Makore gumi gare gare hapana anoziva kuti rinhi

Kumunhu ane ruzivo rushoma uyo akarava boka rose rezvinyorwa pamusoro pemakombiyuta equantum, munhu angawana murangariro wokuti iyi michina “isina pasherufu” inoshanda nenzira yakafanana nemakombiyutawo zvake. Hapana chingave chakaipa. Vamwe vanototenda kuti hapasati pave nemakomputa equantum. Uye vamwe vanoshamisika kuti vachashandisirwei, sezvo vasina kugadzirwa kutsiva zero-one masisitimu.

Isu tinowanzonzwa kuti yekutanga chaiyo uye inoshanda nemazvo quantum makomputa ichaonekwa mukati memakore gumi. Zvisinei, sokutaura kwakaita Linley Gwennap, muongorori mukuru weLinley Group, munyaya yacho, “apo vanhu vanoti kombiyuta yakawanda ichabuda mumakore gumi, havazivi kuti ichaitika rini.”

Pasinei nemamiriro ezvinhu aya asina kujeka, mamiriro emakwikwi kune anonzi. quantum dominance. Nekunetsekana nebasa rehuwandu uye kufambira mberi kwevaChinese, manejimendi eUS akapasa National Quantum Initiative Act muna Zvita wapfuura.1) Gwaro iri rakaitirwa kupa rutsigiro rwemubatanidzwa mukutsvagisa, kusimudzira, kuratidzira, uye mashandisirwo ehuwandu hwemakomputa uye matekinoroji. Mumakore gumi emashiripiti, hurumende yeUS ichapedza mabhiriyoni ichivaka quantum computing zvivakwa, ecosystem, uye kunyoresa vanhu. Vese vakuru vanogadzira quantum makomputa - D-Wave, Honeywell, IBM, Intel, IonQ, Microsoft uye Rigetti, pamwe nevagadziri ve quantum algorithms 1QBit uye Zapata vakagamuchira izvi. National Quantum Initiative.

D-Wave Pioneers

Muna 2007, D-Wave Systems yakaunza 128-qubit chip (2), inonzi komputa yekutanga yenyika. Zvisinei, pakanga pasina chokwadi kana zvaigona kunzi izvozvo - basa rake chete rakaratidzwa, pasina ruzivo rwekuvaka kwake. Muna 2009, D-Wave Systems yakagadzira "quantum" injini yekutsvaga mifananidzo yeGoogle. Muna Chivabvu 2011, Lockheed Martin akawana quantum komputa kubva kuD-Wave Systems. D-wave imwe yemadhora miriyoni gumi, ichisaina kondirakiti yemakore akawanda yekushanda kwayo uye kusimudzira maalgorithms ane hukama.

Muna 2012, muchina uyu wakaratidza maitiro ekutsvaga helical protein molecule ine simba rakaderera. Vatsvagiri kubva kuD-Wave Systems vanoshandisa masisitimu ane nhamba dzakasiyana qubits, akaita masvomhu akati wandei, mamwe acho aipfuura zvikuru kugona kwemakombiyuta echinyakare. Nekudaro, mukutanga kwe2014, John Smolin naGraham Smith vakaburitsa chinyorwa vachiti iyo D-Wave Systems muchina waive usiri muchina. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, Fizikisi Yezvakasikwa yakaratidza mhedzisiro yezviyedzo zvichiratidza kuti D-Wave One ichiri ...

Imwe bvunzo muna Chikumi 2014 yakaratidza kusave nemusiyano pakati pekombuta yekare uye D-Wave Systems muchina, asi kambani yakapindura kuti mutsauko waingoonekwa pamabasa akaomarara kupfuura ayo akagadziriswa muyedzo. Mukutanga kwa2017, kambani yakafumura muchina unoratidzika kunge unosanganisira 2 zviuru zvequbitsiyo yaive yakakurumidza 2500 nguva kupfuura inomhanyisa classical algorithms. Uye zvakare, mwedzi miviri gare gare, boka remasayendisiti rakaratidza kuti kuenzanisa uku kwakanga kusina kururama. Kune vakawanda vanokahadzika, D-Wave masisitimu haasati ari equantum makomputa, asi avo simulations kushandisa classical nzira.

Chizvarwa chechina D-Wave system inoshandisa quantum annealingsuye matunhu equbit anoitwa ne superconducting quantum maseketi (zvichienderana neanonzi Josephson junctions). Ivo vanoshanda munzvimbo iri pedyo neabsolute zero uye vanozvirumbidza nehurongwa hwe2048 qubits. Pakupera kwa2018, D-Wave yakaunzwa kumusika BUNCE, kureva yako chaiyo-nguva quantum application nharaunda (KAE). Iyo Cloud mhinduro inogonesa vatengi vekunze kuwana quantum komputa munguva chaiyo.

Muna Kukadzi 2019, D-Wave yakazivisa chizvarwa chinotevera  Pegasus. Yakaziviswa kuve "yepasirese yakakura kwazvo yekutengesa quantum system" ine gumi neshanu kubatanidza pa qubit pane matanhatu, ine pamusoro pe5 qubits uye kubatidza kuderedza ruzha pane yaimbozivikanwa nhanho. Chigadzirwa chacho chinofanira kuonekwa pakutengeswa pakati pegore rinotevera.

Qubits, kana superpositions pamwe nekupinza

Magadzirirwo emakombuta akajairwa anovimba nemapakiti kana zvidimbu zveruzivo, chimwe nechimwe chichimiririra mhinduro imwechete hongu kana kwete. Quantum processors akasiyana. Havashande munyika ye zero-one. bhonzo regokora, chikamu chiduku uye chisingaoneki chehuwandu hwehuwandu hwemashoko ndiyo yakatsanangurwa maviri-dimensional system Hilbert nzvimbo. Naizvozvo, inosiyana neiyo classic beat pakuti inogona kunge iri mukati chero superposition maviri quantum states. Muenzaniso wenyama wequbit unowanzo kupihwa semuenzaniso wechidimbu chine spin ½, senge erekitironi, kana polarization yeimwe photon.

Kuti ushandise simba re qubits, unofanirwa kuzvibatanidza kuburikidza nemaitiro anonzi kuvhiringidzika. Neyega yega yakawedzerwa qubit, iyo yekugadzirisa simba re processor zvakapetwa kaviri iwe pachako, sezvo huwandu hwekusungirirwa hunoperekedzwa nekupinzwa kwequbit nyowani nematunhu ese atovepo mu processor (3) Asi kugadzira uye kusanganisa qubits wobva wavaudza kuti vaite maverengero akaomarara harisi basa riri nyore. Vanogara Kunyanya kunzwira tsitsi kune zvekunzeiyo inogona kutungamirira kuzvikanganiso zvekuverenga uye, mumamiriro ezvinhu akaipisisa, kusvika pakuora kwe-entangled qubits, i.e. decoherencendiko kutukwa chaiko kwequantum systems. Sezvo mamwe maqubits achiwedzerwa, kukanganisa kwakashata kwemasimba ekunze kunowedzera. Imwe nzira yekugadzirisa dambudziko iri ndeyekugonesa kuwedzera qubits "CONTROL"iro basa rekutarisa nekugadzirisa zvabuda.

3. Mucherechedzo wekufananidzira we50-qubit IBM system

Nekudaro, izvi zvinoreva kuti makomputa ane simba akawanda anozodiwa, anobatsira kugadzirisa matambudziko akaomarara, sekuona kuti mapuroteni mamorekuru anopeta sei kana kutevedzera maitiro emuviri mukati meatomu. matambudziko akawanda. Tom Watson weYunivhesiti yeDelft kuNetherlands nguva pfupi yadarika akaudza BBC News:

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Muchidimbu, kana quantum makomputa achizobva, iwe unofanirwa kuuya nenzira iri nyore yekugadzira yakakura uye yakagadzikana qubit processors.

Sezvo qubits isina kugadzikana, zvakanyanya kuoma kugadzira sisitimu ine mazhinji acho. Saka kana, pakupedzisira, qubits sepfungwa ye quantum computing ikakundikana, masayendisiti ane imwe nzira: qubit quantum magedhi.

Chikwata kubva kuPurdue University yakaburitsa chidzidzo munpj Quantum Ruzivo inotsanangura kusikwa kwavo. Vesainzi vanodavira izvozvo kuditskusiyana nemaqubits, anogona kuvapo munzvimbo dzinopfuura mbiri, senge 0, 1, uye 2, uye kune imwe neimwe yakawedzerwa nyika, iyo computational simba reimwe qudit inowedzera. Mune mamwe mazwi, iwe unofanirwa kukodha uye kugadzirisa huwandu hwakafanana hweruzivo. kubwinya kushoma kupfuura qubits.

Kugadzira quantum gedhi rine qudit, timu yePurdue yakaisa qudits ina mumafotoni maviri akapinzwa maererano ne frequency uye nguva. Chikwata chakasarudza mafotoni nekuti haakonzerese nharaunda zviri nyore, uye kushandisa akawanda madomasi anotenderwa kubatikana nemafotoni mashoma. Gedhi rakapedzwa raiva nesimba rekugadzirisa 20 qubits, kunyange zvazvo raingoda qudits ina chete, nekuwedzera kugadzikana nekuda kwekushandiswa kwemafotoni, zvichiita kuti ive nzira inovimbisa yeramangwana quantum makombiyuta.

Silicon kana ion misungo

Kunyange zvazvo vasiri vose vanogoverana maonero aya, kushandiswa kwesilicon kuvaka quantum makomputa kunoratidzika kunge kune zvikomborero zvakakura, sezvo teknolojia yesilicon yakanyatsosimbiswa uye pane kare indasitiri yakakura yakabatana nayo. Silicon inoshandiswa muGoogle uye IBM quantum processors, kunyangwe yakatonhodzwa kusvika kumatembiricha akadzika mavari. Haisi yakanakira zvinhu zve quantum masisitimu, asi masayendisiti ari kushanda pazviri.

Zvinoenderana nekuburitswa kwechangobva kuitika muNature, timu yevaongorori yakashandisa simba remicrowave kuenzanisa maerekitironi maviri akamiswa musilicon ndokuzoashandisa kuita nhevedzano yekuverenga bvunzo. Iro boka, iro raisanganisira, kunyanya, masayendisiti kubva kuYunivhesiti yeWisconsin-Madison "akamisa" maekitironi ega ega muchimiro chesilicon, kutenderera kwacho kwakatemwa nesimba reiyo microwave radiation. Mune superposition, erekitironi panguva imwe chete ichitenderera ichitenderedza matemo maviri akasiyana. Iwo maviri qubits akabva asanganiswa uye akarongerwa kuita bvunzo kuverenga, mushure mezvo vaongorori vakafananidza data rakagadzirwa nehurongwa nedata rakagamuchirwa kubva kune yakajairwa komputa inoita maverengero ebvunzo akafanana. Mushure mekugadzirisa iyo data, programmable maviri-bit quantum silicon processor.

Kunyangwe iyo muzana yekukanganisa ichiri yakakwira zvakanyanya pane inodaidzwa kuti ion misungo (midziyo inochajiswa zvidimbu zvakaita semaoni, maerekitironi, mapurotoni anochengetwa kwenguva yakati) kana makomputa.  zvichibva pamasuperconductors akadai seD-Wave, kubudirira kwacho kunoramba kuchishamisa sezvo kuparadzanisa qubits kubva kune ruzha rwekunze kwakaoma zvakanyanya. Nyanzvi dzinoona mikana yekuyera nekuvandudza sisitimu. Uye kushandiswa kwesilicon, kubva kune tekinoroji uye yehupfumi maonero, kwakakosha kukosha pano.

Nekudaro, kune vaongorori vazhinji, silicon haisi ramangwana remakomputa ehuwandu. Muna Zvita gore rapfuura, ruzivo rwakaonekwa kuti mainjiniya ekambani yeAmerica IonQ akashandisa ytterbium kugadzira komputa inobereka zvakanyanya pasi rose, inodarika D-Wave neIBM masisitimu.

Mhedzisiro yaive muchina waive neatomu imwe chete mumusungo weion (4) inoshandisa imwechete data qubit ye ​​encoding, uye iyo qubits inodzorwa uye kuyerwa uchishandisa yakakosha laser pulses. Iyo komputa ine ndangariro inokwanisa kuchengeta 160 qubits yedata. Inogona zvakare kuita kuverenga panguva imwe chete pa79 qubits.

4. Scheme yeIonQ ion trap

Masayendisiti kubva kuIonQ akaita bvunzo yakajairwa yezvinonzi Bernstein-Vaziranian algorithm. Basa remuchina raive rekufungidzira nhamba iri pakati pe0 ne1023. Makomputa echinyakare anotora fungidziro gumi nerimwe yenhamba yegumi-bit. Quantum makomputa anoshandisa nzira mbiri kufungidzira mhedzisiro ine 10% chokwadi. Pakuedza kwekutanga, iyo IonQ quantum komputa yakafungidzira avhareji ye100% yenhamba dzakapihwa. Kana iyo algorithm ichiitwa chero nhamba pakati pe73 ne1, chiyero chekubudirira kwekombuta yakajairika i1023%, nepo IonQ iri 0,2%.

IonQ nyanzvi dzinotenda kuti masisitimu akavakirwa pamisungo yeion akakwirira kune silicon quantum makomputa ari kuvakwa neGoogle nemamwe makambani. Yavo 79-qubit matrix inokunda Google's Bristlecone quantum processor ne7 qubits. Iyo IonQ mhedzisiro zvakare inonakidza kana zvasvika kune system uptime. Sekureva kwevagadziri vemuchina, kune imwechete qubit, inoramba iri pa99,97%, zvinoreva kukanganisa kwe 0,03%, nepo mhedzisiro yemakwikwi yakaenzana ne0,5%. Iwo maviri-bit kukanganisa mwero weiyo IonQ mudziyo unofanirwa kunge uri pa99,3%, nepo vazhinji vanokwikwidza vasingapfuure 95%.

Izvo zvakakosha kuwedzera izvo, sekureva kwevatsvagiri veGoogle quantum supremacy - iyo iyo quantum komputa inodarika mimwe michina iripo - inogona kutosvikwa nekombuta yequantum ine 49 qubits, chero chiyero chekukanganisa pamasuwo maviri-qubit chiri pazasi 0,5%. Nekudaro, iyo ion trap nzira muquantum computing ichiri kutarisana nezvipingamupinyi zvakakura zvekukunda: kunonoka kuuraya nguva uye hukuru hukuru, pamwe nekurongeka uye scalability yetekinoroji.

Stronghold of ciphers mumatongo nemimwe mhedzisiro

Muna Ndira 2019 kuCES 2019, IBM CEO Ginni Rometty akazivisa kuti IBM yaive yatopa yakasanganiswa quantum computing system yekushandisa kutengeserana. IBM quantum makomputa5) vari muNew York sechikamu chehurongwa IBM Q System Imwe. Uchishandisa iyo Q Network uye Q Quantum Computational Center, vagadziri vanogona kushandisa nyore Qiskit software kuunganidza quantum algorithms. Nekudaro, iyo komputa simba yeBMM quantum makomputa inowanikwa se cloud computing service, zvine mutengo.

D-Wave yanga ichipa masevhisi akadaro kwechinguva ikozvino, uye vamwe vatambi vakuru (seAmazon) vari kuronga zvakafanana quantum cloud zvipo. Microsoft yakaenderera mberi nechisumo Q# programming mutauro (zvinodudzwa se) izvo zvinogona kushanda neVisual Studio uye kumhanya palaptop. Vagadziri vane chishandiso chekutevedzera quantum algorithms uye kugadzira bhiriji resoftware pakati pekirasi uye quantum komputa.

Nekudaro, mubvunzo ndewokuti, ko makomputa nesimba ravo rekombuta zvingabatsirei? Muchidzidzo chakabudiswa muna Gumiguru apfuura mujenari Sainzi, masayendisiti kubva kuIBM, University of Waterloo uye Technical University yeMunich vakaedza kufungidzira marudzi ematambudziko ayo quantum makomputa anoita seakakodzera kugadzirisa.

Maererano nekudzidza, michina yakadaro ichakwanisa kugadzirisa zvakaoma linear algebra uye matambudziko ekugadzirisa. Zvinonzwika zvisina kujeka, asi panogona kuve nemikana yemhinduro dzakareruka uye dzakachipa kuzvinhu izvo parizvino zvinoda simba rakawanda, zviwanikwa uye nguva, uye dzimwe nguva zvisingasviki kwatiri.

5. IBM quantum computer

Inobatsira quantum computing diametrically shandura munda we cryptography. Kutenda kwavari, encryption makodhi anogona kukurumidza kutsemuka uye, pamwe, blockchain tekinoroji ichaparadzwa. RSA encryption ikozvino inoita seyakasimba uye isinga gadzirike kudzivirira iyo inodzivirira yakawanda yedata uye kutaurirana munyika. Nekudaro, komputa ine simba yakakwana yequantum inogona nyore crack RSA encryption nerubatsiro Shor's algorithm.

Nzira yekudzivirira sei? Vamwe vanotsigira kuwedzera hurefu hweveruzhinji encryption kiyi kune saizi inodiwa kukunda quantum decryption. Kune vamwe, inofanirwa kushandiswa yega kuti ive nechokwadi chekutaurirana kwakachengeteka. Nekuda kwe quantum cryptography, iyo chaiyo chiito chekutora iyo data yaizovashatisa, mushure mezvo munhu ari kupindira nechikamu haaizokwanisa kuwana ruzivo rwakakosha kubva kwairi, uye anogamuchira akanyeverwa nezve kuedza kwekuteerera.

Zvinogona kushandiswa kwequantum computing zvinowanzotaurwa zvakare. kuongororwa kwehupfumi uye kufanotaura. Kutenda kune quantum masisitimu, maitiro akaomarara emusika maitiro anogona kuwedzerwa kuti asanganise akawanda akasiyana kupfuura nakare, zvichitungamira kune kwakaringana kuongororwa uye kufanotaura. Nepanguva imwe chete kugadzirisa zviuru zvezvakasiyana nekombuta yehuwandu, zvingaite zvakare kuderedza nguva uye mutengo unodiwa pakusimudzira. mishonga mitsva, zvifambiso uye zvigadziriso zvekugadzirisa, cheni dzekugovera, mhando dzemamiriro ekunzepamwe nekugadzirisa mamwe matambudziko mazhinji ekuoma kukuru.

Mutemo waNevena

Nyika yemakomputa ekare yaive nemutemo wayo weMoore, nepo makomputa equantum anofanirwa kutungamirwa neinonzi. Mutemo waNevena. Ane chikwereti chezita rake kune mumwe wevanonyanya kuzivikanwa quantum nyanzvi paGoogle, Hartmut Nevena (6) kaviri exponential speed.

Izvi zvinoreva kuti pachinzvimbo chekupeta kaviri kuita nekuteedzera kunotevera, sezvazvaive zvakaita kumakomputa ekare uye mutemo waMoore, tekinoroji yequantum inovandudza kuita nekukurumidza.

Nyanzvi dzinofanotaura nezvekuuya kwehukuru hwehuwandu, hunogona kushandurirwa kwete chete muhukuru hwemakomputa ehuwandu pane chero yekare, asiwo nedzimwe nzira - sekutanga kwenguva yemakomputa anobatsira. Izvi zvinogadzira nzira yekubudirira mune chemistry, astrophysics, mushonga, chengetedzo, kutaurirana, nezvimwe.

Zvisinei, kunewo pfungwa yokuti hukuru hwakadaro hahuzombofi huripo, zvichida kwete mune ramangwana rinofanoona. Imwe shanduro yakapfava yekukahadzika ndiyo iyoyo quantum makomputa haambofi yakatsiva classical makomputa nekuti haana kugadzirwa kudaro. Iwe haugone kutsiva iyo iPhone kana PC ine quantum muchina, sezvausingakwanise kutsiva tennis shangu nemutakuri wendege yenyukireya.. Makomputa echinyakare anokuita kuti utambe mitambo, tarisa email, kusevha pawebhu, uye mhanyisa zvirongwa. Makomputa eQuantum kazhinji anoita zviedzo zvakanyanya kuomarara kune mabhinari masisitimu anoshanda pamabhiti emakombuta. Mune mamwe mazwi, vatengi vega vanozowana chero bhenefiti kubva kune yavo quantum komputa, asi ivo chaivo vanozobatsirwa nekugadzirwa vachave, semuenzaniso, NASA kana Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Nguva ichataura kuti ndeipi nzira yakakodzera - IBM kana Google. Zvinoenderana nemutemo waNeven, isu tangove nemwedzi mishoma kubva pakuona kuratidzwa kwakazara kwehuwandu hwehukuru nechikwata chimwe kana chimwe. Uye iyi haisisiri tarisiro "mumakore gumi, ndiko kuti, hapana anoziva kuti riini."