Chii chinotityisidzira - njodzi dzinobva kudenga nepasi

Kuwanda kwatinoita kuziva nezvenzvimbo yedu iri pedyo uye iri kure, ndipo patinonyanya kutya. Zvisinei, isu tine mukana pane madhinosaurs, avo vakanga vasingazivi nezvengozi dzenguva yavo vasati vatsakatika. Asi iyi betsero ichatibetsera munzira ipi neipi here?

Vafemberi vekure havana kupokana kuti muhafu yemiriyoni yemakore meteorite ine dhayamita ingangoita 1 km ingangodonha kuPasi, zvichikonzera njodzi huru yemuchadenga. Chii chinotevera? Mumakore 4 miriyoni, Gliese 710 inenge iri 1,1 light-years kubva kuZuva, zvichigona kukanganisa kutenderera kwezvinhu zviri muOort Cloud uye kuwedzera mukana wekometi kudhumhana neimwe yemapuraneti emukati mesolar. Zvakare, mumaonero emamiriyoni zana emakore, meteorite saizi yeiyo yakakonzera chiitiko chekutsakatika kweCretaceous makore 100 miriyoni apfuura inofungidzirwa kuti icharova Pasi uye inonzi inokonzera kudzima dinosaurs. Saka chero zvakadaro, chimwe chinhu chinoshamisa chakamirira isu - tinovimba nekukurumidza sezvinobvira.

Zvese zvainge zvatovapo

Sezvo kuongororwa kwemifananidzo pamatombo akawanikwa panzvimbo yeTurkey yezvokuchera matongo yakaratidza Gebekli Tepe, ikozvino yaonekwa sechinyakare chekare chebudiriro yevanhu, munenge 11 zviuru BC. pasi redu rabonderana nekometi kana zvidimbu zvayo. Maererano nemasayendisiti kubva kuYunivhesiti yeEdinburgh.

Vanosanganisa zvavakawana nezvavanoti platinum anomaly Geological nguva yeMudiki Dryas. Christopher Moore uye vaaishanda navo kuAmerican University yeSouth Carolina vakambotaura kuti yakawanda yeplatinum yakawanikwa muMuduku Dryas layer. Ore iyi ishoma paPasi, asi kazhinji inowanikwa pane asteroids uye comets. Muduku Dryas platinamu akawanikwa munzvimbo dzakawanda dziri kure muUnited States, saka hazvigoni kutongerwa kunze kuti ichi ndicho chikonzero chechiitiko chinonzwika mukondinendi yose kana kunyange pasi rose.

Sępia Skała kubva kuGöbekli Tepe

PaGöbekli Tepe, zvinyorwa zvinowanikwa pambiru yechivakwa chinozivikanwa se Vulture Rock uye kuratidza mhuka mune zvimiro zvisiri zvomusikirwo. Zviratidzo zvakavhiringidza vatsvakurudzi vakawanda kwenguva yakareba, kusvikira vazopedzisira vaona kuti vaienderana nemapoka enyeredzi enyeredzi uye kuratidza kuti boka rema comets rakarova sei Pasi. Panewo mufananidzo wemurume asina musoro pambiru, iyo inoonekwa sechiratidzo chekutambudzika uye vazhinji vakaurayiwa mushure mekuita kwayo. Masayendisiti akashandisa mhando dzemakombuta dzakavabatsira kuti vaenderane nemapoka enyeredzi akarongwa paVulture Rock nemazuva chaiwo. Zvakazoitika kuti kudonha kwemeteor kwaifanira kunge kwakaitika makore akapoteredza 10 BC. nemukana wekupotsa 950-year.

Masayendisiti anofananidza fungidziro iyi neruzivo kubva kune drill cores yakacherwa muGreenland, maererano nenguva iyo, inonzi Younger Dryas, yakatanga kutenderera 10 BC. . makore ndeyechinguva "kukandwa kwematombo" kubva kwatiri.

Sezvo boka revazivi venyeredzi kubva kuArmagh Observatory neYunivhesiti yeBuckingham vakaratidza mumushumo wa2015, tinogona kunge tichitarisira pasi kutyisidzira kweanonzi asteroids anokonzera hupenyu panyika yedu. centaury, ma<em>asteroid anoratidza zvinhu zvezvose zviri zviviri ma<em>comets ne<em>asteroids. Matenderedzwa ezvitunha zvedenga aya ari kumucheto kwesolar system, pakati peJupiter neNeptune. Vanamazvikokota vari kutyira mabatiro angave akaita gasi resolar system pavari.

Iyi inyaya yakakomba, nekuti macentaurs ane dhayamita ye50 kusvika 100 km, uye kudhumhana navo kwaizoreva kuguma kwebudiriro yedu, uye pamwe hupenyu sezvatinoziva nhasi. Masvomhu akaitwa nemasayendisiti anoratidza kuti chinhu chikuru chakadaro chinogona kunge chiri munzira yayo yekukanganisa nePasi pese 40-100. makore. Uye kunyange kana centaur ikasabonderana nepasi redu, kubhururuka kuri pedyo zvikuru kwechikara chakadaro kunogona kushanduka kuva kubhomba chaiko kwepasi nemarara emuchadenga akasiana-siana ari shure kwaro.

Zuva Rekuzivisa Nengozi

Muna February 2013, asteroid yakawira munharaunda yeRussia. Chelyabinsk. Vanhu vanopfuura chiuru vakakuvadzwa, asi, zvinofadza, hapana akafa. Mutadzi aingova dombo remamita makumi maviri rakapinda chinyararire mumhepo yePasi - rakanga diki kwazvo kuti rionekwe, uye kuwedzera kwakabva kuzuva.

Yangova mumhepo, shock wave yakanyoreswa nemauto acoustic detectors akagadzirirwa kuona kuputika kweatomu kusiri pamutemo. Izvi zvakakurudzira Prof. Peter Brown anobva kuYunivhesiti yeWestern Canada kuti adzidze data pane zvakamborekodhwa zvemuchadenga zvekumanikidza. Somugumisiro, musayendisiti akawana kuputika kunenge makumi matatu kunokonzerwa neasteroids inopinda mumhepo, izvo zvakaitika kubva muna 2001. Kunyange zvazvo dzakabva dzakakwirira zvikuru mumhepo zvokusagona kutityisidzira, nhau dzadzo dzichiri kureva kumuka muhope dzine rugare. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti muboka rema asteroids ari pedyo nePasi, kune akawanda anosvika mamiriyoni gumi emaasteroid aya saizi yeChelyabinsk - imwe neimwe inokwanisa kukonzera kukanganisa pachiyero cheguta rimwe. Parizvino, tawana uye takanyora pasi pe10% yavo.

Masayendisiti anotenda kuti zvinhu zvinosvika 30 m kureba zvinofanirwa kutsva mumhepo. Avo kubva 30 m kusvika 1 km vari munjodzi yekuparadzwa pamwero wemo. "Kushanya" kweakakura anogona kunge atova nemhedzisiro irikunzwa pasirese. Chinhu chikuru chinogona kuva nengozi chakawanikwa neNASA, allatis, inosvika 6 km.

Kwapera gore mushure mechiitiko muChelyabinsk, masayendisiti kubva munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana, pamwe nevanhu vakakurumbira, semuenzaniso, Queen guitarist Brian May, akabatanidzwa pamwe chete. zuva re asteroid. Zuva rake rakasarudzwa muna Chikumi 30, kuti vayeuke zuva rekudonha kwevanodanwa. Tunguska meteorite muna 1908, iyo zvino inotendwa kuti yakanga isiri meteorite zvachose ... Sezvineiwo, mumavhiki anotungamira kumhemberero yeAsteroid Day yegore rino, zvinhu zviviri zvakabhururuka zviri pedyo nepasi redu (anenge chinhambwe kubva kuMwedzi). Yokutanga, pana June 6, yakanga yakakura senhandare yenhabvu. Yechipiri, muna Chikumi 19, yaingove zvishoma zvishoma ...

Inofungidzirwa nhamba yepedyo-Earth asteroids - mushure meWISE yekutarisa

в asteroid njodzi yekuongorora chirongwa (ATAP - Threat Assessment Project) NASA inoshandisa macomputer makuru kutevedzera maitiro epasi redu nezvinhu zvine njodzi. Kuenzanisira kwakarurama kunokubvumira kufanotaura huwandu hwekukuvadza nekurasikirwa. Kukodzera kukuru mukuonekwa kwezvinhu zvine Broadband infrared browser (WISE) iNASA infrared space teresikopu yakatangwa muna Zvita 14, 2009. Parizvino, atora mifananidzo inodarika mamirioni maviri nemazana manomwe. Muna Gumiguru 2,7, mushure mekunge chinangwa chikuru chemishoni chaitwa, mudziyo wekutonhodza weteresikopu wakapera. Zvisineyi, madetector maviri pamana aya aigona kuramba achishanda uye akashandiswa kuenderera mberi nebasa rakadaidzwa Neowise - yakanangana nekutsvaga pedyo-Earth zvinhu (NEO). Muna 2016 chete, NASA, ichishandisa NEOWISE Observatory, yakawana zvinopfuura zana zvitsva zvematombo munzvimbo dziri pedyo nepasi redu. Vane gumi vavo vakanzi vaigona kuva nengozi. Chirevo, chakaburitswa muna Chikumi wegore rino, chinotaurawo nezvekuwedzera-zvichiri kunetsa-kutsanangura kuwedzera kwekuita kwecometary.

Sezvo matekiniki ekutarisa uye zvishandiso zvinoshanduka, huwandu hweruzivo nezve kutyisidzira huri kuwedzera nekukurumidza. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, semuenzaniso, vamiriri veInstitute of Astronomy yeCzech Academy yeScience vakataura izvozvo red Tauridsnguva dzose kuyambuka orbit yePasi, asteroids ane simba rinoparadza anogona kuvanda, achityisidzira nyika dzese. Sekureva kwevaCzechs, tinogona kuvatarisira muna 2022, 2025, 2032 kana 2039.

Kana zuva ratidzima

Muna 2011, vezvenhau vakashuma kuti masaisai eplasma akachajiswa zvimedu kubva kune hofori solar flare aive achangobata Pasi. Izvi zvakakonzera auroras kuchamhembe uye zvishoma kukanganisa kutaurirana kweredhiyo, NASA yakagumisa. Sezvineiwo, zvitema zvimiro zvekuremara kwakazara kwekutaurirana uye makuru mapfupi maseketi mugidhi remagetsi hazvina kuitika.

Chiitiko chataiita panguva iyoyo chakadanwa nevatsvakurudzi coronal mass ejection (chidimbu KME). Ipapo makore makuru eplasma anoenda kupasi redu nekumhanya kwe900 km/s. Kukanganisa kwakananga kwegore rakadaro rezvimedu zvinochajiswa kunogona kukonzera dutu guru re geomagnetic. Kudhumhana nePasi remagineti kunogona kuvharisa kufambiswa kweredhiyo, kukanganisa hurongwa hweGPS, uye kuvharisa network yemagetsi.

Gore rakatevera, musi waChikunguru 23, 2012, Zuva rakaputika kuputika kukuru kwati kwamboitwa nevanoona muchadenga. Sezvineiwo, isu hatina kunzwa kukanganiswa kwayo, sezvo kuburitswa kwacho hakuna kutungamirwa zvakananga kuPasi. Zvisinei, vazivi venyeredzi vave vachinyevera kwemakore kuti kana “pfuti” huru yechinhu ikatumirwa kuNyika, tichapinda mudambudziko guru. Isu tinorarama munguva iyo hupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva, kubva pakutakura kuenda kukukurukurirana, hunoenderana nemagetsi. Masayendisiti anotenda kuti nedutu rine simba remagineti rakakwana mushure mekuputika kweZuva, kukuvadzwa kwesimba remagetsi kunogona kukanganisa nyika dzese, uye kugadzirisa zvakakanganisika, kusanganisira kudzoreredza magetsi, mune dzimwe nguva zvinotora kusvika makore akati wandei. Muna 1989, mukati medutu remagineti mudunhu reCanada reQuebec, pakanga pane kudzimwa kwemagetsi. Zviuru zvevatengi zvakasara zvisina magetsi kwemaawa mapfumbamwe. Masangano akasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira masheya, haana kushanda, izvo zvakakonzera kurasikirwa kukuru kwemari.

Dutu rine ngozi zvikuru remagineti munhoroondo rakarova Pasi kutanga kwaGunyana 1859. Anozivikanwa se "The Carrington phenomenon"- pachinzvimbo chemuzivi wenyeredzi, aive iye ega akabva aona mwenje wezuva. Mhepo yezuva yakasvika paPasi magineti mapango mumaawa asingasviki makumi maviri, 2-3 nguva nekukurumidza kupfuura nguva. Pakanga paine kutadza uye kuparara kwenharembozha muEurope neNorth America. Iyo auroras, inowanzoonekwa pamusoro penzvimbo dzepolar, yakaonekwa panguva ino kunenge pasi rose - kunyangwe munyika dziri pedyo neequator.

Zviitiko izvi hazvina kuparadza budiriro yakavakirwa pamagetsi, electromagnetism uye zvemagetsi, kunyanya nekuti budiriro iyi yanga isati yavapo. Zvisinei, mumushumo wakabva kuAmerican Academy of Sciences, masayendisiti anonyevera kuti dutu rakafanana neramuna 1859 rinogona kukonzera njodzi yenyika yose nhasi. Kukurumidza kuchinja musimba remagineti pamusoro penzvimbo yakakura panguva yemhepo ine simba remhepo rinokonzera simba re electromotive mumakondukita, izvo zvinogona kuva nengozi kune high voltage transformers. Dutu remagineti rakaenzana ne1859 rinogona kuparadza simba rose renyika dzakabudirira.

"Nenguva isipi" mudenga rePasi

99942 Apophis - Pazvakaonekwa muna 2004, zvakaverengerwa kuti chinhu ichi chemamita mazana matatu nemakumi maviri nemashanu chaive nemukana we325% wekurova Pasi neChishanu, Kubvumbi 2,7, 13. , 2029 Apophis inogona kukonzeresa kukuvadzwa, sezvo ingangopfuura pedyo nekutenderera kwemamwe masatelliti enharembozha.

1950 D.A. -Kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika, iyi asteroid yakabata rekodhi yemukana wekudhumhana nePasi. Muna 2002, zvakaonekwa kuti njodzi yekuti icharova pasi redu muna 2880 yakakwira se17%. Zvisinei, pakati pegore ra2013, mushure mekuongorora kwakadzama, mukana wacho wakaderedzwa kusvika 0,044%. Zvino masayendisiti… akaadzikisa kusvika zero.

1999 AN10 – Ichi chinhu chine dhayamita 1 kusvika 2 km, saka chinoparadza zviri pakati nepakati nyika. Musi wa7 Nyamavhuvhu 2027, pasi redu richapfuura nedaro riri pakati pedu nemwedzi. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, aive pedyo nePasi muna 1946.

Supervolcano haitore vasungwa

Zvinoenderana nefungidziro dzakasiyana siyana, kune vanomwe kusvika gumi nevaviri vavo paNyika. supervolcanos uye kuputika kumwe chete kwakakwana kushandura zvachose mamiriro epasi redu. Mune tarisiro yezviuru zve 100. Mumakore mashomanana, kuputika kwepamusoro-soro kunogona kuitika paNyika, semugumisiro weiyo 400 km³ yemagma ichasunungurwa kumusoro. Zvinofanira kuwedzerwa pano kuti vanoongorora kuputika kwemakomo vanotarisira kuputika kwepamusoro-soro mumakore angangoita miriyoni uye kuburitswa kweanosvika 3200 km³ yemagma. Ichafananidzwa nekuputika Toba Supervolcano 73 zviuru zvemakore apfuura, apo vanenge vanhu vose vekare vakararama panguva iyoyo vakafa.

Supervolcano - kuona

Kwemakore 36 miriyoni apfuura, kuputika kukuru kwepamusoro-soro kwakaitika paNyika inodarika makumi mana. Kuputika kweToba kuchiri hosha huru yekuputika kwemakomo mumakore 28 miriyoni apfuura. Nhasi Lake Toba yakakomberedzwa nemakomo maduku maviri anoputika uye zvitubu zvakawanda zvinopisa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti gomo rinoputika richiri kushanda uye simba richiri kukwira. Chitsuwa chinoramba chichikwira cheSamosir chinogona kushanda sehumwe humbowo. Maererano nedheta yakaunganidzwa kusvika ikozvino, yakasimbiswa kuti gomo reToba richaputika paavhareji yega yega 300-400 zviuru. makore, saka inosungirwa kuputika zvakadaro.

Kuputika kwekupedzisira kweToba kunofungidzirwa kuti kwakaburitsa anenge 2800 km³ pyroclastic zvinhu, asi vamwe vaongorori vanotenda kuti izvi hazvitarisire. Surface lava muhuwandu hwe1 chiuru chemakiromita³ yakavharwa 20-30 zviuru zvemakiromita² pamusoro peSumatra ine layer 50-150 m gobvu (mune dzimwe nzvimbo kunyange kusvika 400 m). Ukobvu hwevhavha hunoderera zvishoma nezvishoma kumadokero. Mienzaniso yemukume yakawanikwa mumachakwi eFrench Grand Pylae inoratidza kuti pashure pokuputika kwegomo rinoputika reToba, nhamba yavo yakadzikira zvakanyanya kwezviuru zvemakore.

Kuputika kwemakomo mukati memazana matanhatu emakore apfuura kwakapa humbowo hwekuti kunogona kukonzera zvinodaidzwa chando chekuputika kwemakomo. Somuenzaniso, Pinatubo volcano muna 1991 akakanda "chete" 4 km mumhepo³ huruva, iyo, zvisinei, yakaderedza avhareji yetembiricha yenyika neinenge 0,5–0,7 °C. Migumisiro yakafanana yakaonekwa mune kumwe kuputika kwemakomo munguva pfupi yapfuura. Ehe, hazvisi izvo zvinokonzeresa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze, asi zvinogona kukonzera kusagadzikana kwemamiriro ekunze. Kunyangwe "makore asina nguva yezhizha" akatevera kubuda aya anozivikanwa. Tambora Volcano muna 1815 Tambora akakanda anenge 40 km mumhepo³ zvinhu zvegomo rinoputika, uye mhedzisiro yezviitwa zvaro zvakanzwika kwemakore akati wandei mushure mekuputika.

St. Helena kuputika

Makore mashoma apfuura, masayendisiti ekuAmerica akaita zviyero zvine huremu hwehuwandu hwemagma yemvura yakange yaungana pasi peYellowstone Park kupfuura kare. Akava ane mukurumbira pasi rose. Yellowstone supervolcano 2,5 nguva kupfuura yaimbofungwa! Parizvino, hukuru hwekamuri ine dombo rakanyungudutswa rakagadzirira kubuda kunze hunenge 90 km kureba uye hupamhi hwemakiromita makumi matatu. Zviwanikwa zvayo zvinobva pa30 kusvika ku5 km kudzika pasi.

Kuputika kwekupedzisira kwegomo guru reYellowstone kwakaitika makore 640 apfuura. makore mazhinji apfuura. Maererano nevamwe vatsvakurudzi, kuputika kunotevera "kunze kwekurongeka." Kana izvi zvikaitika, tiri munjodzi yenyika yose. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti kuputika kunobvira kungave kwakasimba zvakapetwa nezviuru zviviri kupfuura kuputika kwacho. St. Helena muna 1980, izvo zvinopomerwa mhosva yemakore akawanda ekutonhora kwemamiriro ekunze. Imwe kuputika kweYellowstone, ine chikero chakafanana neicho chekusvika ku640 5 makore, inofungidzirwa kuparadza yakawanda yeU. Vaizoumba chidimbu cheasidhi yesulfuric kupota pasi rose, vachiratidzira chiedza chezuva kwemakore akawanda. Zvinoenderana nefungidziro isina tariro, vanhu vanosvika zviuru mazana mashanu vanogona kufa nenzara.

Kune zvakare supervolcano iri padyo nesu, muItaly. Phlegrean minda () - supervolcano ine dhayamita yemakiromita gumi nematatu padyo neNaples, imwe yedzinotyisa kwazvo munyika. Vanhu vane miriyoni vanogara munharaunda yake, uye vanhu vanosvika mamiriyoni matanhatu vanogara munzvimbo inoputika!

Muna Chivabvu zvakashumwa kuti vaive pedyo nekubuda kwechirwere ichi kupfuura zvaifungwa kare. Migumisiro yeongororo itsva inotyisa. Nzvimbo yepasi munzvimbo yakasimuka, iyo, maererano nemasayendisiti, inogona kunge yakakonzerwa nekuumbwa kwemagma. Zvakatoipa, kune akawanda se24 crater munzvimbo iyi. Masayendisiti kubva kuUniversity College London timu uye Vesuvius Observatory vanosimbisa kuti gomo iri harina kugadzikana kwemakore makumi manomwe. Kunyange zvazvo zvisingabviri kudoma nguva chaiyo yekuputika, vatsvakurudzi vakanyora mumagazini yeNature Communications kuti Phlegrean Fields iri kutsamira kune kuputika.

Nelson's atmospheric twin

Zvinoita sekuti 1-2 ° C hazvisi zvidiki zvinoonekwa. Zvisinei, kubva pakuona kwepasi rose, kurwisana kwe "kudonha nekukura" pasi pe2 ° C ihondo yekuve kana kusave nzvimbo huru dzePasi uye zvisikwa zvipenyu zvakawanda, kusanganisira vanhu.

Sezvo basa renguva refu revasayendisiti rakaratidza, munhu anokanganisa kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze ne90%. kana carbon dioxide emissions maindasitiri emaindasitiri haazodzikiswa, avhareji tembiricha pasi rose ichawedzera kubva 1,8 kusvika 4,0 °C. Sirin'i inonzi yakatosvika 6,4°C.

Global Temperature Kukwira izvi zvichakanganisa nyika zvakanyanya, uye hupfumi hwenyika zhinji huchatambura zvakanyanya. Semuenzaniso, nhamba huru yezvirimwa zvekurima zvichafa. Nekuda kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, nzvimbo yeminda ichadzikiswa zvakanyanya uye mutengo wezviyo uchawedzera kakawanda. Zvakatonyanya kuipa ityisidziro yekukwira kwemvura yemugungwa, izvo zvinozotungamira zvakananga kukunyura kwenyika.

Mwero wemvura mumakungwa uri kukwira. Zvinoenderana neiyo data nyowani, isu tiri kubata nekuwedzera kweanosvika 3 mm pagore. Zvichakadaro, vanhu vakawanda vari panyika yedu vanogara munzvimbo dziri mumhenderekedzo yegungwa. Nechekare muna 2007, zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti kuwedzera kwemakungwa kwakatyisidzira vanhu vane mamirioni mazana matanhatu. Matunhu aya anowanzoumba musimboti weupfumi hwekurima, zvichipa chikafu kuvanhu vari mukati menyika. Kune zvakakosha zvivakwa, nzvimbo dzemaindasitiri, zvigadziriso zvematsvina uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzehunyanzvi hwebudiriro.

Maererano nefungidziro dzakasiyana-siyana, mwero wemvura unotarisirwa kukwira ne 2100-28 cm ne 43. Izvi zvinoreva mafashamo munzvimbo dzakaderera dzepasi - kunyanya zvitsuwa zvinopisa seMaldives, asiwo maguta makuru akadai seTokyo neSan Francisco. Nzvimbo huru dzenyika dzakaita seNetherlands kana US state yeFlorida ichange iri pasi pemvura.

Chikamu chezvipenyu chinotsakatika mukutsakatika kukuru

Nekune rimwe divi, nyanzvi dzinofanotaura kuti nekuda kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze uye kuoma kwenzvimbo dzakakura dzepasi panosvika 2080, kubva pamabhiriyoni 1,1 kusvika ku3,2 pasi rose vacharamba vasina mvura, kunyanya muAfrica, Australia, South Asia uye Europe. uye kumadokero kweNorth America. Vanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni 600 vanogona kunzwa nzara. Nhamba yezviitiko zvechisimba zvemamiriro ekunze uye njodzi dzinongoitika dzoga dzinokanganisa hupenyu hwevanhu uye kushanda kwehupfumi huchawedzera kusvika ku80%. Data kubva kumativi ose enyika inoratidza kuti nhamba yenjodzi dzinongoitika dzoga iri kuwedzera zvakarongeka.

Mvura yakadzika yegungwa inotora kupisa kubva mumhepo uye inopisa zvishoma nezvishoma asi zvishoma nezvishoma. Kana tembiricha iri pasi pemakungwa ichikwira, zvinogona kuitika kusagadzikana kwe methane hydrates, pamateru egungwa rekondinendi uye kubuda kwemethane yakawanda mugungwa nemhepo. Masayendisiti anotenda kuti izvi zvakaitika kare munhoroondo yePasi uye zvaiwanzobatanidzwa nenguva dzekutsakatika kukuru.7).

mhedzisiro kunyunguduka permafrost inogona kutoonekwa zvinokatyamadza kuChamhembe. Mishumo yezvisinganzwisisike craters muSiberia (9) inogona kunzwika kwemakore akati wandei. Kusvika pari zvino, akawanda emakomba akadaro awanikwa muvhu. Craters inosiyana muhukuru, yakakura kwazvo ine dhayamita inosvika 30 m uye yakadzika mamita 60-70. Muna June wegore rino, makomba matsva akaonekwa. Zvapupu zvakaona zvaifudza nondo munharaunda yacho zvakataura nezvokuputika kwakangoerekana kwaita matsi uye kuputika kwaigona kuonekwa kure. Vakataura nezvemurazvo wedenga waionekwa kwemaminitsi akati wandei, chiutsi chichibva chasimuka.

Pakusvika, vatsvakurudzi vakawana makororo maviri makuru matsva. Imwe yacho, maererano neSiberian Time service, inogona kuwanikwa pakadzika kusvika pamamita makumi mashanu. Inowanikwa makiromita makumi mana kuchamhembe kweguta reSejacha. Paiva netsvina yakawanda kumativi ose. Miti yakapoteredza yairatidza zviratidzo zvemoto. Kuputika kwakaitika muna Chikumi 50 uye kwaive kwakasimba zvekuti yakanyorwa nema sensors e seismic ari pedyo nenzvimbo dzakapoteredza gasi. Gomba rechipiri rakawanikwa neboka revasayendisiti rinotungamirirwa naDr. J. Alexander Sokolov. Inowanikwa makiromita makumi matatu kumabvazuva kweJerkut science station. Yakavakwa kare, zvichida muna April.

Sezvauri kuona, mafunnels haafanire kunge ari basa revaenzi vasina kukokwa "kubva kumusoro". Kunyangwe maonero ekuwedzera kwekutyisidzira kunokonzerwa nekuwedzera kugona kwedu kuzviona, kana kuti nekuda kwekuitika kwadzo kakawanda kupfuura kare, kutyisidzira - zvese denga nenyika - hazvifanirwe kurerutswa.

Kukanganisa kukuru kwazvino kwezvinhu zvemuchadenga

• Musi waApril 30, 2013, nguva pfupi mushure mezviitiko muChelyabinsk, asteroid yakaputika pamusoro peNorth Atlantic, ichibudisa simba rebhomba duku reatomu.
• Musi waKukadzi 15, 2013, chinhu chemita makumi maviri chakabhururuka pamusoro peRussia. Hapana akafa, asi zviuru zvevanhu zvakakuvadzwa. Mazhinji esimba reasteroid akatorwa nemhepo - kare, asati apinda munzvimbo iyi, chinhu chacho chaive nesimba rekinetic rakaenzana ne20 kilotons yeTNT.
• Musi wa3 Gunyana 2004, asteroid yakaputika pamusoro peSouthern Ocean.
• Musi waChikumi 6, 2002, asteroid yakaputika mudenga pamusoro peGungwa reMediterranean, pakati peLibhiya neKrete. Simba rekuputika rinofungidzirwa sebhomba reatomu, asi hapana zvidimbu zvechinhu chakaparadzwa zvakawanikwa.
• Musi waJune 30, 1908, kuputika kwakakurumbira kwakaitika 5-10 km pamusoro peRwizi rweTunguzka muSiberia - asteroid kana comet, i.e. Tunguska meteorite. Chinhu chacho chaiva nesimba remazana emabhomba eatomu. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti mamiriyoni makumi masere emiti yakatemwa munzvimbo ye2 km². Kuva kure chete nekugara kwatinofanira kuita nekuda kwekushaikwa kwevakashungurudzwa.