Bristol Beaufort muRAF 1 sevhisi unit

Beauforty Mk I we22 Squadron iri kuNorth Coates kumahombekombe ekumabvazuva kweEngland; zhizha 1940

Pakati peakawanda ndege dzeRoyal Air Force (RAF), iyo semhedzisiro yekuvandudzwa kwezviitiko zvaive padivi penhoroondo, Beaufort inotora nzvimbo yakakurumbira. Zvikwata zvakashongedzerwa nazvo, kushanda pamidziyo isingavimbike uye kuita misheni yekurwisa mumamiriro ezvinhu akashata, kunenge kwese kubudirira (kusanganisira mashoma anoshamisa) kunodhura kurasikirwa kukuru.

Mumakore achangotanga uye mushure mekutanga kweHondo Yenyika Yechipiri, chikamu chakanyanya kubhadharwa cheRAF chaive Coast Command, pasina chikonzero Cinderella yeRAF. Iyo Royal Navy yaive neyayo mauto emhepo (Fleet Air Arm), nepo iyo yekutanga RAF yaive Fighter Command (varwi) uye Bomber Command (mabhomba). Nekuda kweizvozvo, manheru ehondo, archaic Vickers Vildebeest, biplane ine yakavhurika cockpit uye yakatarwa yekumhara giya, yakaramba iri iyo huru RAF torpedo bhomba.

Iyo L4445 inoratidzwa pamufananidzo yaive yechishanu "prototype" yeBeaufort uye yechishanu panguva imwe chete.

serial kopi.

Kubuda uye kukura kwechimiro

Tenda yeanotsiva Vildebeest yakatangwa neAir Ministry muna 1935. Tsanangudzo yeM.15/35 yakatsanangura zvinodikanwa zvechigaro chetatu, twin-engine reconnaissance bomber ine fuselage torpedo compartment. Avro, Blackburn, Boulton Paul, Bristol, Handley Peji naVickers vakatora chikamu mune nyoro. Mugore rimwe chetero, tsanangudzo yeG.24/35 ye ndege yemapatya-injini yechinangwa chekuziva yakabudiswa. Panguva ino, Avro, Blackburn, Boulton Paul, Bristol, Gloster uye Westland vakapinda. Bristol anga asiri iye aifarirwa mune chero matende aya. Zvakadaro, panguva iyoyo, ese ari maviri matende akabatanidzwa, kuburitsa zvakatemwa 10/36. Bristol yakatumira dhizaini ine zita refekitari Type 152. Ndege yakarongwa, yakavakirwa paBlenheim light bomber design, yakagadzirwa kubva pakutanga iine humbowo hukuru mundangariro. Izvi zvaratidza kuve mukana wakakosha, sezvo makambani maviri chete, Bristol neBlackburn, akapinda mutenda nyowani zvichienderana ne10/36 yakatarwa.

Tarisiro yehondo yaiuya uye nguva yekumanikidza yakabatana nayo yakamanikidza iyo Air Ministry kuraira ndege dzese - Bristol Type 152 uye Blackburn Botha - uye chete pahwaro hwezvirongwa zvekuvaka, pasina kumirira kubhururuka kweiyo prototype. Nenguva isipi zvakabva zvabuda pachena kuti Botha aive nezvaaive akanganisa zvakanyanya, kusanganisira kusamira zvakanaka kweparutivi uye, kundege yekucherekedza, kuoneka kubva muimba yevatyairi. Nechikonzero ichi, mushure menguva pfupi yekurwa basa, ese akapihwa makopi akatumirwa kumisheni yekudzidzira. Bristol akadzivirira kunyadziswa kwakadaro nekuti Type yake 152 - remangwana Beaufort - yaive yakawedzera kuwedzeredzwa uye yakagadziridzwa vhezheni yeyaitobhururuka (uye yakabudirira) Blenheim. Vashandi veBeaufort vaiva vanhu vana (uye kwete vatatu, seBlenheim): mutyairi, mutyairi, redhiyo opareta uye pfuti. Iyo yakakura kumhanya kwendege yaive 435 km / h, kumhanya kwekufamba nemutoro wakazara - anenge 265 km / h, kureba - anenge 2500 km, inoshanda nguva yekubhururuka - maawa matanhatu nehafu.

Sezvo Beaufort yairema kudarika yakatangira, 840 hp Mercury Blenheim injini dzakatsiviwa ne 1130 hp Taurus injini. Nekudaro, yatove mukati mekuedzwa kwemunda weiyo prototype (iyo yaivewo yekutanga kugadzirwa modhi), zvakazoitika kuti maTauruses - akagadzirwa pachirimwa chikuru muBristol uye akaiswa munhevedzano nguva pfupi isati yatanga hondo - zviri pachena kuti kupisa kwakanyanya. . Munguva yakazotevera oparesheni, zvakazoitikawo kuti simba ravo rakanga risingakwane kuBeaufort mukugadzirisa kurwa. Zvakanga zvisingaite kusimuka uye kumhara painjini imwe chete. Kukundikana kweimwe injini panguva yekusimuka kwakaita kuti ndege ishanduke padenga uye zvisingaite yakadonha, saka mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro zvakakurudzirwa kudzima injini mbiri uye kuyedza kuita yekumhara kwechimbichimbi "mberi" . Kunyange kubhururuka kwenguva refu painjini imwe yaigona kushanda kwakanga kusingabviri, sezvo nekasipidhi yakaderedzwa kurova kwemhepo kwakanga kusina kukwana kutonhodza injini imwe yaishanda ichimhanya zvikuru, iyo yaityisidzira kuti ichabatidza.

Chinetso cheTaurus chakava chakakomba kwazvo zvokuti Beaufort haina kuita ndege yayo yekutanga kusvika pakati paOctober 1938, uye kugadzirwa kwevakawanda kwakatanga "nekukurumidza" gore rakatevera. Idzo dzakazotevera dzakawanda shanduro dzeTaurus injini (kusvika kuMk XVI) hadzina kugadzirisa dambudziko racho, uye simba ravo harina kuwedzera imwe iota. Zvakadaro, vanopfuura 1000 Beauforts vakashongedzerwa nazvo. Mamiriro ezvinhu akangovandudzwa nekutsiviwa kweTaurus neakanakisa American 1830 hp Pratt & Whitney R-1200 Twin Wasp injini, iyo yakatyaira, pakati pevamwe, B-24 Liberator inorema mabhomba, C-47 inotakura, PBY Catalina inobhururuka zvikepe uye F4F fighters wildcat. Kugadziridzwa uku kwakatofungwa muchirimo cha1940. Asi ipapo Bristol akasimbirira kuti izvi hazvina kufanira, sezvo aizovandudza injini dzekugadzira kwake. Nekuda kweizvozvo, vashandi veBeaufort vazhinji vakarasika nekuda kwekutadza kwendege yavo pane kubva kumoto wevavengi. Injini dzeAmerica hadzina kuiswa kusvika Nyamavhuvhu 1941. Zvisinei, munguva pfupi, nekuda kwezvinetso nekutakura kwavo kubva kunze kwenyika (zvikepe zvakavatakura zvakawira pasi peGermany submarines), mushure mekuvakwa kwe165 Beaufort, vakadzokera kuTaurus. Ndege dzine injini dzadzo dzakagamuchira zita Mk I, uye neAmerican injini - Mk II. Nekuda kwekuwedzera kwemafuta ekushandisa kweTwin Wasps, huwandu hwekubhururuka kweiyo vhezheni nyowani yakaderera kubva ku2500 kusvika ku2330 km, asi Mk II inogona kubhururuka pane imwe injini.

Zvombo zvikuru zveBeauforts, mukufungidzira, zvaive 18-inch (450 mm) Mark XII ndege torpedoes inorema 1610 pounds (anenge 730 kg). Zvisinei, yakanga iri chombo chinodhura uye chakaoma-kuwana-mugore rokutanga rehondo muGreat Britain, kugadzirwa kwemarudzi ose e torpedoes kwaingova zvidimbu makumi masere pamwedzi. Nechikonzero ichi, kwenguva yakareba, zvombo zvakajairwa zveBeauforts aive mabhomba - maviri emapaundi mazana mashanu (80 kg) mubhomba bay uye mana emapaundi mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu pamapiloni pasi pemapapiro - pamwe chete, 500 pounds (227 kg) yemagineti. gungwa. migodhi. Iyo yekupedzisira yainzi "magaka" nekuda kwechimiro chavo checylindrical, uye migodhi, pamwe nekuenzanisa, yaive codenamed "horticulture".

Debut

Chikwata chekutanga cheCoastal Command chine Beauforts chaive 22 Squadron, icho chakamboshandisa maVildebeest kutsvaga maU-bhoti muChirungu Channel. Beauforts yakatanga kugashira muna Mbudzi 1939, asi yekutanga kusimuka pandege itsva yakaitwa chete husiku hwaApril 15/16, 1940, paakachera nzira dzekuenda kuchiteshi cheWilhelmshaven. Panguva iyoyo akanga ari kuNorth Coates pamhenderekedzo yeNorth Sea.

Iyo monotony yezviitwa zvenguva dzose yakakanganiswa nguva nenguva ne "zviito zvakakosha". Hungwaru payakashuma kuti mutyairi wechikepe wekuGerman Nuremberg-class akamiswa pamhenderekedzo yeNorderney, masikati e7 Chivabvu, vatanhatu veBeauforts kubva ku22 Squadron vakatumirwa kuzomurwisa, vakanyatso gadziridzwa chiitiko ichi kutakura single 2000 lb (907 lb. ) mabhomba. kg). Vari munzira, imwe yendege yakatendeuka nekuda kwekutadza kushanda. Vamwe vose vakateverwa neradar yaFrey uye rwendo rwakabatwa nevatanhatu Bf 109s kubva kuII.(J)/Tr.Gr. 1861. Uffts. Herbert Kaiser akapfura Stuart Woollatt F/O, uyo akafa pamwe chete nevashandi vese. Beaufort yechipiri yakakuvadzwa zvakaipisisa nemaGermany zvekuti yakabondera ichiedza kumhara, asi vashandi vayo vakapukunyuka vasina kukuvadzwa; ndege yacho yaitungamirirwa naCmdr (Lieutenant Colonel) Harry Mellor,

mutungamiri wechikwata.

Mumavhiki anotevera, 22nd Squadron, kunze kwemigwagwa yekutakura migodhi, yakarwisawo (kazhinji usiku nendege dzakawanda) zvinangwa zvepasi pegungwa, kusanganisira. Husiku hwaChivabvu 18/19, nzvimbo dzekunatsa muBremen neHamburg, uye matangi emafuta muRotterdam muna Chivabvu 20/21. Akaita imwe yeashoma masikati ekunze panguva iyi muna Chivabvu 25, achivhima munzvimbo yeIJmuiden pamabhoti eKriegsmarine torpedo. Pausiku hwaMay 25-26, akarasikirwa nemukuru wake - mu / kuna Harry Mellor uye vashandi vake havana kudzoka kubva kumigodhi pedyo neWilhelmshaven; ndege yavo yakashaya.

Zvichakadaro, muna Kubvumbi, Beauforti yakagamuchira No. 42 Squadron, imwe Coastal Command squadron, yakashongedzerwa zvakare naVildebeest. Yakatanga pandege itsva musi wa5 Chikumi. Mazuva mashomanana gare gare, hondo yeNorway yakaguma. Pasinei nokuti nyika yose yakanga yatova mumaoko eGermany, ndege dzeBritish dzakanga dzichiri kushanda pamhenderekedzo yayo. Mangwanani emusi waChikumi 13, vana Beauforts ve22 Squadron nevatanhatu Blenheims vakarwisa nhandare yendege kuVarnes pedyo neTrondheim. Kurwisa kwavo kwakagadzirirwa kuderedza kudzivirira kweGermany kubva pakusvika kweSkua dive bombers, kubva kune mutakuri wendege HMS Ark Royal (chinangwa chavo chakanga chiri chikepe chehondo chakakanganisika Scharnhorst) 2. Mhedzisiro yacho yakanga yakasiyana - iyo yakambotora Bf 109 uye Bf 110 yakanga isina nguva yekubata Beauforts neBlenheims, uye yakabata nemabhomba anotakura eRoyal Navy.

Kwapera vhiki, Scharnhorst akaedza kusvika Kiel. Mangwanani emusi waChikumi 21, zuva rakatevera kuenda kugungwa, akaonekwa kubva kudhipatimendi rekucherekedza reHudson. Vakaperekedza ngarava yehondo vaparadzi Z7 Hermann Schoemann, Z10 Hans Lody, uye Z15 Erich Steinbrinck, pamwe chete nemabhoti etorpedo Jaguar, Grief, Falke, uye Kondor, ose ane zvombo zvinorema zvinodzivirira ndege. Mumasikati, ndege dzinonzwisa urombo dzine gumi nembiri kana kupfuura dzakatanga kuvarwisa mumasaisai akawanda—Swordfish biplanes, Hudson light bombers, uye mapfumbamwe Beauforts kubva ku42 Squadron. Vapashure vakasimuka paWyck kumucheto wokuchamhembe kweScotland, vakabata mabhomba anorema makirogiramu 500 (maviri pandege).

Varwi veBritish panguva iyoyo vakanga vasingasviki, saka rwendo rwacho rwakabhururuka rwusina muperekedzi. Mushure memaawa maviri nemaminitsi makumi maviri ekubhururuka, kuumbwa kweBeaufort kwakasvika kumahombekombe eNorway kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweBergen. Ikoko akatendeukira kumaodzanyemba uye nguva pfupi pashure pacho akadhumana nezvikepe zveKriegsmarine kubva kuchitsuwa cheUtsire. Vakaperekedzwa nevarwi veBf 2. Awa yakanga yapfuura, maGermany akanga arova denho neSwordfish nhanhatu (yakabva munhandare yendege yeOrkney Islands), ndokupfura vaviri, ipapo vana Hudsons, vachipfura mumwe. Yese torpedoes nemabhomba akapotsa.

Pakuona imwe fungu yendege, maGermany akazarura moto wemoto kubva kure nemakiromita akawanda. Zvakadaro, ese maBeauforts (makiyi matatu, ndege nhatu imwe neimwe) akarovera pachikepe chehondo. Vachinyura pakona inosvika 40°, vakadonhedza mabhomba avo kubva paurefu hunosvika mamita 450. Pavakangobuda kunze kwepfuti dzekurwisa ndege. zvikepe zvakarwiswa naMesserschmitts, avo vavakanga vari nyore, vanenge vasina kuzvidzivirira - pazuva iroro, Vickers pfuti dzemuchina dzakaputirwa muBeauforts yose mumashure emusana nekuda kwehombodo mune ejectors yakagadzirwa zvisina kunaka. Sezvineiwo maBritish, maBf 109 matatu chete ndiwo aitenderera pedyo nezvikepe panguva iyoyo. Vaitungamirirwa naLieutenant K. Horst Carganico, veku. Anton Hackl naFw. Robert Menge we II./JG 77, akapfura imwe Beaufort vamwe vese vasati vanyangarika mumakore. P/O Alan Rigg, F/O Herbert Seagrim naF/O William Barry-Smith nevashandi vavo vakaurayiwa.