Bane - kana chikomborero
Vadzidzi kazhinji havadi chaizvo kuverenga nelogarithms. Nechepfungwa, ivo vanozivikanwa kufambisa kuwanda kwenhamba nekudzidzikisa kusvika? zviri nyore here? kuwedzera, asi iwe unotozvitora sezvisina basa. Ndiani aizotarisira? nhasi, munguva yekuverengera kwese kwese kunowanikwa kunyangwe munharembozha? Kunetsekana kuti kuwanza kwakaoma zvakanyanya kupfuura kuwedzera: mushure mezvose, zvese zvakadzika pakudzvanya makiyi mashoma?
Chokwadi. Asi kusvika munguva pfupi yapfuura? pamwe pachiyero chenguva chevakasaina pasi? zvakanga zvakasiyana zvachose. Ngatitorei muenzaniso tiedze kuwanza tisingashandisi karukureta?Netsoka? dzimwe nhamba mbiri huru; ngatitii tiite chiito 23 × 456. Harisi basa rakanaka kwazvo, ndizvo here? Zvichakadaro, kana uchishandisa logarithms, zvese zviri nyore. Isu tinonyora mazwi akanyorwa:
log (23 456 789 × 1 234 567) = log 23 456 789 + log 1 234 567 = 7,3703 + 6,0915 = 13,4618
(isu tinozvimisira kunzvimbo ina dzedesimali, sezvo uku kunowanzova iko kurongeka kweakadhindwa logarithmic arrays), saka logarithm iri? yatinoverengawo kubva mumatafura - angangoita 28. End point. Zvinonetsa asi zviri nyore; kunze kwekunge, chokwadi, iwe uine yakagadzikana logarithms.
Ndakambozvibvunza kuti ndiani akatanga auya nepfungwa iyi? uye ndakaodzwa mwoyo zvikuru apo mudzidzisi wangu wemasvomhu asingakanganwiki wechikoro Zofia Fedorovich akati zvakanga zvisingabviri kuzvisimbisa zvachose. Pamwe murungu anonzi John Napier, anozivikanwawo saNapier. Kana kuti pamwe waaigara naye panguva iyoyo Henry Briggs? Kana kuti pamwe shamwari yaNapier, Swiss Jost Burgi?
Ini handizive nezveVaverengi vechinyorwa ichi, asi ini neimwe nzira ndinochifarira kana kugadzirwa kana kuwanikwa kune munyori mumwechete. Nehurombo, izvi kazhinji hazvisizvo: kazhinji vanhu vakati wandei vane pfungwa imwechete panguva imwe chete. Vamwe vanokarakadza kuti chigadzikiso chechinetso chinowanzooneka chaizvoizvo apo chinodikanwa nezvinodikanwa zvenzanga, kazhinji kazhinji zvoupfumi; zvisati zvaitika, sekutonga, hapana anofunga nezvazvo?
Saka nguva ino futi? uye rakanga riri zana ramakore rechigumi nematanhatu, rakanga riri. Kubudirira kwebudiriro kunomanikidzwa kuvandudza maitiro emakomputa; chinjo yamaindasitiri yakanga ichigogodza chaizvoizvo pamasuo eEurope.
Chaizvoizvo pakati pezana ramakore re1550? paXNUMX? akaberekerwa kuScotland, mumhuri yekugara kweMerchiston castle padyo neEdinburgh, ambotaurwa Ishe John Napier. Sezviri pachena, murume uyu munyoro aionekwa seasina hunhu kubva paudiki: pachinzvimbo cheyakajairika uye inovaraidza hupenyu hwearistocrat, ainakidzwa nekugadzirwa? uyewo (iyo yakanga yatove isingawanzoitiki) masvomhu. Naizvozvowo? chii, pane kudaro, chaive chakajairika? alchemy? Akaedza kutsvaga nzira yekuchera migodhi yemarasha; akagadzira prototypes yemichina iyo nhasi yatinofunga nezve prototypes yetangi kana yepasi pemvura; akaedza kugadzira magirazi aaida kupisa nawo ngarava dzeGreat Armada dzevaKaturike vokuSpain vaityisidzira England yechiPurotesitendi? Aivewo nechido chekuwedzera goho rekurima kuburikidza nekushandisa fetereza yekugadzira; muchidimbu, muScot aive nemusoro kwete muparadhi.
Nekudaro, hapana kana imwe yemazano aya ingadai yakamupa shanduko kunhoroondo yesainzi uye tekinoroji, kana zvisiri zvelogarithms. Yake logarithmic cannon yakabudiswa muna 1614? uye pakarepo yakagamuchirwa muEurope yose.
Simultaneously ? uye tichizvimiririra, kunyange vamwe vachitaura pamberi patenzi wedu? Shamwari yake yepedyo, Swiss Jost Burgi, akauyawo nepfungwa yebhiri iri, asi basa raNapier rakazozivikanwa. Nyanzvi dzinoti Napier akagadzirisa basa rake zvirinani uye akanyora zvakanyanya kunaka, zvizere. Chokutanga pane zvose, yaiva thesis yake yaizivikanwa naHenry Briggs, uyo, pahwaro hwedzidziso yaNapier, akasika matafura ekutanga e-logarithms ane kuverenga kunonetesa kwemanyorero; uye aive matafura aya akazopedzisira ave kiyi yekuzivikanwa kweaccount.
Sezvawataura? kiyi yekombuta logarithms ndeye arrays. John Napier pachake akanga asina kunyanya kufarira pamusoro pechinhu ichi: kutakura vhoriyamu yakaputika uye kutsvaga nhamba dzakakodzera mairi haisi mhinduro iri nyore. Hazvishamisi kuti ishe akangwara (uyo, nenzira, haana kutora chinzvimbo chepamusoro-soro muhutungamiri hwevakuru, wechipiri kubva pasi muchikamu cheChirungu chepamusoro-soro) akatanga kufunga nezvekuvaka chigadziro chakangwara kupfuura mitsara. Uye? akabudirira, uye akatsanangura magadzirirwo ake mubhuku rinonzi "Rabdology", rakabudiswa muna 1617 (izvi, nenzira, raiva gore rekufa kwemusayendisiti). Saka zvimiti zvakagadzirwa here, kana mapfupa aNapier, chishandiso chakakurumbira chekombuta? trifle! ? anenge mazana maviri emakore; uye rhabdology pachayo yakanga ine zvinyorwa zvakawanda muEurope yose. Ndakaona makopi akati wandei emapfupa aya achishandiswa makore mashoma apfuura paTechnological Museum muLondon; dzakagadzirwa mune dzakawanda shanduro, dzimwe dzadzo dzinoshongedza uye dzinodhura, ndingati - dzakanaka.
Sei kushanda?
Pretty simple. Napier aingonyora pasi tafura yekuwanza inozivikanwa paruti rwezvimiti. Panhanho dzose? matanda kana, semuenzaniso, yakagadzirwa nemapfupa, kana mune inodhura shanduro yenyanga dzenzou, yakashongedzwa negoridhe? Chigadzirwa chemupupuri kana chawedzerwa ne1, 2, 3, ..., 9 chaive chakanyanya kuwanikwa. Tsvimbo dzacho dzaiva nemativi mana akaenzana uye mativi mana aishandiswa kuchengetedza nzvimbo. Saka, seti yezvimiti gumi nembiri yakapa mushandisi makumi mana nemasere ezvigadzirwa. Kana waida kuita kuwanda, waifanira kusarudza kubva pamitsetse yezvidimbu zvinofambirana nenhamba dzinowanza, wodziisa padivi peimwe pachigadziko, woverenga zvimwe zvigadzirwa kuti uzvisanganise pamwechete.
Kushandiswa kwemapfupa aNapier kwakanga kuri nyore; panguva iyoyo zvaitova nyore. Uyezve, vakasunungura mushandisi kubva mumusoro tafura yekuwedzera. Dzakagadzirwa mushanduro dzakawanda; nenzira, iyo pfungwa yekutsiva matanda ane quadrangular yakazvarwa? zvakanyanya nyore uye inotakura mamwe data rollers.
Pfungwa yaNapier? chaizvo mushanduro ine rollers - yakagadziridzwa uye yakagadziridzwa naWilhelm Schickard mukugadzirwa kwemuchina wake wekuverenga muchina, unozivikanwa se "calculating wachi".
Wilhelm Schickard (akaberekwa Kubvumbi 22, 1592 muHerrenberg, akafa Gumiguru 23, 1635 muTübingen) - nyanzvi yemasvomhu yeGerman, nyanzvi yemitauro yekuMabvazuva uye mugadziri, purofesa paYunivhesiti yeTübingen uye zvechokwadi mufundisi weLutheran; kusiyana naNapier, akanga asiri mutongi, asi mwanakomana wemuvezi. Muna 1623? Gore rakazvarwa muzivi mukuru weFrance uye akazogadzira arithmometer yemuchina Blaise Pascal akapa basa remuchadenga ane mukurumbira Jan Kepler kuvaka imwe yemakomputa ekutanga pasirese anoita kuwedzera, kubvisa, kuwanda uye kupatsanura kwezvikamu. , "wachi" yambotaurwa. Uyu muchina wemapuranga wakatsva muna 1624 mukati meHondo Yemakore Makumi Matatu, inenge mwedzi mitanhatu pashure pokunge yapera; Yakavakwazve muna 1960 chete naBaron Bruno von Freytag? Leringhof yakavakirwa pane tsananguro uye zvikeche zviri mumavara akawanikwa eSchickard kuenda kuKepler. Muchina uyu waive wakada kufanana pakugadzira nemutemo wemasiraidhi. Yaivawo nemagiya ekukubatsira kuverenga. Muchokwadi, chaive chishamiso chehunyanzvi hwenguva yacho.
Newe?Watch? Pane chakavanzika muShikard. Mubvunzo unomuka: chii chakaita mugadziri, aparadza muchina, kwete pakarepo kuedza kuigadzira zvakare uye kurega zvachose kushanda mumunda wekombuta? Neiko, pazera ramakore 11, akaenda kutozosvikira parufu rwake kundoudza upi noupi nezve“wachi yake? Haana kuti?
Pane fungidziro yakasimba yekuti kuparadzwa kwemuchina hakuna netsaona. Imwe yefungidziro muiyi nhau ndeyokuti chechi yakakurangarira kuva utere kugadzira michina yakadaro (rangarirai gare gare, makore 0 bedzi okukura, rutongeso rwakaitwa neBvunzurudzo paGalileo!) Uye kuparadza “wachi”? Shikard akapiwa chiratidzo chakasimba kuti asaedze "kutsiva Mwari" munharaunda iyi. Imwezve kuedza kujekesa chakavanzika? mukuona kwevakasaina pasi, zvingangoitika here? inosanganisira kuti mugadziri wemuchina maererano nehurongwa hwaSchickard, mumwe Johann Pfister, mugadziri wewachi, akarangwa nekuparadzwa kwebasa nevaaishanda navo muchitoro, avo vaisada kuita chero chinhu maererano nevamwe vanhu. zvirongwa, izvo zvaionekwa sekutyora mutemo wesangano.
Chero zvazvingava? mota yakakanganikwa nekukasira. Makore zana pashure porufu rwaKepler mukuru, mamwe emagwaro ake akatorwa naEmpress Catherine II; makore gare gare vakapedzisira vava munzvimbo yakakurumbira yeSoviet astronomical observatory paPulkovo. Abvuma kuunganidzwa uku kubva kuGermany, Dr. Franz Hammer akawana mabhii aSchickard muno muna 1958; panguva imwecheteyo, zvidhori zveSchickard zvakagadzirirwa Pfizer zvakawanikwa mune imwe muunganidzwa wezvinyorwa muStuttgart. Kubva pane idzi data, makopi akati wandei e "wachi" akavakwa patsva. ; mumwe wavo akatumwa neBMM.
Nenzira, vaFrench vakanga vasina kufara nenyaya iyi yose: mumwe wavo Blaise Pascal kwemakore akawanda aionekwa semugadziri wekutanga akabudirira kuverenga nzira.
Uye izvi ndizvo izvo munyori wemashoko aya anofunga kuti zvinonakidza uye zvinonakidza munhoroondo yesayenzi uye teknolojia: kuti pano, zvakare, hapana chinoratidzika sezvaunofunga?
