Ko kana ... isu tinogadzirisa matambudziko akakosha mufizikisi. Zvose zvakamirira dzidziso umo pasina chingabva

Chii chichatipa mhinduro kune zvakavanzika zvakadai sechinhu chakasviba uye simba rakasviba, chakavanzika chekutanga kweChisiko, chimiro chegiravhiti, mukana wenyaya pamusoro peantimatter, kutungamira kwenguva, kubatana kwegiravhiti nekumwe kusangana kwenyama. , kubatana kukuru kwemasimba echisiko kuva chinhu chimwe chete, kusvikira kunonzi dzidziso yezvose?

Maererano naEinstein uye mamwe akawanda akatanhamara mafizikisi emazuva ano, chinangwa chefizikisi ndechekugadzira dzidziso yezvose (TV). Zvisinei, pfungwa yedzidziso yakadaro haina kujeka. Inozivikanwa sedzidziso yezvose, ToE idzidziso yekufungidzira yemuviri inogara ichitsanangura zvese zviitiko zvemuviri uye inobvumidza iwe kufanotaura mhedzisiro yechero kuedza. Mazuvano, mutsara uyu unowanzoshandiswa kutsanangura dzidziso dzinoedza kuita hukama nadzo general theory of relativity. Kusvika pari zvino, hapana imwe yedzidziso idzi yakawana tsinhiro yekuedzwa.

Parizvino, dzidziso yepamusoro yekuzviti TW yakavakirwa pane holographic musimboti. 11-dimensional M-dzidziso. Haisati yagadzirwa uye inoonekwa nevakawanda segwara rebudiriro kwete dzidziso chaiyo.

Masayendisiti mazhinji anokahadzika kuti chimwe chinhu chakadai se "dzidziso yezvose" inogoneka, uye mupfungwa huru, yakavakirwa papfungwa. Kurt Gödel theorem inotaura kuti chero hurongwa hwepfungwa hwakakwana hunenge husingapindirani mukati (mumwe anogona kuratidza mutsara uye kupokana kwawo mauri) kana kusakwana (kune mitsara yechokwadi isingagone kuratidzwa). Stanley Jackie akataura muna 1966 kuti TW inofanira kunge iri dzidziso yakaoma uye inowirirana yemasvomhu, saka inenge isina kukwana.

Kune yakakosha, yepakutanga uye yemanzwiro nzira yedzidziso yezvose. holographic hypothesis (1), kuendesa basa kune chirongwa chakasiyana zvishoma. Mafizikisi emaburi matema anoita seanoratidza kuti denga redu hazvisi izvo zvatinoudzwa nenjere dzedu. Ichokwadi chinotipoteredza chinogona kuva hologram, i.e. kufungidzira kwendege ine mativi maviri. Izvi zvinoshandawo kune theorem yaGödel pachayo. Asi dzidziso yakadaro yechinhu chiri chose inopedza zvinetso zvipi nezvipi, inotibvumira kutarisana nedenho dzebudiriro here?

Rondedzera chadenga. Asi chii chiri muchadenga?

Parizvino tine dzidziso mbiri dzakawandisa dzinotsanangura zvinenge zvese zvinoitika zvemuviri: Dzidziso yaEinstein yegiravhiti (general relativity) i. Yekutanga inotsanangura zvakanaka kufamba kwezvinhu macro, kubva kumabhora enhabvu kuenda kumagalaxi. ane ruzivo rwakanyanya nezveatomu uye subatomic particles. Dambudziko nderekuti dzidziso mbiri idzi dzinotsanangura nyika yedu nenzira dzakasiyana zvachose. Mune quantum mechanics, zviitiko zvinoitika zvichipesana neyakagadziriswa kumashure. nguva-nguva - nepo w ichichinjika. Ko iyo quantum theory ye curved space-time ichataridzika sei? Hatizivi.

Kuedza kwekutanga kugadzira dzidziso yakabatana yezvese kwakaonekwa nguva pfupi mushure mekuburitswa general theory of relativitytisati tanzwisisa mitemo yakakosha inodzora masimba enyukireya. Aya mazano, anozivikanwa se Kaluzi-Klein dzidziso, yakatsvaga kubatanidza giravhiti nemagetsi emagetsi.

Kwemakumi emakore, tambo dzidziso, iyo inomiririra nyaya seyakaumbwa nayo tutambo tudiki tunodedera Kana simba loop, inoonekwa seyakanakisa kugadzira yakabatana dzidziso yefizikisi. Zvisinei, dzimwe nyanzvi dzefizikisi dzinosarudza kcable-yakagara loop giravhitiumo kunze pachayo kwakagadzirwa nezvishwe zvidiki. Nekudaro, hapana dzidziso yetambo kana loop quantum giravhiti yakaedzwa.

Grand unified theories (GUTs), kusanganisa quantum chromodynamics uye dzidziso yekudyidzana kwe electroweak, inomiririra kwakasimba, kusimba uye kupindirana kwemagetsi sechiratidzo chekudyidzana kumwe chete. Zvisineyi, hapana kana imwe yedzidziso huru dzakapfuura dzakabatana dzakagamuchira simbiso yekuyedza. Chinhu chakajairika cheiyo huru yakabatana dzidziso kufanotaura kwekuora kweproton. Izvi hazvisati zvaonekwa. Izvi zvinotevera kubva pane izvi kuti hupenyu hweproton hunofanira kunge huri makore 1032.

Iyo 1968 Standard Model yakabatanidza masimba akasimba, asina kusimba, uye emagetsi pasi peamburera imwe yakakura. Zvese zvimedu uye kudyidzana kwazvo zvakatariswa, uye kufanotaura kutsva kwakawanda kwakaitwa, kusanganisira kufanotaura kukuru kwekubatana. Pasimba repamusoro, pahurongwa hwe100 GeV (simba rinodiwa kumhanyisa erekitironi imwe kusvika pakukwanisa mabhiriyoni zana emagetsi), symmetry inobatanidza magetsi emagetsi nemasimba asina simba inodzoserwa.

Kuvapo kwezvitsva zvakafanotaurwa, uye nekuwanikwa kweW neZ bosons muna 1983, izvi zvakafanotaurwa zvakasimbiswa. Mauto mana makuru akaderedzwa kusvika matatu. Pfungwa yekuseri kwekubatana ndeyekuti ese matatu masimba eiyo Standard Model, uye pamwe kunyangwe iro repamusoro simba regiravhiti, anosanganiswa kuita chimiro chimwe.

2. The Langrange equation inotsanangura Standard Model, yakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvishanu.

Vamwe vakataura kuti pamasimba makuru, zvichida kumativi Planck scale, simba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi richasanganawo. Ichi ndicho chimwe chezvikuru zvinokurudzira zvetambo dzidziso. Chinonyanya kufadza nezve pfungwa idzi ndechekuti kana tichida kubatana, isu tinofanirwa kudzoreredza symmetry pamasimba epamusoro. Uye kana iye zvino akatyoka, zvinotungamira kune chimwe chinhu chinoonekwa, zvimedu zvitsva uye kusangana kutsva.

Lagrangian yeStandard Model ndiyo yega equation inotsanangura zvidimbu i pesvedzero yeStandard Model (2). Iyo ine zvikamu zvishanu zvakazvimiririra: nezve gluons mu zone 1 ye equation, isina simba bosons muchikamu chakamisikidzwa maviri, chakamisikidzwa nematatu, irondedzero yemasvomhu yekuti nyaya inodyidzana sei nesimba risina simba uye Higgs munda, ghost zvidimbu zvinobvisa. kuwandisa kwemunda weHiggs muzvikamu zvechina, uye mweya inotsanangurwa pasi pezvishanu Fadeev-Popovizvo zvinokanganisa kuregererwa kwekubatana kusina simba. Mazhinji eNeutrino haana kuverengerwa.

Kunyange zvakadaro standard model tinogona kuinyora seequation imwe chete, haisi kunyatsoenderana nenzira yekuti kune akawanda akaparadzana, akazvimirira mataurirwo anodzora zvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvepasirese. Zvikamu zvakaparadzana zveStandard Model hazvidyidzane, nekuti mutengo weruvara haukanganisi magineti uye kupindirana kusina simba, uye mibvunzo inoramba isina kupindurwa nei kupindirana kunofanira kuitika, semuenzaniso, kutyora kweCP mukubatana kwakasimba, kusashanda. tora nzvimbo.

Kana ma symmetries adzoreredzwa (pamusoro pekugona), kubatana kunoitika. Zvisineyi, kuenzanisa kutyora kuzasi kunopindirana nechadenga chatinacho nhasi, pamwe chete nemhando itsva dzezvimedu zvihombe. Saka chii "kubva pane zvose" iyi dzidziso inofanira kuva? Iyo iyo, i.e. chaiyo asymmetric universe, kana imwe uye symmetrical, asi pakupedzisira kwete iyo yatiri kubata nayo.

Runako runonyengera rwemhando "dzakakwana".

Lars Chirungu, muThe No Theory of Everything, anopikisa kuti hapana mitemo imwe chete inogona sanganisa general relativity ne quantum mechanicsnekuti icho chiri chokwadi pachiyero che quantum hachisi chokwadi padanho regiravhiti. Uye iyo yakakura uye yakanyanya kuomarara sisitimu, ndipo painosiyana kubva kune yayo constituent zvinhu. "Chirevo hachisi chekuti mitemo iyi yesimba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi inopesana nequantum mechanics, asi kuti haigone kutorwa kubva kuquantum physics," anonyora kudaro.

Sainzi yese, nemaune kana kuti kwete, yakavakirwa pachikonzero chekuvapo kwavo. mitemo yemuviri inovavariraizvo zvinosanganisira marongero anopindirana ezvinyorwa zvakakosha zvemuviri zvinotsanangura maitiro echisiko chinobatika nezvose zviri mairi. Ehe, dzidziso yakadai haisanganisi tsananguro yakakwana kana tsananguro yezvese zviripo, asi, kazhinji, inotsanangura zvizere zvese zvinogoneka zvemuviri maitiro. Zvine musoro, imwe yemabhenefiti ekukurumidza ekunzwisisa kwakadaro kweTW kungave kumisa zviedzo umo dzidziso inofanotaura mhedzisiro yakaipa.

Mazhinji mafizikisi anozofanira kumira kutsvagisa uye kuita dzidziso yekurarama, kwete kutsvagisa. Nekudaro, veruzhinji vangangove vasina basa nekuti simba regiravhiti rinogona kutsanangurwa maererano nekukombama kwechadenga.

Zvechokwadi, pane imwe mukana - Universe haigoni kubatana. Masymmetries atakasvika paari angori masvomhu edu ekugadzira uye haatsananguri chisiko chinobatika.

Muchinyorwa chepamusoro cheNautil.Us, Sabina Hossenfelder (3), musayendisiti paFrankfurt Institute for Advanced Study, akaongorora kuti "pfungwa yese yedzidziso yezvose yakavakirwa pafungidziro isiri yesainzi." “Iri harisi iro zano rakanakisa rekugadzira dzidziso dzesainzi. (…) Kuvimba nerunako mukukura kwedzidziso kwakamboshanda zvisina kunaka. Mukufunga kwake, hapana chikonzero chekuti zvisikwa zvitsanangurwe nedzidziso yezvose. Nepo isu tichida dzidziso ye quantum yesimba rinokwevera zvinhu kuti tidzivise kusapindirana kune musoro mumitemo yechisikigo, masimba ari muStandard Model haafaniri kubatanidzwa uye haafaniri kubatanidzwa negiravhiti. Zvingave zvakanaka, hongu, asi hazvidiwi. Iyo yakajairika modhi inoshanda nemazvo pasina kubatana, muongorori anosimbisa. Zvisikwa zvakajeka hazvina basa izvo nyanzvi dzefizikisi dzinofunga kuti yakanaka masvomhu, Ms. Hossenfelder vanodaro nehasha. Mufizikisi, kubudirira mukusimudzira dzidziso kwakabatana nemhinduro yekusawirirana kwemasvomhu, uye kwete nemhando dzakanaka uye "dzakapera".

Zvisinei nekurairwa uku, zvikumbiro zvitsva zvedzidziso yezvese zvese zviri kugara zvichiiswa pamberi, senge Garrett Lisi's Iyo Yakasarudzika Yakapusa Theory yezvese, yakaburitswa muna 2007. Iine chimiro icho Prof. Hossenfelder yakanaka uye inogona kuratidzwa zvakanaka ine zvinoyevedza zviono (4). Dzidziso iyi, inonzi E8, inoti kiyi yekunzwisisa denga chinhu chesvomhu muchimiro che symmetrical rosette.

Lisi akagadzira chimiro ichi nekuronga zvekutanga zvimedu pane girafu iyo zvakare inorangarira kunozivikanwa kusangana kwemuviri. Mhedzisiro yacho yakaoma sere-dimensional yemasvomhu chimiro che 248 points. Imwe neimwe yezvibodzwa izvi inomiririra zvimedu zvine zvinhu zvakasiyana. Pane boka rezvimedu mudhayagiramu zvine zvimwe zvinhu izvo "zvisipo". Zvimwe zveizvi "zvisipo" zvine chekuita negiravhiti, kuvhara mukaha uripo pakati pe quantum mechanics uye general relativity.

4. Dzidziso yekuona E8

Saka mafizikisi anofanira kushanda kuti azadze "Fox socket". Kana ikabudirira, chii chichaitika? Vazhinji vanopindura vachitsvinya kuti hapana chakakosha. Mufananidzo wakanaka waizopedzwa. Ichi chivakwa chinogona kukosha mupfungwa iyi, sezvo ichitiratidza kuti mhedzisiro chaiyo yekupedzisa "dzidziso yezvose" ingave. Zvichida isingakoshi mupfungwa inoshanda.