Nyika yebhatiri - chikamu 3

Nhoroondo yemabhatiri emazuva ano inotanga muzana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe, uye dzakawanda zvemagadzirirwo anoshandiswa nhasi anobva muzana rino remakore. Mamiriro ezvinhu aya anopupurira, kune rumwe rutivi, kupfungwa dzinoshamisa dzemasayendisiti epanguva iyoyo, uye pane rimwewo, matambudziko anomuka pakugadzira mhando itsva.

Zvinhu zvishoma zvakanaka zvekuti hazvigone kuvandudzwa. Mutemo uyu unoshandawo kumabhatiri - mamodheru ezana ramakore rechiXNUMX akagadziridzwa kakawanda kusvika atora fomu razvino. Izvi zvinoshandawo kune Leclanche masero.

Kuvandudza link

Magadzirirwo emakemikari echiFrench akachinjwa Carl Gassner kuva muenzaniso unobatsira zvechokwadi: zvakachipa kugadzira uye zvakachengeteka kushandisa. Nekudaro, pakanga pachine matambudziko - iyo zinc yekubikira yechinhu chakaora pakubata ne acidic electrolyte ichizadza mbiya, uye kupuruzira kunze kwemukati zvine hukasha kwaigona kukuvadza mudziyo une simba. Mhinduro yakava kusangana mukati memuviri we zinc (mercury coating).

Zinc amalgam haiite nemaasidhi, asi inochengeta ese emagetsi emagetsi esimbi yakachena. Zvisinei, nekuda kwemitemo yezvakatipoteredza, iyi nzira yekuwedzera hupenyu hwesero iri kushandiswa zvishoma nezvishoma (unogona kuwana kana pamasero asina mercury) (1).

2. Schematic yealkaline cell: 1) imba (lead cathode), 2) cathode ine manganese dioxide, 3) electrode separator, 4) anode ine KOH uye zinc dust, 5) anode terminal, 6) cell sealing (electrode insulator) . .

Imwe nzira yekuwedzera kusimba kwesero uye hupenyu ndeyekuwedzera zinc chloride ZnCl₂ kuitira kunamira kuzadza makapu. Masero edhizaini iyi anowanzo kunzi Heavy Duty uye (sezvinorehwa nezita) akagadzirwa kuti agone kushandisa mamwe maturusi ane nzara.

Kubudirira mumunda wemabhatiri anoraswa kwakauya muna 1955. alkaline cell. Kugadzirwa kweinjiniya weCanada Lewis Urry, inoshandiswa nekambani yazvino Energizer, ine chimiro chakasiyana zvishoma kubva kuLeclanche cell chimiro.

Chokutanga pane zvose, haungawani graphite cathode kana zinc cup ipapo. Maelectrode ese ari maviri anogadzirwa nenzira yemvura, akapatsanurwa paste (thickeners plus reagents: iyo cathode ine musanganiswa wemanganese dioxide uye graphite, iyo anode inogadzirwa neguruva re zinc nemusanganiswa we potassium hydroxide), uye materminal avo anogadzirwa ne. simbi (2). Nekudaro, maitiro anoitika panguva yekushanda akafanana chaizvo neayo anoitika muLeclanche cell.

Basa. Ita "chemical autopsy" pane alkaline cell kuona kuti zviri mukati zvine alkaline (3). Rangarira kuti chenjedzo dzakafanana dzinoshanda pakubvisa sero reLeclanche. Kuti uone iyo alkaline cell, ona iyo Battery Code ndima.

3. "Kucheka" kwesero re alkaline kunosimbisa zvinyorwa zvealkali.

Mabhatiri epamba

4. Domestic Ni-MH uye Ni-Cd mabhatiri.

Masero anogona kubhadharwa mushure mekushandiswa kwave kuri chinangwa chevagadziri kubva pakutanga kwesainzi yemagetsi, saka marudzi mazhinji avo.

Parizvino, imwe yemhando dzinoshandiswa kugonesa midziyo midiki yemumba ndeye nickel-cadmium mabhatiri. Prototype yavo yakaonekwa muna 1899, apo mugadziri weSweden akazviita. Ernst Jungner yakaisa patent yebhatiri renickel-cadmium rinogona kukwikwidza nemabhatiri atoshandiswa zvakanyanya muindasitiri yemotokari. lead acid bhatiri.

Iyo anode yesero ndeye cadmium, iyo cathode iine trivalent nickel compound, iyo electrolyte inogadzirisa potassium hydroxide (mumazuva ano "yakaoma" magadzirirwo, yakanyorova thickener paste yakazara neKOH mhinduro). Mabhatiri eNi-Cd (iri ndiro zita ravo) ane magetsi ekushanda angangoita 1,2 V - iyi ishoma pane masero anoraswa, ayo, zvisinei, harisi dambudziko kune akawanda maapplication. Kubatsira kukuru ndiko kugona kudya kwakakosha ikozvino (kunyangwe akati wandei amperes) uye kuwanda kwekushisa kwekushanda.

5. Usati wachaja, tarisa zvinodiwa zvemhando dzakasiyana dzemabhatiri.

Izvo zvisingabatsiri zve nickel-cadmium mabhatiri ndiyo inorema "memory effect". Izvi zvinoitika kana mabhatiri eNi-Cd akadzikiswa zvishoma achigara achichajwa: sisitimu inoita sekunge huwandu hwayo hwakangoenzana nechaji inozadzikiswa panguva yekuchaja. Mune mamwe marudzi emajaja, iyo "memory effect" inogona kuderedzwa nekuchaja maseru mune yakakosha mode.

Naizvozvo, mabhatiri enickel-cadmium anoburitswa anofanirwa kuchajiwa mukutenderera kuzere: kutanga kuburitsa zvachose (uchishandisa yakakodzera charger function) wozochaja. Kugarazve kuchaja zvakare kunoderedza dhizaini yehupenyu hwe1000-1500 (ndiwo mangani maseru anoraswa achatsiviwa nebhatiri rimwe pamusoro pehupenyu hwayo, saka mutengo wepamusoro wekutenga unozozvibhadharira kakawanda, tisingarevi kuisa dambudziko rakaderera pane bhatiri). nharaunda ine kugadzirwa kwesero uye kuraswa).

Maseru eNi-Cd ane muchetura cadmium akatsiviwa nickel simbi hydride mabhatiri (zita rokuti Ni-MH). Chimiro chavo chakafanana neNi-Cd mabhatiri, asi panzvimbo yecadmium, porous metal alloy (Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Ni, Zr, zvisingawanzoitiki pasi simbi) nekukwanisa kutora hydrogen inoshandiswa (4). Iko kushanda kwemhepo yeNi-MH sero zvakare inenge 1,2 V, iyo inovabvumira kushandiswa zvakasiyana nemabhatiri eNiCd. Kugona kwe nickel-metal hydride masero akakura kupfuura enickel-cadmium masero ehukuru hwakafanana. Nekudaro, NiMH masisitimu anozviburitsa nekukurumidza. Patova nemagadzirirwo emazuva ano ayo asina dhizaini iyi, asi anodhura zvakanyanya kupfuura mamodheru.

Nickel-metal hydride mabhatiri haaratidze "memory effect" (masero akadzingwa zvishoma anogona kubhadharwa). Nekudaro, iwe unofanirwa kugara uchitarisa zvinodikanwa zvekuchaja zvemhando yega yega mumirairo yejaja (5).

Panyaya yeNi-Cd uye Ni-MH mabhatiri, isu hatikurudzire kuabvisa. Chekutanga, isu hatizowana chero chinhu chinobatsira mavari. Chechipiri, nickel uye cadmium hazvisi zvinhu zvakachengeteka. Usatora njodzi dzisina kufanira uye usiye kuraswa kune vakadzidziswa nyanzvi.

Mambo wemabhatiri, kureva ...

6. "Mambo weBattery" pabasa.

...Lead-acid bhatiri, yakavakwa muna 1859 nenyanzvi yefizikisi yekuFrance Gastona Plantego (hongu, chigadzirwa chichava nemakore 161 gore rino!). Bhatiri re electrolyte rinenge 37% sulfuric acid (VI) solution, uye maelectrodes ari lead (anode) uye lead yakavharwa nedhizaini yelead dioxide PbO.₂ (cathode). Panguva yekushanda, kudonha kwemutobvu (II) (II) PbSO sulfate inoumbwa pamagetsi.₄. Paunenge uchichaja, sero rimwe rine voltage inodarika 2 volts.

Kutungamira bhatiri iyo chaizvoizvo ine zvipingamupinyi zvose: huremu hunokosha, kunzwisiswa kwekubuda uye kutonhora kwakadzika, kudiwa kwekuchengetwa munzvimbo inopomerwa, njodzi yehasha ye electrolyte leakage uye kushandiswa kwesimbi ine chepfu. Mukuwedzera, inoda kunyatsobata: kutarisa kusimba kwe electrolyte, kuwedzera mvura kumakamuri (shandisa mvura yakasvibiswa kana yakasvibiswa chete), voltage control (kudonha pasi pe1,8 V mune imwe kamuri inogona kukuvadza ma electrode) uye yakakosha yekuchaja mode.

Saka nei chimiro chekare chichiri kushandiswa? "Mambo weBatteries" ane chii chinonzi hunhu hwemutongi chaiye - simba. Kushandiswa kwakanyanya kwazvino uye kugona kwesimba kwakanyanya kusvika 75% (iyi simba rinoshandiswa pakuchaja rinogona kudzoserwa panguva yekushanda), pamwe nekureruka kwekugadzira uye kuderera kwemitengo yekugadzira zvinoreva kuti lead bhatiri inoshandiswa kwete chete kutanga injini dzinopisa mukati, asiwo sechinhu chekukurumidzira magetsi. Kunyangwe nhoroondo yayo yemakore 160, bhatiri rinotungamira richiri kuita zvakanaka uye harisati ratsiviwa nemamwe marudzi emidziyo iyi (uye pamwe chete nayo, inotungamira pachayo, iyo, nekuda kwebhatiri, ndeimwe yesimbi inogadzirwa muhukuru. uwandu). Chero bedzi injini yekupisa-yakavakirwa mota ichiramba ichikura, chinzvimbo chayo hachizotyisidzirwe (6).

Vagadziri havana kumbomira kuyedza kugadzira inotsiva yelead-acid bhatiri. Mamwe mamodheru akave akakurumbira uye achiri kushandiswa muindasitiri yemotokari. Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe neremakumi maviri, magadzirirwo akagadzirwa umo H solution haina kushandiswa.₂SO₄asi alkaline electrolytes. Muenzaniso ndewe Ernst Jungner nickel-cadmium bhatiri rinoratidzwa pamusoro. Muna 1901 Thomas Alva Edison akachinja dhizaini kuti ishandise simbi pachinzvimbo checadmium. Kuenzaniswa nemabhatiri ane acid, alkaline mhando dzakareruka zvakanyanya, dzinogona kushanda pakudziya kwakaderera uye hadzina kuoma kubata. Zvisinei, kugadzirwa kwavo kunodhura uye kushandiswa kwesimba kwakaderera.

Saka, chii chinotevera?

Zvechokwadi, zvinyorwa pamusoro pemabhatiri hazvipedze mibvunzo. Ivo havakurukure, semuenzaniso, nyaya dzelithium maseru, zvakare anowanzoshandiswa kusimbisa midziyo yemumba senge macalculator kana macomputer mamaboards. Iwe unogona kuziva zvakawanda nezvavo muchinyorwa chaNdira pamusoro pegore rapfuura Nobel Prize muChemistry, uye nezve inoshanda chikamu - mumwedzi (kusanganisira kuparadzwa uye ruzivo).

Pane tarisiro yakanaka yemasero, kunyanya mabhatiri. Nyika iri kuwedzera kufamba, uye izvi zvinoreva kudiwa kwekuzvimiririra kubva kumatambo emagetsi. Kuve nechokwadi chekupihwa kwemagetsi kunoshanda kune mota dzemagetsi zvakare idambudziko rakakura. - kuitira kuti vakwanise kukwikwidzana nemotokari dzine injini dzinopisa mukati maererano nekushanda.

accumulator bhatiri

Kugonesa kuzivikanwa kwerudzi rwesero, yakakosha alphanumeric kodhi yakaunzwa. Kune mhando dzinonyanya kuwanikwa mudzimba dzedu dzemidziyo midiki, ine fomu nhamba-tsamba-tsamba-nhamba.

Uye hongu:

- nhamba yekutanga - nhamba yemasero; kufuratirwa kwesero rimwe chete;

- tsamba yekutanga inoratidza rudzi rwesero. Paanenge asipo, iwe uri kubata neLeclanche link. Mamwe marudzi emasero akanyorwa seizvi:

C - lithium cell (inonyanya kuzivikanwa mhando),

H -Ni-MH bhatiri,

K - nickel-cadmium bhatiri,

L - alkaline cell;

- tsamba inotevera inoratidza chimiro chekubatanidza:

F - ndiro,

R - cylindrical,

P - general kudomwa kwezvibatanidza zvine chimiro kunze kwecylindrical;

- nhamba yekupedzisira kana manhamba anoratidza saizi yekubatanidza (katalogi tsika kana zvakananga kuratidza zviyero) (7).

7. Zviyero zvemasero akakurumbira uye mabhatiri.

Kumaka mienzaniso:

R03
- zinc-graphite sero hukuru hwemunwe muduku. Imwe zita rekuti AAA kana.

LR6 - sero re alkaline saizi yemunwe. Rimwe zita rinonzi AA kana.

HR14 - Ni-MH bhatiri; vara C rinoshandiswawo kuratidza ukuru.

KR20 - Ni-Cd bhatiri, saizi yaro yakanyorwa zvakare netsamba D.

3LR12 - bhatiri rakapfava rine voltage ye4,5 V, ine matatu cylindrical alkaline masero.

6F22 - 9-volt bhatiri rine matanhatu flat Leclanche maseru.

CR2032 - lithium cell ine dhayamita ye20 mm uye ukobvu hwe3,2 mm.

Onawo: