Nekukurumidza, Kunyarara, Kuchenesa - Injini Itsva Yendege

Zvinoitika kuti kuti uchinje zvakawanda mundege, haufanire kutsvaga mapropeller matsva, magadzirirwo emangwana kana zvinhu zvemuchadenga. Zvakakwana kushandisa iri nyore mechini kutapurirana ...

Ichi ndicho chimwe chezvitsva zvakakosha zvemakore achangopfuura. Geared turbofan motors (GTF) inobvumira iyo compressor uye fan kutenderera nekumhanya kwakasiyana. Iyo fan drive giya inotenderera ne fan shaft asi inoparadzanisa fan mota kubva kune yakaderera pressure compressor uye turbine. Iyo fan inotenderera ichimhanya zvishoma, nepo compressor uye yakaderera pressure turbine inoshanda nekumhanya kwakanyanya. Imwe neimwe injini module inogona kushanda nekunyatso shanda. Mushure memakore makumi maviri eR&D neR&D kushandisa mari inosvika zviuru zviviri zvemadhora, mhuri yePratt & Whitney PurePower PW20G turbofan yanga ichishanda makore mashoma apfuura uye yakaunzwa zvakanyanya mundege dzekutengesa kubvira 1000.

Injini dzemazuva ano dzeturbofan dzinoburitsa kusunda munzira mbiri. Kutanga, iyo compressors uye kamuri yekupisa iri panzvimbo yayo. Kumberi kune fan iyo, inotyairwa nepakati, inotungamira mweya kuburikidza nemakamuri ekunzvenga akatenderedza motor core. The bypass ratio ndiyo chiyero chehuwandu hwemhepo inopfuura nepakati kusvika kuhuwandu hwemhepo inopfuura mairi. Kazhinji, chiyero chepamusoro chebypass chinoreva kunyarara, kunyatsoita uye kune simba injini. Conventional turbofans vane bypass ratio ye9 kusvika 1. Pratt PurePower GTF injini dzine bypass reshiyo ye12 kusvika 1.

Kuti uwedzere reshiyo yekupfuura, vagadziri vemota vanofanirwa kuwedzera urefu hwema blades fan. Nekudaro, kana yarebeswa, kumhanya kwekutenderera kunowanikwa kumagumo kweblade kunenge kwakakwira zvekuti kuzunguzika kusingadiwe kuchaitika. Unoda ma fan blades kuti udzike, uye ndizvo zvakaita gearbox. Injini yakadaro inogona kunge yakakwira se16 muzana, maererano naPratt & Whitney. hupfumi hwemafuta makuru uye 50 muzana. kubuda kwemhepo kushoma uye i75 muzana. nyarara. Munguva ichangopfuura, SWISS neAir Baltic vakazivisa kuti yavo GTF C-yakatevedzana jet injini dzinoshandisa kunyange shoma mafuta pane zvakavimbiswa nemugadziri.

PW1100G-JM injini pamutsara wekugadzira

Magazini ye TIME yakatumidza injini yePW1000G imwe ye50 inonyanya kukosha yezvigadzirwa zve 2011 uye imwe yezvitanhatu zvakanyanya kushamwaridzana zvakatipoteredza, sezvo Pratt & Whitney PurePower yakagadzirirwa kuva yakachena, yakanyarara, ine simba uye inoshandisa mafuta mashoma kudarika jet injini dziripo. Muna 2016, Richard Anderson, aive purezidhendi weDelta Air Lines, akadana injini iyi "yekutanga yechokwadi innovation" kubvira Boeing's Dreamliner yakashandura kuvaka kwakaumbwa.

Kuchengetedza uye kuderedzwa kwezvinobuda

Iyo yekutengeserana yendege chikamu inoburitsa anopfuura 700 miriyoni matani ecarbon dioxide pagore. Kunyange zvazvo inenge 2 muzana chete. pasi rose carbon dioxide emissions, pane humbowo hwekuti magasi egreenhouse mumafuta ejet ane simba guru pamhepo apo anoburitswa panzvimbo dzakakwirira.

Vagadziri veinjini huru vari kutsvaga kuchengetedza mafuta uye kuderedza kuburitswa. Pratt mukwikwidzi CFM International nguva pfupi yadarika yakaunza injini yayo yepamberi inodaidzwa kuti LEAP, iyo vakuru vekambani vanoti inopa mibairo yakafanana kune yakajairwa turbofan ichirasikirwa nedzimwe mhinduro. CFM inoti mune yechinyakare turbofan architecture, mabhenefiti akafanana anogona kuwanikwa pasina huremu hwakawedzerwa uye kudhonza kweiyo powertrain. LEAP inoshandisa lightweight composite zvinhu uye kabhoni fiber fan blades kuwana simba rekuvandudza iro kambani rinoti rinofananidzwa neakawanikwa neinjini yePratt & Whitney.

Parizvino, maodha einjini dzeAirbus yeA320neo akapatsanurwa zvakaenzana pakati peCFM nePratt & Whitney. Nehurombo kune iyo yekupedzisira kambani, PurePower mota dziri kukonzera matambudziko kune vashandisi. Yekutanga yakaonekwa gore rino, pakatonhora kusaenzana kweinjini dzeGTF muQatar Airways Airbus A320neo yakarekodhwa. Kutonhora kusina kuenzana kunogona kukonzera deformation uye kupesana kwezvikamu, uye panguva imwechete kuwedzera nguva pakati pekufamba nendege. Nekuda kweizvozvo, iyo ndege yakagumisa kuti injini hadzina kusangana nezvinodiwa zvekushanda. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, zviremera zvendege zveIndia zvakamisa kubhururuka kwendege gumi neimwe Airbus A11neo inofambiswa nePurePower GTF injini. Sekureva kweEconomic Times, danho rakauya mushure mekunge ndege yeAirbus GTF-yakanganisa injini katatu mukati memavhiki maviri. Pratt & Whitney vanodzikisira matambudziko aya, vachiti ari nyore kukunda.

Airbus electronic fan

Imwe hofori mumunda weinjini dzendege, Rolls-Royce, iri kugadzira yayo Power Gearbox, iyo panosvika 2025 ichaderedza kushandiswa kwemafuta mumaturbofans makuru ne25%. zvichienzaniswa nemhando dzekare dzeiyo inozivikanwa Trent injini renji. Izvi, hongu, zvinoreva mutsva wePratt & Whitney dhizaini makwikwi.

MaBritish ari kufungawo nezve mamwe marudzi ekuvandudza. Munguva ichangoburwa yeSingapore Airshow, Rolls-Royce yakatanga IntelligentEngine Initiative, iyo ine chinangwa chekugadzira injini dzendege dzakangwara dzakachengeteka uye dzakanyanya kushanda kuburikidza nekugona kutaurirana uye kuburikidza nerutsigiro network. Nekupa kuenderera mberi kwenzira mbiri kutaurirana neinjini uye zvimwe zvikamu zvesevhisi ecosystem, injini inozokwanisa kugadzirisa matambudziko asati aitika uye kudzidza maitiro ekuvandudza mashandiro. Vaizodzidzawo kubva munhoroondo yebasa ravo nedzimwe injini, uye kazhinji kacho vaizotofanira kuzvigadzirisa pakufamba.

Drive inoda mabhatiri ari nani

Chiratidzo cheEuropean Commission chendege ye2050 chinodaidzira kudzikiswa kwekuburitswa kweCO.₂ ne75 muzana, ma<em>nitrogen oxides ne90 muzana. uye ruzha ne65 muzana. Izvo hazvigone kuwanikwa neiyo iripo matekinoroji. Magetsi uye hybrid-magetsi propulsion masisitimu parizvino anoonekwa seimwe yeanonyanya kuvimbisa matekinoroji ekusangana nematambudziko aya.

Kune zvigaro zviviri zvemagetsi emagetsi ndege pamusika. Motokari dzemagetsi dzine zvigaro zvina dziri pedyo. NASA inofanotaura kuti mukutanga 20s, rudzi urwu rwekupfupika kwevane zvigaro zvendege zvichaunza masevhisi endege kunharaunda diki. MuEurope uye muUS, masayendisiti anotenda kuti panosvika 2030 zvinokwanisika kugadzira ndege yemagetsi-yakasanganiswa ine simba rezvigaro zvinosvika zana. Zvisinei, kufambira mberi kwakakosha kuchadiwa mumunda wekuchengetedza simba.

Parizvino, kuwanda kwesimba remabhatiri hakuna kukwana. Zvisinei, izvi zvose zvinogona kuchinja. Mukuru weTesla, Elon Musk, akataura kuti kana mabhatiri achinge akwanisa kugadzira mazana mana watt-maawa pakirogiramu, uye chiyero chesimba resero kusvika kuhuremu hwakazara 400-0,7, iyo electric transcontinental airliner ichava "yakaoma imwe nzira." Tichifunga kuti mabhatiri e-lithium-ion akakwanisa kuwana simba rehuwandu hwe0,8 Wh/kg muna 113, 1994 Wh/kg muna 202, uye zvino ave kukwanisa kusvika 2004 Wh/kg, zvinogona kufungidzirwa kuti mukati memakore gumi anotevera. ichasvika pachiyero 300 Wh/kg.

Kitty Hawk yemagetsi-anogara maviri emhepo tekisi chirongwa

Airbus, Rolls-Royce neSiemens nguva pfupi yadarika vakadyidzana kugadzira E-Fan X inobhururuka dhimoni, inove nhanho yakakosha kumberi mukutengesa ndege dzakasanganiswa-magetsi propulsion. E-Fan X hybrid yemagetsi tekinoroji kuratidzira inotarisirwa kuve -Fan X ichabhururuka muna 2020 mushure memushandirapamwe wekuyedza wepasi. Muchikamu chekutanga, BAe 146 ichatsiva imwe yeinjini ina ne XNUMX MW yemagetsi mota. Zvadaro, zvakarongwa kutsiva yechipiri turbine nemotokari yemagetsi mushure mekuratidza kukura kwegadziriro.

Airbus ichava nebasa rekubatanidzwa kwese pamwe neiyo hybrid electric propulsion uye bhatiri rekudzora architecture uye kubatanidzwa kwayo nendege control system. Rolls-Royce ichave nebasa reinjini ye turbine, XNUMX-megawatt jenareta uye magetsi emagetsi. Pamwe chete neAirbus, Rolls-Royce ichashandawo kugadzirisa mafeni kune iripo Siemens nacelle uye mota yemagetsi. Siemens ichapa XNUMX MW magetsi emagetsi uye magetsi emagetsi emagetsi, pamwe chete neinverter, converter uye simba rekugovera simba.

Nzvimbo dzakawanda dzekutsvagisa pasirese dziri kushanda pandege dzemagetsi, kusanganisira NASA, iri kuvaka X-57 Maxwell. Iyo Kitty Hawk yemagetsi-vaviri-seater air taxi project uye zvimwe zvakawanda zvimiro zvenzvimbo huru, makambani kana madiki ekutanga ari kuvandudzwa.

Tichifunga kuti avhareji yehupenyu hwevatakuri nendege dzinotakura dzakatenderedza makore makumi maviri nerimwe nemakumi matatu nematatu, zvichiteerana, kunyangwe ndege nyowani dzese dzinogadzirwa mangwana dzine magetsi ese, zvinotora makore maviri kusvika matatu kuti abvise ndege inofambiswa nemafuta.

Saka hazvishande nekukurumidza. Zvichakadaro, biofuels inogona kurerutsa nharaunda muchikamu chendege. Vanobatsira kuderedza carbon dioxide emissions ne36-85 muzana. Kunyangwe idi rekuti biofuel musanganiswa wemajini ejeti zvakasimbiswa kumashure muna 2009, indasitiri yezvendege haina kukurumidza kuita shanduko. Pane zvipingaidzo zvishoma zvetekinoroji nematambudziko ane chekuita nekuunza kugadzirwa kwebiofuel kumazinga emuindasitiri, asi chinodzivisira chikuru mutengo - zvinotora mamwe makore gumi kuti uwane kuenzana nemafuta efossil.

Pinda mune ramangwana

Panguva imwecheteyo, maLab ari kushanda pane imwezve futuristic ndege injini pfungwa. Parizvino, semuenzaniso, injini yeplasma hainzwi ichokwadi, asi hazvigone kubviswa kuti mabasa esainzi achakura kuita chimwe chinhu chinonakidza uye chinobatsira. Plasma thrusters anoshandisa magetsi kugadzira magetsi emagetsi. Vanomanikidza uye vanofadza gasi, semhepo kana argon, muplasma-inopisa, yakaoma, ine ionized state. Tsvagiridzo yavo ikozvino inotungamira kune zano rekuburitsa satellite munzvimbo yekunze (ion thrusters). Nekudaro, Berkant Goeksel weTechnical University yeBerlin nechikwata chake vanoda kuisa plasma thrusters mundege.

Chinangwa chetsvakiridzo ndechekugadzira injini yemhepo-jet plasma inogona kushandiswa kune zvese zvekusimuka uye nendege dzakakwirira. Plasma jets anowanzo gadzirwa kuti ashande muvacuum kana yakaderera kudzvanywa mhepo panodiwa gasi. Nekudaro, timu yaGöksel yakaedza mudziyo unokwanisa kushanda mumhepo nekumanikidza kwemhepo imwe. "Manozzles edu eplasma anogona kusvika kumhanya kusvika kumakiromita makumi maviri pasekondi," Göckel anodaro muJournal of Physics conference series.

SABER injini mune hypersonic mota yeramangwana

Kutanga, timu yakaedza madiki ma thrusters 80 millimeters kureba. Pandege diki, izvi zvichasvika kuchuru chezvinofungwa nechikwata. Mhedzisiro huru, hongu, kushaikwa kwemabhatiri akareruka. Masayendisiti ari kufungawo nezve ndege yakasanganiswa, umo injini yeplasma yaizosanganiswa neinjini dzinopisa mukati kana maroketi.

Kana tichitaura nezve hunyanzvi hwejet engine concepts, ngatisakanganwe SABER (Synergistic Air-Breathing Rocket Engine) yakagadziridzwa neReaction Engines Limited. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti iyi ichange iri injini inoshanda mumhepo uye muvacuum, ichimhanya pamvura yehydrogen. Pakutanga nhanho yekubhururuka, iyo oxidizer ichave mhepo kubva mumhepo (seyakajairwa jet injini), uye kubva kureba kwe26 km (apo ngarava inosvika kumhanya kwemamiriyoni mashanu emakore) - liquid oxygen. Mushure mekuchinja ku rocket mode, inosvika pakumhanya kusvika kuMach 5.

HorizonX, Boeing yekudyara ruoko inobatanidzwa muchirongwa ichi, haisati yasarudza kuti SABER ingashandise sei, kunze kwekuti inotarisira "kushandisa shanduko yehunyanzvi kubatsira Boeing mukutsvaga kwayo kubhururuka kwepamusoro."

RAMJET uye scramjet (supersonic jet injini ine kamuri yekupisa) yagara iri pamiromo yevateveri vekumhanya kwendege. Parizvino, dzakagadzirwa zvakanyanya nekuda kwezvinangwa zvehondo. Nekudaro, sekudzidzisa kwenhoroondo yendege, izvo zvichaedzwa muuto zvichaenda kune civil aviation. Chinongodiwa kushivirira zvishoma.

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