Makomba matema akawanda kupfuura andinogona kutsanangura

80 muzana ndeyehuwandu hwechiedza cheultraviolet "chisipo" muchadenga. Izvi zvakaziviswa nguva pfupi yadarika nemasayendisiti zvichibva pane zvakaonekwa pachishandiswa Cosmic Origins spectrograph yakaiswa muHubble Space Telescope. Izvi zvinoreva kuti inofanira kunge yakapetwa kashanu pane yatinonyora pasi. Uyu ungori mumwe wemienzaniso yakawanda yezvakavanzika uye zvakavanzika zvepasirese zvichiripo.

Huwandu hwe cosmic ionized hydrogen hunoratidza kushaikwa kwemwaranzi. Mushure mezvose, maatomu aifanira kugamuchira mafotoni kubva kune imwe nzvimbo, iyo "yakagogodza kunze maerekitironi" kubva panzira dzawo dzakapoteredza nuclei yeatomu. Anozivikanwa anovheneka masosi - quasars kana - haana kukwana kutsanangura nhamba yakakura kudaro yemaatomu ayoni.

Ehe, izvi zvinogona kunge zvichikonzerwa nekusakwana sampling yenzvimbo yakatorwa kuenzanisa. Vatsvakurudzi vanoratidza kuti, pamwero mukuru, chiyero cheion uye nemwaranzi chinogona kunge chakafanana. Zvisinei, mumwe angabvunza kana izvi zvisingarevi kuti nyika yose haina kufanana uye pane imwe nzvimbo yakasiyana zvikuru nezvatinoona munharaunda?

Pfungwa inodzokororwa yehologram

The holographic musimboti idzidziso yakagadziridzwa naGerardus t Hooft naLeonard Susskind, iyo mu "simba rayo" inotaura kuti tsananguro yega ega-mativi matatu-dimensional muviri kana dunhu rechadenga riri mukati-maviri-dimensional nzvimbo yakatenderedza muviri uyu.

1. Graphic inomiririra yekuedza holographic

Mune imwe fungidziro, “isina kusimba” shanduro, inozivisa kuti Chadenga chose chinogona kuonekwa sechimiro chemashoko ane mativi maviri “akadhonzwa” pamusoro pedenga redenga. Iyo holographic musimboti inogona kushandiswa kutsanangura iyo gangaidzo yeruzivo makomba matema muchirevo chechinyorwa chetambo.

Pfungwa yenzvimbo hologram ndeyaStephen Hawking pachake. Pakati pemakore ekuma70, Hawking akafanotaura kuti maburi matema aizopedzisira apera uye apera. Vaviri ava vanonzi Hawking radiation. Iyo haina chero ruzivo nezvegomba dema, saka kana yanyungudika, data rese pamusoro penyeredzi kubva kwairi gomba dema rinorasika zvachose.

Zvisinei, izvi zvinopesana nezvinodavirwa nevakawanda zvekuti ruzivo harungaparadzwe. Saka, gakava reruzivo rakagadzirwa. gomba dema. Jacob Bekenstein, nyanzvi paHebrew University of Jerusalem, akatanga kugadzirisa iyi gangaidzo. Mune maonero ake, iyo entropy yegomba dema, chirevo cheruzivo rwainacho, inoenderana nenzvimbo yechiitiko chayo.

Chiitiko horizon inzvimbo yedzidziso kupfuura iyo isina kudzoka, i.e. chese chinoyambuka chinotorwa neburi dema. Zvichienderana nedzidziso dzeHawking naBekenstein, vanoongorora dzidziso vakagumisa kuti mafungu ehuwandu hwemafungu ari pachiitiko chechiitiko anogona kukodha ruzivo nezve maburi matema. Izvi zvinoreva kuti ruzivo rwe XNUMXD nezve nyeredzi yakagadzira gomba dema inogona kuvharirwa muXNUMXD chiitiko muhorizon yegomba dema.

Susskind naHooft vakatambanudzira izvi kune chadenga chese, zvichiratidza kuti chinewo chiitiko. Iyi ndiyo nzvimbo yayakawedzera panguva yekuvapo kwayo. Vanyori vetambo vanobvumirana nemaonero aya.

Kuedza, kwakatanga muzhizha ra2014, inonzi Fermilab E-990, inonzi "yedza kana denga riri hologram." Chinangwa chayo ndechekuratidza huwandu hwenzvimbo pachayo uye kuvapo kwezvinonzi nesainzi "holographic ruzha."

Sezvinozivikanwa, Heisenberg's quantum kusavimbika musimboti inoratidza kuti hazvibviri kuona panguva imwe chete iyo chaiyo nzvimbo uye kumhanya kwezvikamu zvekutanga. Iye zvino masayendisiti ari kuda kutsvaga kuti nzvimbo inogara nyaya, inodedera uye inofamba ine kusavimbika kwakafanana, i.e. zvakare ine quantum character.

Dai yaigara uye isingaenderane nekushanduka kwehuwandu, saka yaizomiririra theoretical referensi poindi inobvumira munhu kutsanangura nemazvo zvimedu. Asi masayendisiti anofungidzira kuti izvi handizvo, uye geometry yenzvimbo zvakare iri pasi pekushanduka kwehuwandu, iyo yavanodaidza kuti "holographic ruzha."

Chiyedzo chakarongwa paFermilab ndechekuedza mudziyo unonzi holometer. Iyo ine maviri padivi nepadivi interferometers anotumira imwe kilowatt laser matanda kune mudziyo unoapatsanura kuita maviri perpendicular 40-mita matanda.

Vanobva vadzokera kunzvimbo yekupatsanura, vachigadzira kuchinjika mukupenya kwemwaranzi yechiedza. Kana vakakonzera kumwe kufamba mumudziyo wekupatsanura, zvino izvi zvinoratidza kuzunguzika kwenzvimbo pachayo (1). Kare muna 2009, Craig Hogan, nyanzvi yefizikisi kubva kuFermilab imwecheteyo, akaronga dzidziso yeholographic kubva pane zvaakaedza.

Akaona kuti ruzha rwunobva kumucheto kwechadenga, uko nguva nenzvimbo zvinomira kuita chinoenderera. Dzidziso yeholograms inotsanangura zvakanaka mamwe emakanganisi ane hukama nawo makomba matema kana kuti mifungo mikuru yechimiro chechadenga.

Mamwe masayendisiti anokarakadza kuiwedzera kune chokwadi chose. Zvisinei, kuzvigamuchira zvingareva kuti tinobvumirana nepfungwa yokuti zvose zvatinosangana nazvo zuva nezuva hazvisi chinhu kunze kwokuratidza holographic yemaitiro emuviri ari kuitika munzvimbo iri kure ine mativi maviri.

2. Yepamusoro nzvimbo-based laser interferometer antenna - eLISA

Nyatsotarisisa Space

Kuvepo kwemafungu ekutanga emagetsi kunobatanidzwawo ne "ruzha" rwenguva-yenguva. Vachionekwa nevamwe sechiitiko chesainzi chinonyanya kukosha chezana remakore, kuwanikwa kwavo kwepamusoro-soro nevanoongorora nyeredzi uye BICEP2 observatory yakatodanwa mubvunzo, sezvo vasina chokwadi vanotenda kuti zvakaonekwa hazviiti nezveguruva re cosmic uye naizvozvo zvingave zvisiri izvo. .

Nekudaro, mukuita, izvi hazvikonzerese kuwanikwa, asi zvinongoreva kuti mhedzisiro yayo ingangoda imwe ongororo. Zvinonzi ichi ndicho chisimbiso chakanakisa chehukama hwese, uye kunyangwe isiri iyo chete humbowo hwechokwadi chezvakataurwa naAlbert Einstein, uye, sezviri pachena, inopwisa, chiono chemufizikisi mukuru chinofanira kusimbiswa kakawanda. zvokuti hapana mubvunzo kuti irondedzero yakanakisisa yechisiko chapose pose.

Mumakore anotevera, masayendisiti achange aine uye achave nemidziyo yakawanda uye yakawanda yekudzidza chiitiko chinozivikanwa kusvika zvino kunyanya kubva mukufunga kwekufunga. Imwe yadzo, inonzi Advanced Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (eLISA), yakagadzirirwa kuona masaisai anokwevera anokonzerwa nekudhumhana kwehombe. makomba matema (2).

Chimwe chinotarisa muchadenga, Euclid, ndechekuongorora kuti denga rakakura sei uye kuti zvine hukama sei nezvinhu zvakasviba nesimba. Nekudaro, iyo Athena space teresikopu inotarisirwa kunyoresa ane simba X-ray masosi kunze kwemakomba matema. Iyo pasi-yakavakirwa laser-interferometric gravitational observatory (LIGO) ichadzidzawo maburi matema.

Uye network yeteresikopu iri kutenderera pasirese, pamwe chete inozivikanwa seChiitiko Horizon Telescope, inogona kutarisa gomba dema pakati peMilky Way yedu. Tariro huru dzekuyedza dzidziso yaEinstein yehukama ndeyeimwezve inoongorora, iyo Square Kilometer Array (SKA).

Sezvinoreva zita, nzvimbo yese yeantennas yeiyi yakaoma inofanirwa kunge iri square kilometer (3), uye kunzwisiswa kwayo kunofanirwa kunge kwakakwira ka50 kupfuura kugona kwemidziyo inozivikanwa kwatiri kusvika parizvino. Ichave ne4 antennas ega ega muWestern Australia neSouth Africa.

Zvinhu zvose zvegadziriro ino zvichabatanidzwa ne optical fibers kune guru guru, iro basa richava rekugadzira mufananidzo wakaoma. SKA ichatanga kushanda kwete pamberi pe2022.

3. Mutsara weskweya kiromita

Big Bang - NO!

Nekudaro, zvisati zvakwana zvesainzi zviridzwa zvisati zvatipa data risingapokeke, maskirmisher e theoretical astrophysics vane chimwe chinhu chekuratidzira. Uye vanogona kukuvhundutsa. Zvinogona kutaurwa kuti itsva cosmological theory yeTaiwanese physics inopa chimwe chinhu kune chimwe chinhu.

Mumuenzaniso wavo, simba rakasviba rinonyangarika, iro rinonetsa zvikuru kubva pakuona kwevatsvakurudzi vakawanda. Nehurombo, isu tinofanirwa kuenderera kubva pachokwadi chekuti Chadenga hachina mavambo kana magumo. Saka pakanga pasina Big Bang, iyo masayendisiti mazhinji uye vanhuwo zvavo vakatojaira!

Munyori wemuenzaniso mutsva wezvinhu zvose, Wung-Yi Shu kubva kuNational Taiwan Tsinghua University, anotsanangura nguva nenzvimbo kwete sezvinhu zvakaparadzana, asi sezvinhu zvakabatana zvinogona kuchinjana.

Hakuna kumhanya kwechiedza kana kusimba kwesimba rinokwevera zvinhu zvinogara mumuenzaniso uyu, asi zvinhu zviri mushanduko yenguva nehukuru muhukuru nenzvimbo apo denga rinokura. Dzidziso yaShu inogona kutorwa sekufungidzira, asi "chinyakare" modhi yechadenga chiri kukura chine 75 muzana yekuwedzera kwesimba rerima zvinokonzeresa matambudziko.

Vamwe vanocherechedza kuti nerubatsiro rwedzidziso iyi, masayendisiti "akatsiva pasi pekapeti" mutemo wepanyama wekuchengetedza simba. Dzidziso yeTaiwanese haisi kutyora mitemo yekuchengetedza simba, asi, zvakare, ine dambudziko ne microwave background radiation, iyo inoonekwa sechisaririra cheBig Bang. Basa rekuvandudza dzidziso yake rinoenderera mberi.

4. Izvo zvakasiyana-siyana ndeimwe yezviratidzo zveunyanzvi

Musayendisiti weIndia Abhas Mitra anga ariwo mutsoropodzi asingachinji weBig Bang theory kwemakore mazhinji. Anodhinda basa rake mumagazini makuru esainzi, asi masayendisiti mazhinji anomufuratira. Zvinokonzerawo kusava nechokwadi pamusoro pekuvapo makomba matema sokunzwisisa kunoita sainzi yemazuva ano.

Apo Stephen Hawking ambotaurwa akashandura dzidziso yake yemakomba matema kutanga kwa2014, Mitra akati nyanzvi yefizikisi yakakurumbira iye zvino anotaura zvinhu zvakafanana pamusoro pezvinhu izvi izvo iye pachake akataura kwemakore akawanda, achishamisika kuti kana asina hanya, kutaura kwaHawking kwakapararira zvikuru. commented on.

Sezvatinoziva, Hawking nguva pfupi yadarika akapokana kuti imwe yeanowanzo kudzokororwa "kuvimba" mukati makomba matema - iyo pfungwa yenzvimbo yechiitiko kupfuura iyo hapana chinogona kuenda haienderane nequantum fizikisi.

Ongororo dzepfungwa dzakaitwa nenyanzvi yefizikisi Joe Polchinski weKavli Institute muCalifornia dzinoratidza, semuenzaniso, kuti kana chiitiko chisingapindiki ichi chaienderana nequantum physics, yaizofanira kunge yakaita semadziro emoto, chidimbu chiri kuora.

Hawking akaburitsa maonero ake matsva pamhepo seKuchengetedza Ruzivo uye Kufanotaura Kwemamiriro ekunze eBlack Holes. Akatsanangura kushanduka kwemaonero mubvunzurudzo neNature. Chikumbiro chitsva chaHawking i "horizon inooneka" umo zvinhu nesimba zvinochengetwa kwenguva pfupi uye zvobva zvaburitswa nenzira yakakanganiswa.

Kunyanya, uku ndiko kubva kune pfungwa yemuganhu wakajeka wegomba dema. Wefizikisi mubasa rake razvino uno anoti izvi ndezve gomba dema hapana mhedziso yehorizon inoumbwa, saka hapana kana nzvimbo yakavharwa kupfuura iyo hapana chinogona kuenda.

Pane kudaro, kuchinja kukuru kwenzvimbo-nguva kunoitika kwakapoteredza, umo zvakaoma kutaura pamusoro pekuparadzanisa kwakapinza kwegomba dema kubva panzvimbo yakapoteredza. Imwe mhedzisiro yemafungiro matsva aHawking ndeyekuti nyaya yakavharirwa kwenguva pfupi mugomba dema, iro rinogona "kunyungudika" nekusunungura zvese kubva mukati. Kuti ruzivo rusarasikirwe, rwakabuda kare gomba dema huchanyungudika zvachose.

Multiverse uye zviratidzo

Kana tikabatanidza zvakawanikwa zviviri zvakakura mukufunga kwesainzi - iyo Higgs boson ye2012 uye gore rino, yakagadzirwa neteresikopu yeBICEP2, uye nezve mafungu emagetsi, achisimbisa chikamu chekuwedzera kwekuwedzera kweNyika, zvino ... mhedzisiro inogona kunge isingatarisirwe. .

5. Kuona zviri muchadenga

Semuenzaniso, zvekuti pasina "chimwe chinhu" Chadenga chingadai chisina kuvapo kwenguva yakareba. Masayendisiti eBritish kubva kuKing's College London akaburitsa bepa rinoratidza kuti kana zvese zvatinoziva zviripo mu "Higgs field" inopa particles mass, uye BICEP2 zvakaonekwa ndezvechokwadi, zvino zvinosimbiswa kuti pane inflation "push" chikamu. zvidimbu mumunda weHiggs, asi iyo yose zvino hazvizotore inopfuura sekondi!

Sezvo izvi zvisina kuitika, tinofanira kufungidzira kuvapo kwechimwezve “chimwe chinhu”, chimwe chinhu, nokuda kwechikonzero icho chachadenga chinoguma hachikurumidzi kuputsika mukati chaimo. Zvichakadaro, pasi nedenga zvave zviripo kwemakore 13,8 bhiriyoni.

"Kana zvakaratidzwa neBICEP2 chiri chokwadi, panofanira kunge paine fizikisi inonakidza kupfuura iyo Standard Model," anodaro Robert Hogan, mumwe wevanyori vezvidzidzo paUniversity yeLondon. Chiratidzo chemarudzi akasiyana-siyana (4), umo muchadenga chedu chinongova chimwe chezvisingagume zvevamwe vari kubuda semapupu mumasokisi esipo, zviri kuramba zvichizivikanwa..

Zvino nguva-yechadenga ingave pfungwa yakapamhama kupfuura yatinoona mububble redu. Sezvineiwo, iyi pfungwa yekufungidzira zvikuru haideredzi dzidziso yaEinstein, asi inoiisa mumaonero matsva zvachose. Maonero aya mubatanidzwa we relativity theory ne quantum mechanics.

Izvi zvinoreva kusiya iyo pfungwa yenzvimbo inoenderera uye inowedzera inokura, inotenderera uye inotenderera ichifarira chimwe chinhu chakatsemurwa uye atomi. Iyo fizikisi nyowani ichabuda kubva pane iyi inogona kunge iri nyore kupfuura dzidziso dziripo nhasi!

Zvirahwe nezvirahwe zvinotambudza sayenzi zvichapera. Zvisinei, zvakaoma kutaura kuti vamwe, vanozotevera, vachatora nzvimbo dzavo here. mamiriro matsva iyo yose nokuti zvingava zvakaoma kwatiri kuti tinzwisise izvi, pamwe chete nemamiriro ezvinhu pamberi peBig Bang, apo pakanga pasina nguva, kunyanya mupfungwa yatinogona kuzviona.

Kusvikira tave nemhinduro uye pfungwa imwe chete yakananga nezvekwakabva, hunhu uye magumo ezvakasikwa, tinofanira kumbozvinyaradza nekuona kwakanaka ... Semuyenzaniso, senge Illustris komputa simulation yakagadzirwa nevazivi venyeredzi.

Kekutanga, zvaive zvichikwanisika kudzoreredza shanduko yepasirese mune zvakadzama kudaro, kubva panguva yakangotevera mushure meBig Bang kusvika ikozvino. Iwo macomputer makuru akashandiswa kugadzira modhi akashanda pairi kwemwedzi mitanhatu. Modelling haina kuvhara zvese iyo yosenekuti michina yedu haisati yagona kuzvibata.

Saka, tinoona shanduko ye cosmic matter ichizadza cube ne kumucheto kwe 350 miriyoni light years - iyi inzvimbo yakati kurei inomiririra cosmos yese. Chiito chinotanga makore gumi nemaviri mushure meBig Bang. Inoratidza shanduko pamusoro pemabhiriyoni emakore, kuumbwa kwemagalaxi uye zvimiro zvakakura.

Kugadzira iyi kuenzanisa, ruzivo rwese rwakawanwa kusvika parizvino nezvemitemo inodzora nzvimbo, uye mhedzisiro yekuona kweteresikopu, kunyanya teresikopu yeHubble, yakashandiswa. Vatsvakurudzi vakafunga nezvezvinhu zvisinganzwisisike zverima uye simba rakasviba.

Nekufamba kwenguva, zvinhu zvakasviba zvakabatanidzwa kuita zvikwata uye tambo refu (5), zvichigadzira rudzi rwe cosmic web. Nekufamba kwenguva, dhizaini idzi dzakakwezvwa kune zvakajairika, izvo pakutanga zvaive nemusanganiswa wehydrogen nehelium.

Kubva pairi kwakazvarwa makore epakati egasi, nyeredzi, mapoka enyeredzi uye mapoka emapoka enyeredzi. Mukuona, dzinosiyana muruvara kubva pagirinhi uye tsvuku kusvika kuchena, zvichienderana nekupisa. Kunyangwe dai zvisiri izvo chaizvo, chiono chakarongwa hachina kushata...