye Lithuania
Chitima cheEstonian chakafara chegauge chine zvombo nhamba 2 muValga pamuganhu weEstonian neLatvia muna February 1919.
Estonia, Latvia neLithuania dzine nzvimbo yakabatanidzwa yehafu yePoland, asi chikamu chechitanhatu chevagari vayo. Nyika diki idzi - zvikuru kuburikidza nesarudzo dzakanaka dzezvematongerwo enyika - dzakawana kuzvitonga mushure meHondo Yenyika Yekutanga. Nekudaro, ivo havana kukwanisa kumudzivirira panguva inotevera ...
Chinhu chimwe chete chinobatanidza vanhu veBaltic inzvimbo yavo yenzvimbo. Vanosiyaniswa nokureurura (vaKaturike kana vaLutheran), uyewo nemavambo edzinza. MaEstonia inyika yeFinnno-Ugric (iri kure kure nemaFinns neHungary), maLithuanians maBalts (ane hukama hwepedyo nemaSlav), uye nyika yeLatvia yakaumbwa nekuda kwekubatanidzwa kweFinnno-Ugric Livonians neBaltic Semigalians. , Latgalian uye Kurans. Nhoroondo yemarudzi matatu aya akasiyana zvakare: Estonia yakafurirwa zvakanyanya nevaSweden, Latvia yaive nyika yaive nehutongi hwetsika dzechiGerman, uye Lithuania yaive nyika yaive nehutongi hwetsika dzePoland. Kutaura idi, nyika nhatu dzeBaltic dzakaumbwa muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX bedzi, apo dzakazviwana dzava mukati memiganhu yoUmambo hweRussia, uhwo vatongi vahwo vaiomerera kunheyo yo“kupatsanura nokukunda.” Panguva iyoyo, vakuru vakuru vetsarist vakakurudzira tsika dzevarombo - kureva, Estonian, Latvian, Samogitian - kuitira kuti vaderedze simba reScandinavia, Germany nePolish. Vakawana kubudirira kwepamusoro: vechidiki veBaltic vanhu vakakurumidza kutendeuka kubva kuRussia "vabatsiri" vavo uye vakasiya umambo. Zvisinei, izvi zvakaitika chete pashure peHondo Yenyika Yekutanga.
Hondo Huru paGungwa reBaltic
Apo Hondo Yenyika Yokutanga yakatanga muzhizha ra1914, Russia yakanga iri munzvimbo yakanakisisa: zvose zveGermany neAustro-Hungarian command, yakamanikidzwa kurwa kumativi maviri, haigoni kutumira mauto makuru uye nzira kurwisana neuto retsarist. MaRussia akarwisa East Prussia nemauto maviri: imwe yakaparadzwa zvine hungwaru nemaGerman paTannenberg, uye imwe yakadzoserwa kumashure. Mumatsutso, zviito zvakatamira kunharaunda yeHumambo hwePoland, uko mativi ese ari maviri akatsinhana mapfumo pasi. PaGungwa reBaltic - mushure me "hondo mbiri pamadziva eMasurian" - kumberi kwakaoma nechando pamutsetse wemuganhu wekare. Zviitiko padivi rezasi rekumberi kwekumabvazuva - muLesser Poland neCarpathians - zvakazove zvine danho. Musi waChivabvu 2, 1915, nyika dzepakati dzakatangisa mabasa anogumbura pano uye - mushure meHondo yeGorlice - vakawana budiriro huru.
Panguva ino, maGermany akatanga kurwiswa kuduku kuEast Prussia - vaifanira kudzivirira maRussia kutumira zvigadziriso kuLesser Poland. Nekudaro, murairo weRussia wakanyima rutivi rwekuchamhembe rwekumabvazuva kwemauto, uchivakanda kuti vamise kurwisa kweAustro-Hungarian. Kumaodzanyemba, ikoku hakuna kuunza miuyo inogutsa, asi kuchamhembe, mauto ane mwero eGermany akakunda mamwe maguta zviri nyore zvinoshamisa. Kubudirira kweCentral Powers kumativi ose eEastern Front kwakatyisa maRussia uye kwakakonzera kubviswa kwemauto kubva kuHumambo hwePoland, iyo yakanga yakakomberedzwa kubva kuchamhembe nekumaodzanyemba. Kubudiswa kukuru kwakaitwa muzhizha ra1915 - musi waAugust 5 maGermany akapinda muWarsaw - akatungamirira mauto eRussia kunjodzi. Yakarasikirwa nemasoja anoda kusvika miriyoni imwe nehafu, inenge hafu yemidziyo yayo uye chikamu chakakosha chenzvimbo yayo yeindasitiri. Chokwadi, kufambira mberi kweCentral Powers kwakamiswa mukudonha, asi zvakanyanya izvi zvakakonzerwa nesarudzo dzezvematongerwo enyika dzeBerlin neVienna - mushure mekusarerekera kweuto re tsarist, zvakasarudzwa kutumira mauto kurwisa maSerbs, maItaly. uye chiFrench - pane kubva pakupererwa neRussia kurwisa.
Pakupera kwaSeptember 1915, kumberi kwekumabvazuva kwakaoma pamutsetse wakaita semuganhu wekumabvazuva weChipiri Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: kubva kuCarpathians kumaodzanyemba yakananga kuchamhembe kuDaugavpils. Pano, vachisiya guta mumaoko vokuRussia, mberi akatendeukira kumadokero, achitevera Dvina kuGungwa reBaltic. Riga paGungwa reBaltic yakanga iri mumaoko evaRussia, asi mabhizimisi emabhizimisi uye vazhinji vevagari vemo vakabviswa muguta. Kumberi kwakamira pamutsetse weDvina kwemakore anopfuura maviri. Nokudaro, kudivi reGermany rakasara: Umambo hwePoland, ruwa rweKaunas uye ruwa rweCourland. MaGermany akadzorera masangano ehurumende eHumambo hwePoland uye akaronga Humambo hweLithuania kubva mudunhu reKaunas.
