Munhu ari kutaura nemidziyo uye neimwe nzira

Mazana azvo akavakwa. Matani eshanduro uye kugovera. Mamwe acho ari niche curiosities, mamwe anoshandiswa nevashoma, asi iwo akakosha zvikuru nekuti ane basa rezvikamu zvakakosha zvekombuta uye network network. Pasinei nechaunga chakadaro, hapana anopfuura maviri anotonga muchikamu chimwe nechimwe chemusika.

iri kushanda pakombuta yako. Iyo inobata ndangariro, maitiro, uye ese ayo software uye hardware. Inokubvumirawo kuti utaure nekombuta usingazive "mutauro" wemuchina. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, mapurogiramu akawanda akasiyana ari kushanda pamudziyo panguva imwe chete, uye imwe neimwe yadzo inofanirwa kuwana iyo yepakati yekugadzirisa unit (CPU), ndangariro, uye kuchengetedza. uchishandisa maitiro inoronga zvese, ichipa chirongwa chimwe nechimwe chainoda. Pasina sisitimu yekushandisa, software yacho yaisatombokwanisa kupindirana nehardware, uye komputa yaizoshaya basa.

Vashandisi uye mapurogiramu ekushandisa kuwana masevhisi anopihwa neanoshanda masisitimu kuburikidza nehurongwa hwekufona uye application programming interfaces. Ivo vanodyidzana nekombuta yekushandisa system. от command line interfaces (KLI) graphical interfaces mushandisi anozivikanwa se GUI (onawo: ) Muchidimbu, sisitimu yekushandisa inobvumira vashandisi kudyidzana nemakomputa masisitimu nekuita senge pakati pevashandisi kana mapurogiramu ekushandisa uye komputa hardware.

1. Logos yeanonyanya kufarirwa masisitimu anoshanda

Maitiro Ekushandisa (1) inogona kuwanikwa pane dzinenge mudziyo wese unosanganisira komputa yako - kubva nharembozha i mutambo wekunyaradza po supercomputers i internet servers. Mienzaniso yemashandisirwo emazuva ano ane mukurumbira ndeiyi: Android, iOS, GNU/Linux, Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, kana z/OS kubva kuIBM. Ese masystem aya, kunze kweWindows uye/uye z/OS, ane UNIX midzi. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, kana iwe ukasasiyanisa pakati pedesktop uye mafoni mapuratifomu, Windows haisisiri kutonga, asi iri (2).

2. Shanduko muchikamu chemusika wepasi rose weanoshanda masisitimu mukati memakore gumi apfuura zvakazara maererano neStatCounter.

3. Shanduko mumugove wemusika wepasi rose wedesktop operating systems mumakore gumi apfuura, maererano neStatCounter.

4. Shanduko mumusika wepasi rose wepasi rose weanoshanda masisitimu mukati megore rapfuura mune nharembozha, maererano neStatCounter

5. Migove yemhando dzekushandisa system mumusika we server muna 2018

Iwo matatu anonyanya kufarirwa masisitimu emakomputa emunhu ndeaya: Microsoft Windows, Apple Mac OSX i Linux, iyo mugove wayo unoshanduka wakapoteredza 1-2%. (3) Pakati pemidziyo yenhare, Android inotonga Apple's iOS, iri munzvimbo yechipiri ine ichangobva kukura musika mugove (4). Uye mumusika wepasi rese server, inenge hafu yavo ine zvigadzirwa zveMicrosoft, kunyangwe chikamu ichi chiri kudonha zvishoma nezvishoma, uye nekupararira kweRed Hat Linux, aya maviri masisitimu anoita nezve 4/5 yemusika uyu (5).

Kubva pa smartphone kuenda kune server

Microsoft yakagadzirwa Windows operating system pakati pe80s. Yakanga yakavakirwa paMS-DOS kernel, panguva iyo ainyanya kushandiswa chirongwa maneja kutanga maapplication. Zvadaro, kusanganisira yekutanga huru update muna 1987, ichiteverwa neWindows 3.0. Makore mashoma gare gare, iyo inotevera vhezheni, Windows 95, yakava inotonga sisitimu yekushandisa. Nyanzvi dzinoti sisitimu yeMicrosoft haina kushanduka zvakanyanya maererano neiyo yekutanga architecture kubvira Windows 95, kunyangwe yakawedzera huwandu hukuru hwezvinhu kuti isangane nezvitsva zvekombuta. Zvizhinji zvezvinhu zvatinoziva nhasi zvave zviripo kubva kuma90s, senge yekutanga menyu, bhara rebasa, uye Windows Explorer (yava kunzi "Explorer").

Yakagadzirwa kwemakore akawanda akawanda akasiyana mavhezheni eWindows. Vanonyanya kufarirwa ndivo Windows 7 (yakabudiswa 2009) Windows Vista (2007) uye Windows XP (2001). Windows yakamisikidzwa pane dzakawanda PC itsvaiyo inoonekwa sechikonzero chikuru chekutonga kwake munyika. Mushandisi anotenga PC kana laptop kana kukwidziridza Windows pakombuta yavo anogona kusarudza kubva kune akati wandei akasiyana eiyo system, kusanganisira. Home Premium, nyanzvi Kana Yekupedzisira.

Zvakafanana kune wese itsva Macintosh makomputa Kana Poppy pre-yakaiswa mufekitori kubvira 2002. Apple inoshanda system, yava kunzi MacOS (yaimbova OS X uye zvakare Mac OS X). Apple inoshanda masisitimu imhuri yekare UNIX-yakavakirwa masisitimu anoshanda zviri pamutemo anowanikwa chete emakomputa eApple akaiswa kare kubvira 2002. Iro zita rehurongwa rakaziviswa muna 2016 pamusangano weWWDC nekuda kwekuda kwekubatanidza mazita anoshandiswa neApple kune avo anoshanda masisitimu (saka, macOS chikamu cheakateedzana: iOS, watchOS, tvOS, nezvimwewo).

kunze UNIX yekare Hwaro hwekugadzira yazvino Apple system yakamboshandiswa NeXTSstep system muhafu yechipiri ye80s, yakatengwa neApple pamwe nemugadziri weNeXT muna 1996. Shanduro yekupedzisira yeiyo "classic" Macintosh computer system yaiva Mac OS 9. Muna 2006, shanduro yekutanga yakabudiswa kune itsva x86 Macs. - Mac OS X 10.4. Muna 2005, vhezheni yekutanga yakaburitswa yainyatsoenderana neyechitatu vhezheni yeUniform UNIX Specification - Mac OS X 10.5, inoshanda paPowerPC uye x86 "mac" pachishandiswa tekinoroji inonzi. Universal Binary, inova iyo inoteedzera faira fomati inomhanya pane ese ari maviri ezvivakwa. Kubva pane iyi vhezheni, iyo iOS system (yakatanga iPhone OS), iyo inoshanda sisitimu yeApple Inc., yakagadzirwa. kune nharembozha iPhone, iPod touch uye iPad. Sezvauri kuona, nhoroondo yeApple's system/operating masisitimu yakanyanya kuoma kupfuura iyo yeWindows.

Zvisinei, ichi hachisi chinhu chichienzaniswa nekusiyana kwemhuri. Linux, pinda masisitimu anoshanda, zvinoreva kuti anogona kugadziridzwa uye kugovaniswa nemunhu chero kupi zvako munyika. Yakasiyana zvakanyanya nesoftware yemuridzi seWindows, iyo inogona kungoshandurwa nekambani ine muridzi wayo. Linux Advantage ndeyekuti "software yemahara" uye kune akawanda akasiyana kugovera (shanduro) kubva kwaunogona kusarudza iyo inokodzera zvaunoda. Kugovera kwega kwega kune kutarisa kwakasiyana uye kunzwa. Iyo inonyanya kufarirwa kugovera inozivikanwa se: Ubuntu, Mint uye Fedora. Linux inotumidzwa zita remhuri Linus Torvaldsuyo akagadzira iyo Linux kernel muna 1991.

Linux yakatanga kugoverwa pasi peGNU General Public License muna 1992. Yakakura kubva pamitsetse mishoma yekutanga yekodhi kodhi mukuburitswa kwayo kwekutanga kusvika pamitsetse inopfuura mamirioni makumi maviri nhasi. Iyi sisitimu inogona kugadziridzwa nemunhu wese nekuda kwezvinangwa zvavo. Naizvozvo tine mazana eLinux based operating systemskunonzi kugovera. Izvi zvinoita kuti kusarudza pakati pavo kuve kwakaoma zvakanyanya, zvakanyanya kuoma pane kusarudza system vhezheni.

Yakasiyana-siyana yeLinux kugovera zvinotonhorera zvekuti munhu wese achawana chimwe chinhu chinokodzera zvavanoda uye zvavanoda. Semuenzaniso, kune mavhezheni anotevedzera yakakurumbira Windows XP. Kune zvakare mamwe akasarudzika maflavour eLinux, akadai sekugovera kwakagadzirirwa kupa hupenyu hutsva kune ekare, yakaderera-ekupedzisira makomputa, kana ekupedzisira-akachengeteka kugovera anogona kumhanya kubva usb drive. Ehe, kune akawanda mavhezheni eLinux ekumhanyisa maseva uye mamwe bhizinesi-kirasi maapplication. Vatengi veLinux vanokurudzira Ubuntu senzvimbo yakanaka yekutanga. Iyi ndiyo yakanakira sisitimu (kunyangwe ichienzaniswa neWindows), asi panguva imwe chete inosiyana uye inoshanda yakawanda. nyanzvi dzemakomputa art.

, zvakasiyana zvakanyanya kubva kumakomputa edesktop uye malaptop, saka anomhanya pane anoshanda masisitimu akagadzirirwa zvakanangana nenharembozha. Masevhisi masisitimu enharembozha kazhinji haape huwandu hwakasiyana hwezvinhu seizvo zvakagadzirirwa desktops kana malaptop uye hazvigone kumhanyisa zvirongwa zvinozivikanwa zvePC. Nekudaro, iwe unogona kuita zvinhu zvakawanda navo, sekuona mafirimu, kusefa paInternet, kubata karenda yako, kutamba mitambo, nezvimwe.

Kune zvakare masisitimu anoshanda emaseva, kureva. inorema uye yakawedzera-inorema muhuremu. Chii chakasiyana server inoshanda system a inoshanda sisitimu yeavhareji mushandisi? A "yakajairika" sisitimu yekushandisa inogona kuita zvirongwa zvakaita seMS Word, PowerPoint, Excel, pamwe nemapurogiramu emifananidzo, vatambi vemavhidhiyo, nezvimwe. Inokubvumirawo kuti umhanye zvirongwa zvinoita kuti zvive nyore kutarisa pawebhu uye kutarisa mae-mail. Inoshandisa LAN uye Bluetooth yekubatanidza uye yakachipa kupfuura sevha inoshanda sisitimu.

Server inoshanda system inodhura zvakanyanya nekuda kwechimwe chikonzero. Basa rayo nderekubvumidza kusingagumi kubatana kune vashandisi, kupa yakakura ndangariro zviwanikwa, uye kuita sesevha yesevha yemawebhusaiti, email, uye dhatabhesi. Iyo sevha system inogona kuve neakawanda desktops nekuti yakagadziridzwa kune network uye kwete yemushandisi mumwechete.

Operating masisitimu eIoT zvishandiso

Contiki -Iyo yakavhurika sosi inoshanda sisitimu yakagadziriswa muna 2002, inonyanya kutariswa pane yakaderera simba network microcontrollers uye IoT zvishandiso.

Android Zvinhu - Yakagadzirwa neGoogle. Aimbonzi Brillo. Inotsigira Bluetooth uye Wi-Fi matekinoroji.

bongozozo - ine nharaunda yakakura yekuvandudza uye inoburitswa pasi peGNU Lesser General Public License. Nekudaro, RIOT inonzi iyo Linux yenyika yeIoT.

Apache Minute - yakafanana neRIOT inoshanda sisitimu. Inoburitswa pasi peiyo Apache 2.0 rezinesi. Inoshanda munguva chaiyo. Inogona kushandiswa mune akawanda mamicrocontrollers, maindasitiri eIoT zvishandiso uye zvigadzirwa zvekurapa.

LiteOS - yakatangwa neChinese tech hofori Huawei muna 2015. Inonzi yakachengeteka uye inopindirana.

Zephyr - yakaburitswa mu2016 neLinux Foundation. Kubatanidzwa kuri nyore kweakasiyana maIoT zvishandiso kwaita iyi inoshanda sisitimu imwe yeanonyanya kufarirwa pasirese.

kuruma ndiyo huru yekushandisa system yeUbuntu IoT. Zvichienderana nenharaunda yeUbuntu, inovimbisa kuchengetedzwa kwakasimba kweIoT zvishandiso.

Tiny OS - Yekutanga yakaburitswa muna 2000. Ndiyo imwe yekare yekushandisa masisitimu eIoT zvishandiso. Inonyanya kushandisa wireless sensor network. 

Windows Internet yezvinhu - yaimbozivikanwa seWindows Embedded. Yakashandurwa kuita Windows IoT nekuuya kwe Windows 10.

Raspbian iDebian-based operating system yeRaspberry Pi chete. Iyo kernel yakafanana neiyo Unix kernel.

Freertos ndeye yakavhurika sosi yekushandisa system ye microcontrollers. Inoshandisa iyo Amazon gore sevhisi i.e. AWS.

Yakabudiswa Linux - Iyo Linux inoshanda sisitimu mune iyi vhezheni inoshandiswa kune smart TVs, isina waya (Wi-Fi) routers, nezvimwe.

Nhoroondo Pfupi yeGUI

Vanhu vazhinji vanoshandisa uchishandisa systemiyo yakaiswa pakombuta yavo vasati vatenga, asi chokwadi zvinogara zvichigoneka kuchinja, kusimudzira kana kutoitsiva. Masisitimu emazuva ano anoshanda anoshandisa graphical mushandisi interface kana GUI inobvumidza iwe kushandisa mbeva yako kana touchpad kudzvanya pazvidhori, mabhatani, uye menyu, uye zvese zvinoratidzwa pachiratidziro uchishandisa musanganiswa wemifananidzo uye zvinyorwa. Pamberi pe GUI, komputa interface yaive nemutsara wekuraira, uye mushandisi aifanira kuisa murairo wega wega mukombuta, uye muchina waingoratidza zvinyorwa.

Iyo yekutanga graphical mushandisi interface inoonekwa sekuburitswa kweApple System 1 muna Ndira 1984. Windows 1, yakabudiswa muna Mbudzi anotevera, yakapawo GUI, 16-bit graphical user interface. Panguva iyoyo, kunze kweApple, prototypes yenzvimbo dzakajeka dzakaunzwa nemamwe makambani, akadai seVisiCorp paCOMDEX muna 1982, uye chikonzero chikuru chekugadzira iyo Windows GUI kwaive kunetseka. Bill Gates yekurasikirwa kwezvinzvimbo mumusika weBMM PC.

Chimiro chayo, sezvatakataura, chine mamwe maonero Windows operating system kutsamira pa Kutanga Menyuiyo yakatanga kuunzwa muWindows 95 (1995) 6. Kutanga bhatani i Kutanga Menyu nemushandirapamwe wekushambadzira wekukwezva vashandisi kune maitiro ekutanga chirongwa chitsva. Pakabuda Windows 2012 muna 8, bhatani rakanyangarika uye mushandisi akabva aendeswa kune yakazara yekutanga sikirini, iyo yakagadzirirwa kuti ienderane nemidziyo mitsva yekubata-bata. Iyo Yekutanga skrini inotarisa pazvidhori zveapp uye mataira aunogona kudzvanya pairi, senge paApple bar, pane rondedzero yesarudzo sarudzo uye zvirongwa zvakashandiswa neWindows kuMenu yekutanga mumakore apfuura.

6. Kushandisa Bhatani Rokutanga reWindows

Muna 2013 paiva Windows vhezheni 8.1iyo yakadzosa bhatani reKutanga kuti zvive nyore kune vatengi veMicrosoft kushandisa yekutanga system. Muna 2014, Windows 10 yakadzoreredza bhatani rekutanga rinodiwa uye Kutanga menyu zvakanaka.

Zvakataurwa zvinozivikanwa nevashandisi Chiremba weApple yakatangwa muna 2000 nekuburitswa kweMac OS X inonzi Cheetah. 2000 isati yasvika, vashandisi veApple inoshanda sisitimu vakashandisa iyo yepamusoro menyu bhaa kuvhura uye kusarudza zvirongwa, uye kuita shanduko kumaapplication anga achitoshanda. Paunenge uchishanda system X 10.5, inozivikanwawo se Leopard, yakabudiswa muna Gumiguru 2007, Dock (7) yakagadziridzwa pachishandiswa nzira imwe chete yekuona yatinoziva nhasi.

UNIX uye isiri-UNIX

Windows masisitimu, Mac Os i dzakasiyana-siyana Linux kugoverwa (kusanganisira Android yemhuri iyi) - izvi hazvisi zvese zvinopihwa nemusika. Zvinoda kujekeswa kuti zvigadzirwa zvakawanda zvakasiyana munyika ino zvine hukama kune imwe neimwe nzira; semuenzaniso, Linux inoteedzerwa mushure meiyo yekare UNIX sisitimu yakagadziridzwa neBell Labs kubva mukupera kwema60. Mazuva ano Apple masisitimu anobva kuUNIX. Saka, kune network yekubatanidza, asi vazhinji vanogadzira mapurogiramu, kunyanya avo vanogadzira masisitimu aya, vanoedza kusazviona se "zvakanyanya zvakafanana" uye kusimbisa misiyano. Iro zita rekuti Linux pacharo rinofanira kunge riri chidimbu che "Linux Haisi UniX". Izvi zvinoreva kuti Linux yakafanana neUNIX, asi yakagadzirwa pasina Unix kodhi, kusiyana, semuenzaniso, BSD () uye akasiyana ayo.

Muenzaniso weiyo yakabatana asi yakasarudzika system ndeye Chrome Os, yakagadzirwa neGoogle, basa guru rehurongwa ndere kutanga maapplication einternet. Inowanikwa pamalaptops mazhinji asingadhure uye anodhura. Makomputa akafanoiswa neChrome OS anozivikanwa pamusika chromebooks.

Mumwe wevazukuru veBSD iri pamusoro akadana FreeBSD (sere). Yekutanga vhezheni yehurongwa yakaburitswa muna 8. Parizvino kune shanduro mbiri dzakagadzikana dziripo uye dzinotsigirwa: 1993 uye 11.4. Zita rekuti FreeBSD rakauya naro David Greenman kubva kuWalnut Creek CD yakatsigira chirongwa ichi kubva pakutanga. Iyo yepamutemo FreeBSD mascot ndiro dhimoni, chirevo chepamutemo ndechekuti "Simba Rokushumira". Nekuda kwekuita kwayo uye kuvimbika, inowanzoshandiswa sevhavha kana firewall. FreeBSD inoshandiswa, semuenzaniso. kuburikidza neApache.org, Netflix, Flight-Aware, Yahoo!, Yandex, Netcraft, Sony Playstation 4, WhatsApp.

Iyo inoshanda sisitimu yakagadzirirwa imba (yakareruka kutonga, multimedia) uye hofisi zvikumbiro, zvakare Syllable. Yakagadzirwa muna Chikunguru 2002 se bazi reAtheOS systemiyo yakasiiwa nemunyori wayo Kurt Skauen. Iyo kernel uye system yekuvaka, senge AtheOS purojekiti, yakafemerwa na AmigaOS system.

ReactOS inoonekwa seyakafanana yeWindows, yemahara komputa-yemhando yekushandisa system inodyidzana neakasiyana mavhezheni eWindows. Mafungiro eSystem anosanganisira kugona kushandisa Windows maapplication uye madhiraivha, pamwe neOS/2, Java, uye POSIX zvikumbiro.

ReactOS yakanyorwa muCuye zvimwe zvinhu zvakaita seReactOS Explorer muC ++. Vagadziri veReactOS vanoti haisi clone yeWindows. ReactOS yanga iri mukuvandudzwa kubva 1996. Kudzoka muna 2019, yaive ichiri kutorwa senge isina kukwana alpha vhezheni yesoftware, saka vanogadzira vakangoikurudzira nekuda kwekuyedza. Mazhinji maWindows application akadai seAdobe Reader 6.0 uye OpenOffice parizvino anomhanya pairi.

Haasi munhu wese anoziva Solaris iUNIX-based operating system iyo yakatanga kugadzirwa neSun Microsystems pakati pemakore makumi mapfumbamwe, asi yakatumidzwa zita muna 90 kuti. Oracle Solaris zvichitevera kutorwa kweSun Microsystems neOracle. Iyo inozivikanwa nekukasira kwayo uye akati wandei mamwe maficha akaita kuti anonakidza maapplication agoneke.

Kune akawanda masisitimu ekushandisa aive akakosha muzuva ravo asi haasisiri akakura seAmigaOS; OS/2 kubva kuIBM neMicrosoft, classic Mac OS, kureva. isiri-Unix yakatangira Apple MacOS, BeOS, XTS-300, RISC OS, MorphOS, Haiku, Bare-Metal uye FreeMint. Mamwe acho achiri kushandiswa mumisika ye niche uye anoenderera mberi kuvandudzwa semapuratifomu evanofarira uye nharaunda yekusimudzira maapplication.

OpenVMS yakagadzirwa muna DEC zvichiri . Mamwe masisitimu anoshanda anoshandiswa anenge ari muacademia chete kudzidzisa masisitimu anoshanda kana kutsvagisa OS concepts. Muenzaniso weiyo system inoita zvese zviri zviviri MINIX. Imwe, inonzi imwe, inongoshandiswa pakutsvaga. Oberon yakagadzirwa kuETH Zurich Nicholas Virtha, Yurga Gutknehta uye boka revadzidzi mu80s, raishandiswa zvakanyanya pakutsvaga, kudzidzisa uye basa rezuva nezuva muboka reWirth. Nekudaro, mamwe masisitimu anoshanda asina kuwana yakakosha musika akaunza hutsva hwakakonzera kutungamira budiriro. Izvi ndezvechokwadi kunyanya nezveBell Labs yekutsvaga uye kuyedza.

zvakafanana akasiyana masisitimu anoshanda zvemapuratifomu asiri maPC, mafoni uye mahwendefa. Kwemakore, mhinduro dzakasiyana dzakagadzirwa kune smart TV, mota, wachi, Internet yeZvinhu (9), nezvimwewo. Nehunyanzvi, idzi hadzisi dzakafanana masisitimu ekushandisa, kunyangwe iwo ane mazita akafanana. semuyenzaniso Operating system Android TV OS hazvina kufanana nezvatiinazvo mune smartphone. Akamisikidzwa masisitimu anoshandiswa mumotokari, semuenzaniso, anogona kuve emhando dzakawanda, aine akawanda marongero echishandiso chimwe chete, nekuti masisitimu emagetsi mumotokari ane akawanda ema processor. Imwe neimwe processor (mune iyi kesi, iyo microcontroller) inogona kunge iine yakasiyana inoshanda sisitimu (kana yakafanana) kana isina zvachose.

9. Operating system yeInternet yezvinhu

Nharembozha yakavhurika masisitimu uye inotungamirwa nepakati

Anenge makore gumi nemashanu apfuura, aitonga musika wenharembozha. Symbian system, nhasi ndiyo nhoroondo yeOS, sePalmOS, webOS. Parizvino, sezvamunoziva, nharembozha yekushandisa system musika inotongwa neApple, yakavhurika uye yemahara software package yakagadziridzwa neGoogle iyo ine huru yekushandisa system, yepakati uye yakakosha maapplication ekushandisa panharembozha.

Linux kernel uye zvimwe zvinhu zvakagadziridzwa Android zvinoburitswa pasi peGNU GPL. Nekudaro, Android haisanganisire kodhi kubva kuGNU chirongwa. Ichi chimiro chinosiyanisa Android kubva kune mamwe akawanda Linux kugoverwa nhasi. Android inoshanda sisitimu inogadziridza yakamboburitswa pasi pemazita ane chekuita nedessert (Cupcake, Donut, Eclair, Gingerbread, Honeycomb, Ice Cream Sandwich). Kwemakore maviri ikozvino, Android shanduro dzakangoverengerwa mumutsara.

yechipiri iOS inharembozha, chigadzirwa cheApple che iPhone, iPod touch, uye iPad nharembozha. Iri zita rave kushanda kubva 2010. Hurongwa hwaimbonzi iPhone OS. Iyi sisitimu yakavakirwa pa MacOSX10.5. iOS inongowanikwa paApple zvishandiso nekuti kambani haina rezinesi sisitimu yekushandisa yemidziyo kubva kune vamwe vagadziri. Yese software inoburitswa yega neApple Inc. uye yakagovaniswa kubva kune imwechete repository () nechepakati kuburikidza neAppStore ine inosungirwa cryptographic siginecha yekusimbisa. Iyi modhi yekugovera, kunyangwe ichidzorwa nepakati, inobvumira kudzivirira kupararira kwemalware, kugadzirisa kwakanaka uye kukwidziridzwa uye nokudaro kusingaenzaniswi kwepamusoro kwekuchengetedza uye hutano kune vese vashandisi.

Windows Mobile iMicrosoft nhare inoshanda sisitimu inoshandiswa mumafoni uye nharembozha - ine touch screens kana pasina ivo. Iyo Mobile inoshanda sisitimu yakavakirwa paWindows CE 5.2 kernel.

Windows Mobile is an operating system yakagadzirirwa PocketPC PDAs, PDAs, uye smartphones. Mutsivi weWindows Mobile akatevedzana aive Windows Phone, yakaunzwa munaGunyana 27, 2011. Muna 2015, Microsoft yakadzokera kuzita rayo rekare nekuunzwa kweWindows 10 Nharembozha yekushandisa, asi sisitimu iyi haisi yemhuri yeWindows Mobile, yakavakirwa paWindows CE kernel. Ndezvayo Windows 10 mhuri sechikamu chekugadzirwa kwepuratifomu yepasirese inonzi Universal Windows Platform.

Imwe system inozivikanwa mumusika weOS OS ndeye BlackBerryOS, is a proprietary mobile operating system yakagadziridzwa neResearch In Motion kuti ishandiswe pamidziyo yeBlackBerry yakakurumbira makore akawanda apfuura. Blackberry platform yaive yakakurumbira nevashandisi vemakambani nekuti, kana yasanganiswa neBlackBerry Enterprise Server, inopa kuwiriranisa neMicrosoft Exchange, Lotus Domino, Novell GroupWise email, uye imwe bhizinesi software.

Pane zvimwe zvisinganyanyozivikanwa zvikumbiro zvakaita se Bada, Samsung inoshanda sisitimu yemafoniiyo yakatangwa muna 2010. Yekutanga smartphone kuishandisa yaive Samsung Wave. Operating system izvi zvakare Linux kugovera, yakagadzirwa nekubatanidza kugovera kweMoblin (yakagadzirwa neIntel) uye Conditions (Inotsigirwa neNokia) yeakasiyana nhare mbozha uye maapplication akadai semota, yachts, mafoni, netbook kana mahwendefa. Mharidzo yembozhanhare yekutanga ine MeeGo v1.2, Nokia N9, yakaitika muna Chikumi 21, 2011.

Tikugashirei kune inoshanda sisitimu zoo

Sezvauri kuona, masisitimu anoshanda ari kufamba. Vakasimuka uye vakashandura, vachibatanidza mushanduro itsva, kunyanya kana zvasvika kumhuri uye Zvizvarwa zveLinuxkusangana nezvinodiwa dzimwe nguva zvakasiyana zvenyanzvi. Sechikamu cheiyi yakaoma uye yakawanda-mapazi shanduko, akati wandei epakutanga, kana asiri anoshamisa, zvisikwa zvakasikwa.

Chisikwa chakadaro chinoshamisa, semuenzaniso. TembereOS, yaimbova J Operating System, SparrowOS uye LoseThos - chiedza bhaibheri inoshanda system. Yakagadzirwa neAmerican programmer setembere yechitatu yakafanotaurwa muBhaibheri. Terriego A. Davis. Davis akati masisitimu maficha akadai se640 × 480 pixel resolution, 16-ruvara kuratidza, uye maodhiyo ekudzora akanyatso kupihwa kwaari naMwari. Yakarongedzerwa pachishandiswa mutsauko wepakutanga wemutauro weC (unonzi HolyC) uye waisanganisira, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, simulator yekubhururuka, compiler, uye kernel.

Mamiriro ekunze akafanana akafukidzwa mune post-apocalyptic Collapse OS yakagadzirwa naVirgil Dupras. Iyi inoshanda sisitimu inopa seti yezvirongwa zvekuzvigadzira i kuzvimisira mumhando dzakasiyana dzemidziyo, pamwe nemamwe akawanda mabasa. Basa guru rehurongwa nderekutanga pamhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzinowanzova dzekare dzinogona kurarama mushure mekutambudzika kwepasi rose.

Imwe yepakutanga dhizaini, hoops, yakaitirwa kudzoreredza chiitiko chakajairika kune vashandisi vekare Amiga michina pamaPC emazuva ano. Nekudaro, nekufamba kwenguva, sezvayakashanduka, software yacho yakabuda kunze kwekutanga, ikava chigadzirwa chepakutanga chisina kubatana kumazuva erudo emakomputa.

North Korea inozivikanwa kuzvitsaura kubva kune dzimwe nyika. Izvi zvinoshandawo kune software. Makomputa ari muDNR-D havashande paWindows kana Apple masisitimu, asi paRed Star (Pulgunbyol). Iyi UNIX-based operating system yakagadzirwa ipapo paNational Computer Center uye inosanganisira browser yakagadziridzwa yakavakirwa paFirefoxiyo inokutendera iwe kuti uwane iyo yemazuva ano webhu, chinyorwa chinyorwa, uye kunyange mitambo. Red Star inewo zvinhu zvakaita se watermarking system inomaka mafaera ese ane yakasarudzika yekumisikidza serial nhamba kuti akwanise kurondwa, pamwe nekuseri kwemukova kune veKorea intelligence agency.

Inonambwa zvishoma Sabili system, inozivikanwawo se "Ubuntu Muslim Edition". Sabily ndiyo yayo Linux kugovera. yakatangwa muna 2007 kushandira vashandisi vechiMuslim. Pamusoro pezvimiro zvakajairwa zvinopihwa neiyo inoshanda sisitimu, Sabily inosanganisira Arabic mutauro rutsigiro kunze kwebhokisi. Iyo inoshanda sisitimu zvakare inozvirumbidza akati wandei ezvirongwa, senge icon inodaidza iyo maMuslim kudanwa kumunamato kakawanda pazuva, kana Zakat Calc kubatsira mushandisi kuona huwandu hwakasiyana hwezvipo zvinosungirwa. Iyo Sabily purojekiti yakamiswa muna 2011 asi inowanikwa paArchiveOS.

Izere nezvinosemesa Kuzviuraya Linuxiyo, mushure mekupinda murairo usingazivikanwi neLinux standard, inogadzirisa hard disk, iyo inofanira kunzwisiswa se "chirango". Kana kuti PonyOS, a hobby system yakavakwa kubva pasi zvichikwira uye kune Yangu Little Pony mafeni zvichibva pane imwe yakavanzika sisitimu, Toaru. Pamusoro peiyo interface izere nemaponi akanaka, PonyOS inopa chimwe chinonakidza chimiro - inotenderera GUI windows kuwedzera kune yavo yechinyakare kuderera uye kufamba.

Digital Real World OS

Izvi zviri munguva yedu. Uye masisitimu anoshanda akagadzirira. Kambani yeAmerica Veritone yakazivisa muna Kubvumbi 2020 kuti yakanga yabudirira kugadzira yekutanga munyika. Chigadzirwa chake chinonzi "aiWARE" chinomhanyisa AI algorithms pachinzvimbo chezvirongwa. Default aiWARE inosanganisira yekutaura, zvinyorwa, izwi, kutora mafoto, biometrics, kuongorora data, shanduko yedata nezvimwe. Saka, semuenzaniso, izwi remubatsiri basa rakatovakwa mumidziyo yechinyakare uye rinowanikwa mune rakasiyana application.

Sezvo artificial intelligence, kuzivikanwa kwekutaura kana mufananidzo, virtual vabatsiri i Techniques Iyo inonzi yakasikwa interface yemichina iri kutanga kugadzira nhasi nharaunda nyowani umo munhu wemazuva ano anogona kufamba, kugara, kushanda, kutenga, kutamba uye nezvimwe zvakawanda, iyo pfungwa ye "operating system" inokura uye chinyararire inofamba kubva munyika yemakomputa. uye zvimwe zvigadziriso zvemakomputa chete zvezvakatipoteredza, zvakatipoteredza uye nyika yatinogara mazuva ese.

Ramangwana ndere "operating system yenyika", ndiko kuti, kune zvigadziriso zvinoronga chimwe chinhu chinopfuura kungoshanda kwesoftware nehardware? Masevhisi matsva achakurumidza kuona kupindirana uye kushanda zvakanaka kwezvinhu zveiyo chaiyo, muchina uye nyika chaiyo? Sistimu yakadaro yaizogovera kwete chete zviwanikwa zvekombuta zve processor, asiwo kuwana kune yedu maonero, kutarisisa uye kugona kwekuziva, i.e. kuuropi hwedu.

Mhedziso yemhando dzakasiyana dzemashandisirwo masisitimu

Nguva chaiyo yekushandisa system (chaiyo-nguva yekushanda sisitimu, RTOS) - kusangana nezvinodiwa zvenguva yekuuraya yezvaunoda mashandiro. Masisitimu akadaro anoshandiswa sezvinhu zvemakomputa ekudzora masisitimu anoshanda munguva chaiyo. Zvinoenderana nechiyero ichi, chaiyo-nguva yekushandisa masisitimu akakamurwa kuva marudzi maviri:

• yakaoma, i.e. iyo iyo yakaipisisa (yakanyanya) nguva yekupindura inozivikanwa uye inozivikanwa kuti haizopfuuri;
• nyoro, i.e. avo vanoedza kupindura nokukurumidza sezvinobvira, asi hazvizivikanwi kuti nguva yakareba sei yekupindura ingave iri.

Mune chaiyo-nguva yekushanda sisitimu, zvinodikanwa kuti uone kuti ndeipi yematanho anofanirwa kupihwa processor uye kuti inguva yakareba sei ese anoteedzera maitiro achasangana neawo nguva. Kubuda kwemaitiro ekushanda emhando iyi kunobatanidzwa, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, nekudiwa kwezvombo zvehondo munguva yekutonga missile. Aya marudzi ekushandisa masisitimu ave kushandiswa zvakanyanya muindasitiri yevagari vemo, uye zvakare anodzora zvishandiso zvakaita sekuchinjana kwenhare, NASA Mars landers, uye mota dzeABS. Mienzaniso yakakurumbira ndeyeWindows CE, OS-9, Symbian uye LynxOS.

Nenzira yekukurukurirana nemushandisi, tinosiyanisa:

• Text systems - kutaurirana uchishandisa mirairo yakapihwa kubva kumutsara wekuraira kana, nemamwe mazwi, kubva kumutsara wekuraira (semuenzaniso, UNIX, MS-DOS).
• Graphics systems -kutaurirana uchishandisa graphic windows uye zviratidzo (GUI). Iyo komputa inodzorwa uchishandisa mbeva cursor (semuenzaniso, iyo MS Windows mhuri, Mac OS).

Nekuvakwa, masisitimu anoshanda akakamurwa kuita:

• chinangwa chimwe chete masisitimu. Aya ndiwo monolithic masisitimu eiyo yakapusa dhizaini. Iyo sisitimu inogona kuita basa rimwe chete panguva. Chirongwa chimwe chete chinogona kumhanya panguva (semuenzaniso, MS-DOS).
• Multitasking systems (multitasking). Aya ndiwo masisitimu emazinga mazhinji ane hierarchical chimiro chemirairo system. Iyo sisitimu inogona kuita mabasa mazhinji panguva imwe chete (semuenzaniso, kudzora maitiro ekudhinda paunenge uchigadzirisa zvinyorwa muchirongwa). Zvirongwa zvakawanda zvinogona kushanda panguva imwe chete (semuenzaniso MS Windows 9x/Me, NT/2000/XP, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, OS/2 Warp). 
• Unified access systems. Aya masisitimu anotsigira mushandisi mumwe chete panguva (semuenzaniso MS-DOS, Windows 9x/Me). 
• multiuser systems. Aya ndiwo masisitimu anotsigira vashandisi vakawanda panguva imwe chete. Iyo processor inoita mabasa akati wandei ichichinjana, nekuchinja kunoitika kakawanda zvekuti vashandisi vanokwanisa kudyidzana nechirongwa ichi chiri kushanda (semuenzaniso MS Windows NT/2000/XP, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, OS/2 Warp). 
• Client-server systems. Aya masisitimu akaomarara anotarisisa masisitimu echipiri akaiswa pamakomputa anetiweki ega ega. Zvikumbiro zvinobatwa neiyo inoshanda sisitimu se "vatengi" emaseva anopa masevhisi kwavari. "Vatengi" vanotaurirana nemaseva kuburikidza nepakati peiyo sisitimu, uye sevha yega yega inomhanya iri yega, yakaparadzana uye yakachengetedzwa nzvimbo yekurangarira, yakasarudzika kubva kune mamwe maitiro.

Embedded system - yakasarudzika komputa system inova chikamu chakakosha chemidziyo yainoshanda. Inofanira kuzadzisa zvimwe zvinodiwa, zvakanyatsotsanangurwa maererano nemabasa ainofanira kuita. Naizvozvo, haikwanise kunzi yakajairika multifunctional personal komputa. Yese yakamisikidzwa sisitimu yakavakirwa pane microprocessor (kana microcontroller) yakarongerwa kuita mashoma mashoma emabasa, kana kunyangwe basa rimwechete. Kombiyuta inodzora chitundumuseremusere cheApollo yekuUS inonzi ndiyo yekutanga kombiyuta yakagadzirwa. Zvakadaro, komputa yekutanga yakagadzirwa-yakaiswa mukati yakashandiswa kudzora LGM-30 Minuteman I missile. Mienzaniso mishoma ndeye Windows CE, FreeBSD, uye Minix 3.

embedded operating systems. Kushandiswa kweLinux mumasisitimu akaiswa kunonzi Embedded Linux. 

Mobile operating system (kana kuti mobile OS) - inoshanda sisitimu yemafoni, mahwendefa, PDAs kana zvimwe nharembozha. Masevhisi enharembozha anosanganisa maficha ekombuta nemamwe maficha anobatsira kunharembozha kana zvimwe nharembozha; kazhinji izvi ndezvi: kubata sikirini, foni, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, kufamba, kamera, kamera, kuzivikanwa kwekutaura, rekodha yezwi, mimhanzi inoridza, NFC uye infrared port. Nharembozha dzinokwanisa kutaurirana (dzakadai sema smartphones) dzine maviri nhare dzekushandisa - chirongwa chikuru chinoonekwa kumushandisi, chinowedzerwa nechepasi-chaiyo-chaiyo-nguva system inotsigira redhiyo uye zvimwe zvikamu. Mienzaniso yakakurumbira inosanganisira Blackberry OS, Google Android, uye Apple iOS.