Nyika yebhatiri - chikamu 1

Mubairo we2019 weNobel muChemistry wakapihwa mukugadzira dhizaini yemabhatiri e-lithium-ion. Kusiyana nemimwe mitongo yeNobel Committee, iyi haina kushamisa - zvakatopesana. Lithium-ion mabhatiri emagetsi mafoni, malaptop, maturusi emagetsi anotakurika uye kunyange mota dzemagetsi. Masayendisiti matatu, John Goodenough, Stanley Whittingham naAkira Yoshino, vakafanirwa kugamuchira madhipuroma, menduru dzegoridhe uye 9 miriyoni SEK yekugovera. 

Iwe unogona kuverenga zvakawanda nezve chikonzero chemubairo mune yapfuura chinyorwa chemakemikari kutenderera kwedu - uye chinyorwa pachacho chakapera nechiziviso chetsanangudzo yakadzama yenyaya yemaseru nemabhatiri. Yasvika nguva yekuchengeta chivimbiso chako.

Kutanga, tsananguro pfupi yekusarurama kwemazita.

batanidzo iyi ndiyo yega dunhu rinogadzira voltage.

Bhatiri ine masero akanyatsobatanidzwa. Chinangwa ndechekuwedzera voltage, capacitance (simba rinogona kutorwa kubva kuhurongwa), kana zvese zviri zviviri.

аккумулятор isero kana bhatiri rinogona kuchajwa kana rapera. Haasi ese chip ane zvivakwa izvi - akawanda anoraswa. Mukutaura kwemazuva ose, mazwi maviri ekutanga anowanzoshandiswa zvakasiyana-siyana (izvi zvichavawo munyaya), asi munhu anofanira kuziva musiyano pakati pavo (1).

1. Mabhatiri anosanganisira masero.

Mabhatiri haana kugadzirwa kwemakumi emakore apfuura, ane nhoroondo yakareba kwazvo. Unogona kunge wakatonzwa nezvechiitiko ichi Galvaniego i Volts pakutanga kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX nerechiXNUMX, rakaratidza kutanga kwekushandiswa kwemagetsi emagetsi mufizikisi uye chemistry. Zvisinei, nhoroondo yebhatiri yakatanga kunyange kare. Yakanga iri nguva refu yapfuura ...

... nguva refu muBaghdad

Muna 1936 imwe nyanzvi yezvokuchera matongo yeGermany Wilhelm Koenig vakawana mudziyo wevhu pedyo neBaghdad kubvira muzana remakore rechitatu BC. Zvakawanikwa zvacho hazvina kuita sezvisina kujairika, sezvo budiriro yeYufratesi neTigirisi yakabudirira kwezviuru zvemakore.

Zvisinei, zviri mumudziyo wacho zvakanga zvisinganzwisisike: mupumburu une ngura wepepa remhangura, tsvimbo yesimbi, uye zvisaririra zveresin yechisikigo. Koenig akakatyamadzwa pamusoro pechinangwa chechigadzirwa kusvika arangarira kushanyira Alley yeJewelers muBaghdad. Magadzirirwo akafanana aishandiswa nemhizha dzeko kuvhara zvigadzirwa zvemhangura nesimbi dzinokosha. Pfungwa yokuti yaiva bhatiri yekare haina kugutsikana nevamwe vanochera matongo kuti hapana uchapupu hwemagetsi hwakapona panguva iyoyo.

Saka (ndizvo zvakanzi kuwanikwa) ichi chinhu chaicho here kana kuti ngano kubva 1001 husiku? Rega kuedza kusarudza.

Uchada: ndiro yemhangura, simbi mbambo uye vhiniga (cherechedza kuti zvinhu zvose izvi zvaizivikanwa uye kuwanikwa zvikuru kare kare). Dzorera resin kuti uvhare mudziyo uye uitsive neplasticine sekudzivirira.

Ita muedzo mubeaker kana flask, kunyange kushandisa vheji yevhu kuchapa bvunzo kunaka kwechokwadi. Uchishandisa sandpaper, kuchenesa simbi kubva paplaque uye batanidza waya pazviri.

Rongedza ndiro yemhangura mumupumburu woiisa mumudziyo, woisa chipikiri mumupumburu. Uchishandisa plasticine, gadzirisa ndiro uye chipikiri kuitira kuti zvisabatane (2). Dururira vhiniga (inenge 5% mhinduro) mumudziyo uye, uchishandisa multimeter, kuyera voltage pakati pemagumo etambo dzakabatana neplate yemhangura uye mbambo yesimbi. Seta chiridzwa chekuyera DC ikozvino. Ndeipi yemapango inonzi "plus" uye ndeipi "minus" yevolti source?

2. Sketch yekopi yemazuva ano yebhatiri kubva kuBaghdad.

Iyo mita inoratidza 0,5-0,7 V, zvinoreva kuti bhatiri reBaghdad riri kushanda! Ndapota cherechedza kuti danda rakanaka regadziriro imhangura, uye danda risina kunaka isimbi (mita inoratidza kukosha kwevheti yakanaka chete mune imwe nzira yekubatanidza waya kune zviteshi). Zvinoita here kuwana magetsi kubva kukopi yakagadzirwa yebasa rinobatsira? Ehe, asi gadzira akati wandei mamodheru uye woabatanidza munhevedzano kuti uwedzere voltage. Iyo LED inoda anenge matatu volts - kana iwe ukawana iyo yakawanda kubva kubhatiri rako, iyo LED inovhenekera.

Bhatiri reBaghdad rakaedzwa kakawanda kuti rikwanise kugonesa midziyo midiki. Kuedza kwakafanana kwakaitwa makore akati wandei apfuura nevanyori vechirongwa chechitendero cheMythBusters. Mythbusters (uchiri kurangarira Adhamu naJamie?) Akasvikawo kumhedziso yokuti chimiro chacho chinogona kushanda sebhatiri rekare.

Saka rwendo rwevanhu nemagetsi rwakatanga makore anopfuura maviri apfuura here? Hongu uye kwete. Hongu, nokuti kunyange ipapo zvakanga zvichibvira kugadzira magetsi. Aiwa, nokuti kugadzirwa kwacho kwakanga kusina kupararira - hapana aiida panguva iyoyo uye kwemazana emakore akawanda aizouya.

Connection? Zviri nyore!

Nyatsochenesa nzvimbo dzesimbi ndiro kana waya, aluminium, iron, nezvimwe. Isa sampuli dzesimbi mbiri dzakasiyana mumuchero une muto (uyo unofambisa kufamba kwemagetsi) kuitira kuti zvisabatane. Batanidza ma-multimeter clamps kusvika kumagumo ewaya anonamira kunze kwemuchero, uye verenga voltage pakati pavo. Chinja mhando dzesimbi dzakashandiswa (pamwe chete nemichero) uye ramba uchiedza (3).

3. Fruit cell (aluminium nemhangura electrodes).

Muzviitiko zvese zvinongedzo zvakagadzirwa. Hukoshi hweakayerwa voltages anosiyana zvichienderana nesimbi uye michero yakatorwa kuyedza. Kubatanidza masero emichero mubhatiri ichakubvumira kuti uishandise kusimbisa zviduku zvemagetsi emagetsi (munyaya iyi, zvinoda zvishoma zvezvino, zvaunogona kuwana kubva pakugadzira kwako).

Batanidza magumo ematare anonamatira kunze kwezvibereko zvakanyanyisa kune waya, uye izvi, zvakare, kusvika kumagumo e LED. Paunenge uchinge wabatanidza mapango ebhatiri kune anoenderana "terminal" eiyo diode uye voltage yadarika imwe chikumbaridzo, diode inopenya (madiode emavara akasiyana ane akasiyana ekutanga voltage, asi anenge 3 volts anofanira kukwana. )

Simba remagetsi rinoyevedza zvakaenzana iwachi yemagetsi - inogona kushanda pa "bhatiri remichero" kwenguva yakareba (kunyangwe zvakawanda zvinoenderana nemuenzaniso wewachi).

Miti haisi yakaderera kune michero uye zvakare inobvumidza iwe kugadzira bhatiri kubva mazviri. As? Tora zvipikiri zvishoma uye huwandu hwakakodzera hwemhangura nealuminium mapepa kana waya (unogona kutsiva izvi nezvipikiri zvesimbi, asi iwe unowana yakaderera voltage kubva pane imwechete link). Unganidza bhatiri uye paunorishandisa kusimbisa dunhu rakabatanidzwa kubva mubhokisi remimhanzi, cucumber choir ichaimba!

Sei magaka? Konstantin Ildefons Galchinsky akapikisa kuti: "Kana cucumber isingaimbi uye chero nguva, zvichida haagoni kuona nekuda kwedenga." Zvinoitika kuti mugadziri wemakemikari anogona kuita zvinhu izvo kunyange vananyanduri vasina kurota nezvazvo.

Bivakov bhatiri

Muchiitiko chekukurumidzira, unogona kugadzira bhatiri iwe pachako uye worishandisa kusimbisa LED. Ichokwadi, chiedza chichave chisina kujeka, asi chiri nani pane kusavapo.

Uchadei? A diode, hongu, uye nekuwedzera, ice cube mold, waya yemhangura, uye simbi zvipikiri kana screws (simbi dzinofanira kunge dzakacheneswa kumeso kuti dzifambise kuyerera kwemagetsi). Cheka waya kuita zvidimbu uye kuputira musoro we screw kana mbambo neimwe magumo echidimbu. Ita zvidimbu zvakawanda zvesimbi-mhangura nenzira iyi (8-10 inofanira kukwana).

Dururira ivhu rakanyorova mukati memukati mune mold (iwe unogona zvakare kudurura mvura yemunyu, iyo inoderedza kusagadzikana kwemagetsi). Zvino isa chimiro chako mugomba: screw kana chipikiri chinofanira kupinda mune rimwe gomba, uye waya yemhangura mune imwe. Isa zvinotevera kuitira kuti pane simbi mugomba rimwechete nemhangura (simbi haigone kusangana). Iyo yose inoumba mutsara: simbi-mhangura-simbi-mhangura, etc. Ronga zvinhu nenzira iyo yekutanga uye yekupedzisira cavities (iyo chete ine simbi yega yega) inorara pedyo nemumwe.

Heino magumo ekupedzisira.

Isa rimwe gumbo re diode mune yekutanga recess mumutsara uye imwe yacho mune yekupedzisira. Kuri kupenya here?

Kana zvakadaro, makorokoto (4)! Kana zvisina kudaro, tsvaga kukanganisa. Diode ye LED, kusiyana negirobhu remwenje, inofanira kunge iine polarity connection (unoziva here simbi inonzi "plus" uye ndeipi "minus" yebhatiri?). Zvakakwana kuisa makumbo munzira yakatarisana nepasi. Zvimwe zvinokonzeresa kukundikana zvakanyanya kuderera voltage (minimum 3 volts), rakavhurika redunhu kana pfupi dunhu mairi.

4. "Bateri repasi" riri kushanda.

Muchiitiko chekutanga, wedzera nhamba yezvikamu. Muchikamu chechipiri, tarisa kuwirirana pakati pesimbi (zvakare chisimbiso pasi pakapoteredza). Muchiitiko chechitatu, iva nechokwadi chokuti migumo yemhangura nesimbi haibatanidzi pasi pevhu uye kuti ivhu kana dhaka rawakanyorovesa naro haribatanidzi makomba ari pedyo.

Kuedza ne "bhatiri repasi" kunonakidza uye kunoratidza kuti magetsi anogona kuwanikwa kubva pane chero chinhu. Kunyangwe iwe usinga shandise yakavakirwa chimiro, unogona kugara uchifadza vanoenda kuzororo nehunyanzvi hwako hweMacGyver (zvichida unongoyeukwa nenyanzvi dzepamusoro) kana tenzi wekupona.

Masero anoshanda sei?

Simbi (electrode) yakanyudzwa mukugadzirisa sarudzo (electrolyte) inopomerwa nayo. A shoma mari cations inopinda mhinduro, uye maerekitironi anoramba ari simbi. Maoni mangani ari mumushonga uye kuti maerekitironi akawanda sei ari musimbi zvinoenderana nerudzi rwesimbi, mhinduro, tembiricha, nezvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda. Kana simbi mbiri dzakasiyana dzakanyudzwa mu electrolyte, voltage inomuka pakati padzo nekuda kwehuwandu hwakasiyana hwemaerekitironi. Kana uchibatanidza ma electrodes newaya, maerekitironi kubva musimbi ine nhamba huru yadzo (negative electrode, i.e., anode yesero) inotanga kuyerera musimbi ine nhamba diki yavo (positive electrode, cathode). Ehe, kana sero richishanda, chiyero chinofanira kuchengetedzwa: simbi cations kubva anode kupinda mhinduro, uye maerekitironi akaunzwa kune cathode anoita pamwe akapoteredza ions. Dunhu rose rakavharwa ne electrolyte, iyo inovimbisa kutamiswa kweion. Simba remaerekitironi rinoyerera nemukondukita rinogona kushandiswa kuita basa rinobatsira.