Test drive BMW uye hydrogen: chikamu chechipiri

"Mvura. Chigadzirwa chega chekupedzisira cheinjini dzakachena dzeBMW kushandisa mvura yehydrogen pachinzvimbo chemafuta epetroleum uye zvichiita kuti munhu wese anakirwe nehunyanzvi hutsva nehana yakachena. "

BMW nzira

Aya mazwi akatorwa kubva kumushandirapamwe wekushambadzira wekambani yeGerman makore akati wandei apfuura. Kwenguva yakareba hapana akabvunza chokwadi chokuti vaBavaria vanonyatsoziva zvavari kuita kana zvasvika kune teknolojia yemotokari uye ndeimwe yevatungamiri venyika vasina kupokana mundima iyi. Uye hazvingafungidzirwe kuti kambani yakaratidza kukura kwekutengesa kwakasimba mumakore achangopfuura yaizokanda matani emari pane isingazivikanwe kushambadzira matekinoroji ane ramangwana risingazive.

Panguva imwecheteyo, zvakadaro, mazwi akataurwa chikamu chemushandirapamwe wekusimudzira 745-awa yehydrogen vhezheni yeBavarian automaker's flagship. Exotic, nekuti maererano neBMW, shanduko kune dzimwe nzira dzehydrocarbon mafuta, ayo indasitiri yemotokari yanga ichidyisa kubva pakutanga, inoda shanduko mune yese yekugadzira zvigadzirwa. Iyo yekupedzisira inofanirwa nekuti maBavaria vanoona nzira inovimbisa yekusimudzira kwete mumaseru emafuta anoshambadzirwa, asi mukushandurwa kweinjini dzinopisa mukati kuti dzishande pahydrogen. BMW inotenda kuti kukwidziridzwa idambudziko rinogadziriswa uye yakatoita kufambira mberi kukuru mukugadzirisa dambudziko guru rekuwana yakavimbika injini kuita uye kubvisa propensity yayo isingadzoreki yekupisa maitiro uchishandisa yakachena hydrogen. Kubudirira mune iyi nzira kunokonzerwa nekugona mumunda wemagetsi kutonga kweinjini maitiro uye mukana wekushandisa BMW's patented flexible gas distribution systems Valvetronic neVanos, pasina izvo zvingave zvisingabviri kuve nechokwadi chekushanda kwe "hydrogen injini". Nekudaro, nhanho dzekutanga munzira iyi dzakadzokera muna 1820, apo mugadziri William Cecil akagadzira injini yehydrogen-fueled inoshanda pane inonzi "vacuum musimboti" - chirongwa chakasiyana kwazvo kubva kune yakazogadzirwa injini ine injini yemukati. . kutsva. Mukukura kwake kwekutanga kweinjini dzinopisa mukati memakore makumi matanhatu gare gare, piyona Otto akashandisa gasi rakagara rataurwa uye rakabva nemarasha rine hydrogen inokwana 60%. Zvisinei, nekugadzirwa kwecarburetor, kushandiswa kwepeturu kwave kwakanyanya kushanda uye kwakachengeteka, uye mafuta emvura akatsiva dzimwe nzira dzose dzave dziripo kusvikira zvino. Hunhu hwehydrogen sehuni hwakazowanwazve makore akawanda gare gare neindasitiri yemuchadenga, iyo yakakurumidza kuona kuti hydrogen yakanga ine reshiyo yakanakisa yesimba/uzhinji hwemafuta chero api zvawo anozivikanwa nevanhu.

Muna Chikunguru 1998, iyo European Association yeEmota Maindasitiri (ACEA) yakazvipira kuEuropean Union kudzikisira CO2008 emissions kubva kumotokari dzichangonyorwa muUnited neavhareji ye2 magiramu pamakiromita ne140. Mukuita, izvi zvaireva kudzikiswa kwemweya makumi maviri neshanu muzana zvichienzaniswa ne25, uye avhareji yekushandisa mafuta engarava nyowani yaive 1995 l / 6,0 km Munguva pfupi iri kutevera, mamwe matanho anotarisirwa kudzikisira kabhoni dhayokisaidhi ne100% muna14. Izvi zvinoita kuti basa kumakambani emota riome zvakanyanya uye, sekureva kwenyanzvi dzeBMW, inogona kugadziriswa nekushandisa yakaderera-kabhoni mafuta kana nekubvisa zvachose kabhoni kubva mukugadzirwa kwemafuta. Zvinoenderana nedzidziso iyi, hydrogen iri kuonekazve munzvimbo yemotokari mukubwinya kwayo kose.

Iyo Bavaria kambani yakava yekutanga mota inogadzira kuwanda-kuburitsa hydrogen-inofambiswa mota. Zvinotaurwa zvine chivimbo uye zvine chivimbo nezvaPurofesa Burkhard Geschel, nhengo yebhodhi yeBMW inoona nezvekuvandudzwa kutsva, zvekuti "kambani ichatengesa hydrogen mota pamberi pekupera kweiyo 7 Series" yapera. Iine yayo yazvino vhezheni, iyo Hydrogen 7, yechinomwe yakateedzana, yakaunzwa muna 2006, ine 12 hp 260-humburumbira injini. iyi meseji yatove chokwadi. Icho chinangwa chakaratidzika kunge chinoshuvira, asi kwete pasina chikonzero. BMW yanga ichiedza neinjini dzemukati dzemoto dzinomhanya pahydrogen kubvira 1978, uye musi wa11 Chivabvu 2000 yakaita ratidziro yakasarudzika yemikana yesarudzo iyi. Ngarava dzinoyevedza dze 15 750 hl mota kubva kuchizvarwa chakapfuura chevhiki, inofambiswa nehydrogen gumi nemaviri-humburumbira injini, yakapedza 170 km marathon, ichiratidza kubudirira kwekambani uye vimbiso yehunyanzvi hutsva. Muna 000 na2001, dzimwe dzedzimotokari idzi dzakaramba dzichitora chikamu mukuratidzira kwakasiyana mukutsigira pfungwa yehydrogen. Yakanga yave nguva yekuvandudza nyowani zvichibva pane inotevera 2002 Series, ichishandisa yazvino 7-litre V-4,4 injini inokwanisa kumhanya kwepamusoro 212 km / h, ichiteverwa neazvino budiriro ine 12-humburumbira V-XNUMX. Zvinoenderana nemaonero epamutemo ekambani, zvikonzero nei BMW yakasarudza tekinoroji iyi pane mafuta maseru zvese zviri zvekutengeserana uye zvepfungwa. Kutanga, iyi nzira ichada yakanyanya kuderera kudyara kana iyo yekugadzira zvigadzirwa ichichinja. Kechipiri, nekuti vanhu vajaira kune yakanaka yekare injini yemoto, vanoifarira uye zvichazonetsa kusiyanisa nayo. Uye chechitatu, panguva ino, zvakazoitika kuti tekinoroji iyi iri kukura nekukurumidza kupfuura tekinoroji yesero yemafuta.

Mumotokari dzeBMW, haidrojeni inochengetwa mumudziyo wepamusoro-wakaiswa cryogenic, senge bhodhoro repamusoro-soro rethermos rakagadzirwa neboka refriji reGerman Linde. Pakudziya kwakadzika kwekuchengetedza, mafuta ari muchikamu chemvura uye anopinda muinjini semafuta enguva dzose.

Panguva ino, vagadziri veMunich-based kambani vakatarisa kune isina kunanga mafuta jekiseni, uye mhando yemusanganiswa inoenderana nemashandisirwo enjini. Muchikamu chekuremedza modhi, injini inomhanya pamisanganiswa yakaonda yakafanana nemafuta edhiziri - shanduko inoitwa chete muhuwandu hwemafuta anojairwa. Iyi ndiyo inonzi "mhando yekudzora" yemusanganiswa, umo injini inomhanya nemhepo yakawandisa, asi nekuda kwemutoro wakaderera, kuumbwa kwemweya wenitrogen kunodzikiswa. Kana paine kudiwa kwesimba rakakosha, injini inotanga kushanda seinjini yepeturu, ichienda pane inonzi "kuwanda kwekudzora" yemusanganiswa uye yakasanganiswa (isina kuonda) misanganiswa. Shanduko idzi dzinogoneka, kune rumwe rutivi, nekuda kwekumhanya kwemagetsi kutonga kwemaitiro muinjini, uye kune rumwe rutivi, nekuda kwekuchinjika kushanda kwegasi kugovera kutonga masisitimu - "double" Vanos, kushanda pamwe chete ne Valvetronic intake control system isina throttle. Izvo zvinofanirwa kutarisirwa mupfungwa kuti, sekureva kwevainjiniya veBMW, chirongwa chekushanda cheichi chiitiko chinongova chinhanho chepakati mukuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji uye kuti mune ramangwana injini dzinozoshandura dzakananga jekiseni rehydrogen mumasirinda uye turbocharging. Aya matekinoroji anotarisirwa kukonzeresa zvirinani simba remotokari pane yakafanana neinjini yepeturu uye nekuwedzera kwekugona kwese kweinjini yekutsva yemukati inopfuura 50%. Pano isu takadzivisa nemaune kubata pamusoro wenyaya we "mafuta maseru", nekuti iyi nyaya yakashandiswa zvakanyanya munguva pfupi yapfuura. Panguva imwecheteyo, zvakadaro, isu tinofanirwa kutaura nezvavo mumamiriro e BMW's hydrogen tekinoroji, sezvo vagadziri muMunich vakasarudza kushandisa zvakadaro michina kumisikidza iyo-pabhodhi yemagetsi network mumotokari, kubvisa zvachose bhatiri simba. Kufamba uku kunobvumira mamwe mafuta ekuchengetedza, sezvo injini yehydrogen haifanire kutyaira alternator, uye iyo onboard yemagetsi system inozvimiririra zvachose uye yakazvimirira munzira yekutyaira - inogona kugadzira magetsi kunyangwe injini isiri kushanda, pamwe nekugadzira. uye kushandisa simba rinozvikweretesa kune yakazara optimization. Ichokwadi chekuti magetsi emagetsi akawanda sezvaanodiwa anogona kugadzirwa kupa simba pombi yemvura, mapombi emafuta, mabhureki ekuwedzera uye mawiredhi anoshandura kuita mari yekuwedzera. Nekudaro, mukufanana nezvose izvi zvigadzirwa, iyo peturu jekiseni system (peturu) haina kuita shanduko dzinodhura dzekugadzira. Nekuda kwekusimudzira hydrogen matekinoroji muna Chikumi 2002, BMW Group, Aral, BVG, DaimlerChrysler, Ford, GHW, Linde, Opel MAN yakagadzira iyo CleanEnergy chirongwa chekudyidzana, icho chakatanga nekuvandudzwa kwenzvimbo dzekuzadza dzakanyoroveswa uye dzakatsimbirirwa hydrogen.

BMW ndiyo yekutanga yehuwandu hwemamwe mapurojekiti akabatanidzwa, kusanganisira nemakambani emafuta, pakati pavo vanonyanya kushanda vari Aral, BP, Shell, Total. Kufarira munharaunda iyi inovimbisa kuri kukura zvakanyanya - mumakore gumi anotevera, EU chete ichapa mari yakananga mipiro kumari yekutsigira kusimudzira nekushandiswa kwehydrogen tekinoroji muhuwandu hwe2,8 bhiriyoni euros. Kuwanda kwekudyara kwemakambani ega ega mukuvandudza kwe "hydrogen" panguva ino kwakaoma kufanotaura, asi zviri pachena kuti kazhinji ichapfuura zvakaderedzwa kubva kumasangano asina purofiti.

Hydrogen mune enjini dzemukati dzemoto

Zvinonakidza kuziva kuti, nekuda kwechimiro chemuviri uye chemakemikari ehydrogen, inonyanya kupisa kupfuura peturu. Mukuita, izvi zvinoreva kuti simba shoma rekutanga rinodiwa kuti utange nzira yekupisa muhydrogen. Kune rimwe divi, musanganiswa wakaonda kwazvo unogona kushandiswa zviri nyore mumainjini ehydrogen - chimwe chinhu icho injini dzemazuva ano dzepeturu dzinowana kuburikidza neakaoma uye anodhura matekinoroji.

Kupisa pakati pezvimedu zvemusanganiswa wehydrogen-mhepo haanyanyi kuparara, uye panguva imwecheteyo, auto-ignition tembiricha uye mwero wekupisa maitiro akakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura peturu. Hydrogen ine yakaderera density uye yakasimba diffusivity (mukana wezvikamu zvimedu zvinopinda mune imwe gasi - mune iyi kesi, mweya).

Iyo yakaderera activation simba inodiwa kuti uzvipise nderimwe rematambudziko makuru mukudzora maitiro ekupisa mumainjini ehydrogen nekuti musanganiswa unogona kungobatidza moto wega nekuda kwekusangana nenzvimbo dzinopisa mukamuri yekupisa uye kuramba kutevedzera ketani yemaitiro asingadzoreki zvachose. Kunzvenga njodzi iyi nderimwe rematambudziko makuru mukugadzira injini dzehydrogen, asi hazvisi nyore kubvisa mhedzisiro yekuti musanganiswa unopisa unopisa unofamba pedyo nemadziro ehumburumbira uye unogona kupinda mumikaha yakatetepa zvakanyanya. zvakadai semavharuvhu akavharwa, semuenzaniso ... Zvose izvi zvinofanira kuverengerwa pakugadzira injini idzi.

Iyo yakakwira autoignition tembiricha uye yakakwira octane nhamba (inenge zana nemakumi matatu) inobvumidza kuwedzera kweye compression reshiyo yeinjini uye, nekudaro, kushanda kwayo, asi zvakare kune njodzi yekuzvimisikidza yehydrogen kubva pakubata nechinopisa chikamu. muhombodo. Kubatsira kwekukwirisa kwepamusoro kwehydrogen ndiko mukana wekusanganisa nyore nemhepo, iyo kana pakaitika kuputsika kwetangi kunovimbisa kukurumidza uye kwakachengeteka kwemafuta.

Musanganiswa wemweya-hydrogen wekupisa une reshiyo inosvika 34:1 (papeturu reshiyo iyi i14,7:1). Izvi zvinoreva kuti kana uchibatanidza huwandu hwakafanana hwehydrogen nepeturu muchiitiko chekutanga, mhepo inodarika kaviri inodiwa. Panguva imwecheteyo, musanganiswa wehydrogen-mhepo unotora zvakanyanya nzvimbo, izvo zvinotsanangura kuti nei injini dzehydrogen-powered dzine simba shoma. Mufananidzo chaiwo wedhijitari wemaratio uye mavhoriyamu ane hunyoro - density yehydrogen yakagadzirira kupiswa yakapetwa ka56 pane iyo yepeturu mhute .... Zvisinei, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti, musimboti, hydrogen injini anogonawo kushanda pamwe air-hydrogen musanganiswa kusvika 180: 1 (i.e. zvikuru "akaonda" musanganiswa), izvo zvinoreva kuti injini inogona kushanda. pasina throttle valve uye shandisa musimboti weinjini dzedhiziri. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti hydrogen ndiye mutungamiri asingarambiki mukuenzanisa hydrogen uye peturu sezvo simba manyuko maererano uremu - kirogiramu rehydrogen rinenge rakapetwa katatu simba-yakawanda kupfuura kilogiramu peturu.

Sezvinoita injini dzepeturu, liquefied hydrogen inogona kubaiwa pamberi pemavharuvhu mune manifolds, asi mhinduro yakanakisa ijekiseni rakananga panguva yekutsikirira sitiroko - muchiitiko ichi, simba rinogona kudarika reiyo injini yepeturu yakafanana ne25%. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti mafuta (hydrogen) haabvisi mhepo senge peturu kana injini yedhiziri, ichibvumira mweya chete (zvikuru kupfuura zvakajairika) kuzadza imba yekupisa. Zvakare, kusiyana neinjini dzepeturu, mainjini ehydrogen haadi zvimiro zvekutenderera nekuti hydrogen inopararira zvakakwana nemhepo pasina chiyero ichi. Nekuda kwemazinga akasiyana ekupisa munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzehumburumbira, zviri nani kuisa maviri spark plugs, uye mumainjini ehydrogen, kushandiswa kweplatinamu electrode hazvigoneke, sezvo platinamu inova inokonzeresa inotungamira kumafuta oxidation pakudziya kwakaderera.

H2R

H2R ibasa resupersport prototype rakavakwa nemainjiniya eBMW uye rinofambiswa neine gumi nembiri-cylinder injini inosvika pakubuda kukuru kwe285 hp kana ichifambiswa nehydrogen. Kutenda kwavari, muenzaniso wekuedza unowedzera kubva ku0 kusvika ku100 km / h mumasekonzi matanhatu uye unosvika pakumhanya kwepamusoro kwe300 km / h. Injini yeH2R inobva pane yakajairwa yepamusoro-yekupedzisira unit inoshandiswa mupetroli 760i uye yakatora gumi chete. mwedzi kukura. Kuti udzivise kupisa kwega, nyanzvi dzeBavaria dzakagadzira nzira yakakosha yekuyerera uye jekiseni mukamuri yekupisa, vachishandisa mikana inopiwa neinochinja-chinja mavharuvhu masisitimu einjini. Musanganiswa usati wapinda mumasilinda, iwo ekupedzisira anotonhodzwa nemhepo, uye kupisa kunoitwa chete panzvimbo yepamusoro yakafa - nekuda kwekupisa kwakanyanya ne hydrogen mafuta, kupisa kumberi hakudiwi.

zvakawanikwa

Ongororo yezvemari yeshanduko yekuchenesa hydrogen simba haisati yave netariro. Iyo yekugadzira, yekuchengetedza, yekufambisa uye yekupa mwenje gasi zvichiri zvine simba-simba maitiro, uye padanho parizvino tekinoroji yekusimudzira kwevanhu chirongwa chakadai hachigone kushanda. Nekudaro, izvi hazvireve kuti kutsvagisa uye kutsvaga mhinduro hazvizoenderera. Zvirongwa zvekugadzira hydrogen kubva kumvura uchishandisa magetsi kubva kumagetsi ezuva uye kuichengeta mumatangi makuru inonzwika kuva netariro. Kune rimwe divi, maitiro ekugadzira magetsi nehydrogen muchikamu chegesi muSahara Desert, kuendesa kuGungwa reMediterranean nepombi, kuinyudza nekuitakura nematangi e cryogenic, kuiburitsa mumachiteshi uye pakupedzisira kuiendesa nerori kunonzwika zvishoma kuseka panguva ino ...

Pfungwa inonakidza yakapihwa nguva pfupi yadarika nekambani yemafuta yeNorway Norsk Hydro, iyo yaikurudzira kuburitsa hydrogen kubva kugasi rechisikigo munzvimbo dzekugadzira muNorth Sea, uye yakasara kabhoni monoxide yakachengetwa munzvimbo dzakapera pasi pegungwa. Ichokwadi chiri pane imwe nzvimbo pakati, uye inguva chete ndiyo ichataura kuti iko kukura kweiyo hydrogen indasitiri ichaenda.

Mazda akasiyana

Iyo kambani yeJapan Mazda iri kuratidzawo vhezheni yayo yeinjini yehydrogen - muchimiro cheiyo rotary unit sports mota RX-8. Izvi hazvishamise, nekuti magadzirirwo enjini yeWankel akanyanya kukodzera kushandisa hydrogen sehuni. Iyo gasi inochengetwa pasi pekumanikidzwa kukuru mune tangi yakakosha, uye mafuta anoiswa zvakananga mumakamuri ekupisa. Pamusana pekuti munyaya yeinjini dzinotenderera, nzvimbo idzo majekiseni uye kupisa kunoitika zvakaparadzana, uye kutonhora muchikamu chekusveta kwakaderera, dambudziko rekugona kusingadzoreki kupisa kunoderedzwa zvakanyanya. Injini yeWankel inopawo nzvimbo yakakwana yemajekiseni maviri, iyo inonyanya kukosha pakubaya iyo optimum huwandu hwehydrogen.