Chigadzirwa uye musimboti wekutenderera otomatiki

Injini dzese dzemukati dzekutsva dzemotokari dzakapetwa nekutapurirana. Nhasi kune akakura akakura emagetsi emagetsi, asi nemamiriro ezvinhu anogona kukamurwa muzvikamu zviviri:

• Chinyorwa hutachiwana kana chemanyorerwo gearbox;
• Otomatiki hutachiwana kana otomatiki hutachiwana.

Kana zviri zve "mechanics", pano misiyano inoenderana chete nenhamba yekumhanya uye maficha echimiro chemukati. Zvizhinji nezve chishandiso chekufambisa chinotaurirwa pano... Ngatitarisei pane otomatiki kutapurirana: chimiro chayo, musimboti wekushanda, zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira kana tichienzanisa nevamwe vema mechanical, uye zvakare kurukurai yakakosha mitemo yekushandisa "muchina".

Chii chinonzi otomatiki kutapurirana

Kupesana neyemishini bhokisi, mune otomatiki analogue yekumhanyisa, otomatiki switch pamusoro. Mune ino kesi, kubatanidzwa kwemutyairi kunodzikiswa. Zvichienderana nekugadzirwa kwekufambisa, mutyairi anosarudza iyo yakakodzera modhi pane anosarudza, kana nguva nenguva anopa mimwe mirairo ku "robhoti" kuti achinje giya rinodiwa.

Vagadziri vakafunga nezve kudiwa kwekugadzira otomatiki kutumira kuitira kudzikisa majee kana uchichinja magiya nemutyairi mune echinyorwa modhi. Sezvaunoziva, mutyairi wega wega ane ake maitiro ekutyaira, uye, zvinosuruvarisa, ivo vari kure nekukosha. Semuenzaniso, teerera kune zvakajairika zvikanganiso zvinowanzo kukonzera makanika kukundikana. Uchawana ruzivo urwu mu separated article.

Nhoroondo yekugadzirwa

Kekutanga, pfungwa yekuchinja magiya mu otomatiki maitiro yakaitwa naHerman Fittenger. Kutapurirana kweinjiniya weGerman kwakagadzirwa muna 1902. pakutanga raishandiswa pazvikepe.

Makore maviri gare gare, hama dzeStatewent (Boston) dzakapa yazvino vhezheni yemakaniki bhokisi, asi, kutaura zvazviri, yaive yekutanga "otomatiki". Kutapurika kwepuraneti kwakaiswa mumotokari dzeFord Model T. Nheyo yekushanda kweiyo otomatiki kufambisa yaive yekuti mutyairi, achishandisa chiita chimwe chete, akawedzera kana kudzikisa giya. Reverse kumhanya yakagadziriswa neparutivi chitiviri.

Chikamu chinotevera che "shanduko" yekutengesa otomatiki inowira pakati pemakumi matatu. GM yakagadzirisa mashandiro aripo nekuwedzera hydraulic planetary giya dhiraivha. Paive paine batira mumota semiautomatic.

Mukufanana naGeneral Motors, mainjiniya eChrysler akawedzera hydraulic clutch kune dhizaini dhizaini. Nekuda kweichi dhizaini, iro bhokisi rakamira kuve neyakaomarara coupling yekutyaira uye inotyairwa miseve. Izvi zvakave nechokwadi chegiya rakatsetseka kuchinja. Iyo michina yakagamuchirawo kudarika. Ichi chakakosha overdrive (giya reshiyo iri pasi pe1), iyo inotsiva mbiri-yekumhanyisa giya.

Yokutanga Serial kukura otomatiki hutachiwana muenzaniso kubva GM. Iyo michina yakatanga kuburitswa muna 1940. Mudziyo wekutapurirana kwakadai une huturu hwakabatana pamwe chete neplanethi gearbox yezvikamu zvina. Kuchinja kwakaitwa uchishandisa hydraulics.

Otomatiki hutachiwana mudziyo

Inofananidzwa nehutachiona hwehutachiona, hutachiona hutachiona hune imwe yakaoma yakaoma. Hezvino zvinhu zvakakosha zvekufambisa otomatiki:

• Iyo torque inoshandura mudziyo une hutachiwana huturu (ATF). Chinangwa chayo ndechekutamisa torque kubva mukati meinjini yemagetsi kuenda kune yekutyaira shaft yebhokisi. Mavhiri eturbine, pombi uye reactor akaiswa mukati memuviri. Zvakare, iyo torque inoshandura mudziyo inosanganisira mbiri mbiri: ichivharira uye freewheel. Yekutanga inova nechokwadi chekuti torque inoshandura yakavharirwa pane inodikanwa nzira yekufambisa. Yechipiri inobvumira iro vhiri re reactor kutenderera nenzira yakatarisana.
• Mapuraneti giya iseti yemiseve, kubatanidza, madhiramu anopa kumusoro uye pasi magiya. Izvi zvinoitwa nekushandura kumanikidza kwemvura inoshanda.
• Iyo control unit - yaimbova hydraulic, asi nhasi shanduro yemagetsi inoshandiswa. IEU inorekodha zviratidzo kubva kuma sensors akasiyana. Zvichienderana neizvi, iyo yuniti unit inotumira masaini kumidziyo iyo shanduko mune yekushandisa nzira yemuchina inoenderana (vharafu yemuviri mavhavha, ayo anotungamira kuyerera kwekushanda kwemvura).
• Masensa ari kuratidza zvishandiso zvinorekodha mashandiro ezvinhu zvakasiyana zvekutumira uye anotumira akakodzera masaini kuECU. Bhokisi racho rine anotevera maseru
• Pombi yemafuta - inogadzira kumanikidza kunodiwa kutenderedza inoenderana vanoshandura vanes.

Zvese zvinhu zvekufambisa otomatiki zviri mune imwe kesi.

Nheyo yekushanda uye hupenyu hwehupenyu hwekufambisa otomatiki

Ipo mota ichifamba, iyo yekudzora yuniti inoongorora iyo enjini mutoro uye, zvinoenderana nezviratidzo, inotumira masaini kune iyo torque converter zvinhu zvekudzora. Transmission fluid ine yakamanikidzwa kumanikidza mafosi ari mupuraneti giya. Izvi zvinoshandura chiyero chegiyo. Iko kumhanya kweichi chiitiko zvakare kunoenderana nekumhanyisa kwekufambisa pachezvayo.

Zvinhu zvinoverengeka zvinokanganisa mashandiro echikamu:

• Chikamu cheOiri mubhokisi;
• Iyo otomatiki kutumira kunoshanda nemazvo pane imwe tembiricha (ingangoita makumi masere^оC), saka, munguva yechando, inoda kupisa, uye muzhizha, inoda kutonhora;
• Otomatiki hutachiona hwakatonhodzwa nenzira imwechete seinjini - nerubatsiro rweiradiyeta;
• Kuomeswa kwemafuta (paavhareji, chiratidzo ichi chiri pakati kubva pa2,5 kusvika ku4,5 bar.).

Kana iwe ukatarisa hutano hweiyo inotonhora system munguva, pamwe neizvo zviri pamusoro zvinhu, iro bhokisi rinogara kusvika mazana mashanu ezviuru mamaira. Kunyangwe zvese zvichitsamira pamabatiro aanoita mutyairi kune nzira yekufambisa yekufambisa.

Chinhu chakakosha chinokanganisa zviwanikwa zvebhokisi mashandisiro ekushandisa epakutanga.

Basic modes of otomatiki hutachiwana

Kunyangwe iyo otomatiki switch ichimhanya mune otomatiki kana semi-otomatiki maitiro, mutyairi anogona kuseta yakatarwa modhi inodiwa kune yakatarwa mamiriro. Iwo makuru ma modhi ndeaya:

• R - muoti yokupaka. Munguva yekuita kwayo (inoenderana nzvimbo yemusarudzo lever), mavhiri ekutyaira akavharika. Kana lever iri muchinzvimbo ichi, unofanirwa kutanga uye kumisa injini. Hapana mamiriro iwe unofanirwa kugonesa iri basa uchityaira;
• R - negadziriro yeparutivi giya. Sezvazviri mune zvemakanika, iyi modhi inofanirwa kuvhurwa chete kana muchina wanyatsomira;
• N - kwazvakarerekera kana hapana basa rakabvumidzwa. Mune ino modhi, mavhiri anotenderera akasununguka, muchina unokwanisa kumahombekombe kunyangwe nemotokari yakavhurwa. Hazvikurudzirwi kushandisa nzira iyi kuchengetedza mafuta, sezvo injini inowanzo shandisa mafuta akawanda kana ichiita idling kupfuura kana iko kumhanya kuri (semuenzaniso, kana uchimedura injini). Iyi modhi inowanikwa mumota kuitira kana mota ichida kudhonzwa (kunyangwe dzimwe mota dzisingakwanise kudhonzwa);
• D - iyi modhi inobvumidza mota kuenda kumberi. Iyo yemagetsi pachayo inodzora iyo giya shanduko (kumusoro / pasi). Mune ino modhi, iyo otomatiki inoshandisa iyo injini braking basa kana iyo yekuwedzera accelerator yaburitswa. Kana iyi modhi ikabvumidzwa, kufambisa kunoedza kubata mota kana ichinge yakadzika (iko kubata kwekuchengetedza kunoenderana nekona yekuda).

Kuwedzera otomatiki hutachiwana modes

Kuwedzera kune akakosha modes, yega otomatiki hutachiwana yakashongedzerwa nemamwe mabasa. Imwe neimwe kambani yemotokari inoshongedza mamodheru avo nenzira dzakasiyana dzekufambisa. Heano mamwe acho:

• 1 (dzimwe nguva L) - iko kuendesa hakusanganise yechipiri giya, asi inobvumira injini kutenderera kusvika kumhanya kwazvo. Iyi nzira inoshandiswa pamatanho akaomesesa emigwagwa, semuenzaniso, kumawere uye kumateru marefu;
• 2 - yakafanana modhiyo, chete mune ino kesi bhokisi harizokwira pamusoro pechipiri giya. Kazhinji kazhinji, munzvimbo ino, mota inogona kusvika panokwana 80 km / h;
• 3 (kana S) - imwe yekumhanyisa inomira, iyi chete ndiyo yechitatu giya. Vamwe vatyairi vanoishandisa pakuwedzeredza kana kukurumidza kumhanyisa. Pasina kuchinjira kumhanho yechina, mota inosvetuka kusvika kumhanya yepamusoro, iyo inobatsira panzira yekumhanyisa mota. Kazhinji, mune iyi modhi, mota inogona kumhanyisa kusvika ku4 km / h. (chinhu chikuru ndechekutevera iyo tachometer tsono kuitira kuti irege kupinda munzvimbo tsvuku).

Michina yakawanda yakagadzirirwa ne-semi-automatic gearshift mode. Rimwe remazita ekushandurwa kwakadai ndiTiptronic. Iye anosarudza mavari achave neakasiyana niche parutivi rwemhando huru.

Iyo + uye - zviratidzo zvinokutendera kuti uchinjire kumagiya anoenderana ne "manual" mode. Izvi, chokwadika, ingori nzira yemanyorerwo, nekuti maitiro acho achiri kugadziriswa nemagetsi kuitira kuti mutyairi asakanganisa kutapurirana nezviito zvisiri izvo.

Iwe unogona kuchengeta iyo yekuwedzera pedal yakaora mwoyo kana uchichinja magiya. Iyi yekuwedzera modhi inowanikwa yekutyaira munzira dzakaoma dzemigwagwa senge sinou kana materu akadzika.

Imwezve nzira yekuwedzera iyo inogona kuve iripo mukutenderera otomatiki ndeye "Nguva yechando". Imwe neimwe inogadzira inoitumidza nenzira yayo. Semuenzaniso, munhu anosarudza anogona kunge aine chando kana W yakanyorwa pairi, kana inogona kuti "Chando". Mune ino kesi, iyo otomatiki haibvumidze mavhiri ekutyaira kutsvedza panguva yekutanga kwekufamba kana kana uchichinja kumhanya.

Munguva yechando mode, mota ichatanga kubva kune yechipiri giya, uye kumhanya kuchichinja pazasi injini kumhanya. Vamwe vanhu vanoshandisa iyi modhi pavanotyaira mujecha kana mumatope muzhizha. Munguva inopisa mumugwagwa wakanaka, haufanire kushandisa basa iri, sezvo bhokisi richakurumidza kupisa nekuda kwebasa riine mutoro wakawanda.

Pamusoro pemamore ari pamusoro, kufambiswa kwemamwe mota kune Sport mode (magiya ari kuita revs yepamusoro) kana Shift Lock (basa rekuchinja lever yekusarudza inogona kumisikidzwa kunyangwe kana injini yadzima).

Mashandisiro ekushandisa otomatiki kutapurirana

Kunyangwe kuchinjika kwegear mukutapurirana uku kunoda kushomeka kwekubata mutyairi, haina kutongwa zvachose. Aya matanho ekutanga ekushandisa otomatiki kutapurirana nemazvo.

Mitemo yekutanga yekushandisa muchina bhokisi

Kutanga kwekufamba kunofanira kuitika mune zvinotevera zvinotevera:

• Tinosvina bhureki rebhureki;
• Isu tinotanga injini (pane isina kugadzirwa injini, lever haigone kufambiswa);
• Dhinda bhatani rekiyi pane iyo switch switch (kana iripo). Inowanzo kuve iri padivi kana kumusoro kwechibato;
• Isu tinofambisa iyo yekusarudza lever kuisa D (kana iwe uchida kutsigira, wobva wasarudza R). Iyo inomhanya inoitwa mushure memumwe kusvika maviri masekonzi mushure mekumisikidza inodikanwa modhi, uye mota ichadzora zvishoma kumhanya

Kufambisa kwemotokari kunofanira kuitwa seinotevera:

• Regedza bhureki rekumedura;
• Iyo mota ichatanga kufamba (kana kutanga kuitiswa kukwira, saka unofanirwa kuwedzera gasi);
• Maitiro ekutyaira anotemerwa nehunhu hwekutsimbirira peturu peturu: kana ikatsikirirwa zvakanyanya, mota ichave ine simba, kana ikatsikirirwa zvakanaka, mota ichawedzera kumhanya, uye magiya anotenderera zvishoma nezvishoma;
• Kana zvikave zvakakodzera kumhanyisa zvakanyanya, tinya chitiviri pasi. Iko kukanda-pasi basa kunoitwa. Mune ino kesi, iro bhokisi rinochinjira kune rakaderera giya uye rinotenderera injini kune yakakwira revs yekumhanyisa mota. Nekudaro, izvi hazviwanzo kupa masimba ekuwedzera. Mune ino kesi, zvirinani kuisa iyo yekusarudza lever muS kana 3 modhi, ipapo kumhanya hakuchinjike kune yechina giya, asi kuchamhanyisa muchitatu.

Tinomira seinotevera:

• Tinosunungura gasi chitiviri;
• Kana iwe uchida kumira nekukurumidza, tinya bhureki;
• Kuti mota irege kufamba, bata bhureki;
• Kana iyo yekumira ipfupi, saka iyo yekusarudza lever inosara mune mode D, uye kana iri yakareba, saka tinoiendesa ku mode N. Muchiitiko ichi, injini haizopisa mafuta pasina. Kuchengetedza mota kuti ifambe zvisina tsarukano, haufanire kusunungura mabhureki kana kumisikidza mamiriro ekupaka.

Zvimwe zviyeuchidzo maererano nekushandiswa kwemuchina:

• Iyo gasi uye mabhureki emabhureki anovhurwa chete nerutsoka rwerudyi, uye kuruboshwe haribatwe zvachose;
• Iyo bhureki rekumedura rinofanirwa kugara rakadzvanywa panguva yekumira, kunze kwekumisikidza kweP mode;
• Paunenge uchityaira uchidzika chikomo, usavheneke N, nekuti otomatiki hutachiona hunoshandisa injini yekupwanya;
• Kana iyo modhi yashandurwa kubva D kuenda kuN kana zvinopesana, bhatani rekiyi harifanire kumanikidzwa, kuitira kuti usapinda netsaona mukumhanyisa kumhanya kana kupaka uchityaira.

Ko mota ine otomatiki inotakura inoda kubatika ruoko here?

Kana iyo otomatiki yekufambisa iine nzira yekupaka, nei mota iine bhureki yekupaka? Mubhuku rekurayiridza revazhinji vemazuva ano vagadziri vemotokari zvinoratidza kuti ichi chiero chekuwedzera kubva pakufambisa kwemotokari.

Vazhinji vatyairi havashandise bhureki remaoko nekuti iyo yekupaka modhi inogara ichiita basa rayo nemazvo. Uye munguva yechando, dzimwe nguva mapedhi anotonhora kusvika kuma disc (kunyanya kana mota yanga iri mumadhaka zuro wacho).

Hedzino zviitiko kana iwe uchida bhureki remaoko:

• Paunenge uchimira padanho rekuwedzera kumisikidza kwemuchina;
• Izvo zvinouyawo zvinobatsira kana uchichinja mavhiri;
• Usati watendeuka P modhi padanho (mune ino kesi, lever inoshanduka nekuedza kukuru, izvo zvinogona kukonzeresa kupfeka kwezvikamu zvekutapurirana zvinopesana);
• Kana mota iri panzvimbo yakatenuka zvese muP mod uye pabraki, ipapo pakutanga kwekufamba, tanga wabvisa "kupaka", wobva wasunungura bharanzi.

Zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira pamusoro otomatiki hutachiwana

Otomatiki hutachiwana ane zvose zvakwakanakira nekuipira. Izvo zvakanakira zvinosanganisira zvinotevera zvinhu:

• Gear chinja haizoshandisi zvakanaka, pasina jerking, izvo zvinopa kupfuura hwomutambarakede kufamba;
• Iko hakuna kudikanwa kwekuchinja kana kugadzirisa batira;
• Mune iyo modhi yemanyowani, akanaka masimba anopihwa, kunyangwe kana mutyairi akakanganisa, ipapo iyo otomatiki ichagadzirisa zvishoma mamiriro acho;
• Otomatiki hutachiwana anokwanisa kuchinjira kune yekutyaira manyorerwo emota

Kukanganisa kwemuchina:

• Dhizaini yeyuniti iyi yakanyanya kuomarara, nekuda kwekuti iko kugadzirisa kunofanirwa kuitwa nehunyanzvi;
• Pamusoro pekuchengetedza kunodhura, kutsiva kufambisa kuchadhura kwazvo, nekuti iine huwandu hwakawanda hwenzvimbo dzakaomarara;
• Mune otomatiki maitiro, kugona kweiyo mashandiro kwakaderera, izvo zvinotungamira mukunyanyisa kushandiswa kwemafuta;
• Kurema kwebhokisi pasina technical fluid uye torque converter ingangoita makumi manomwe makirogiramu, uye kana yakazara zvakakwana - ingangoita 70 kg

Otomatiki hutachiwana uye Chinyorwa hutachiwana izvo zviri nani?

Kune akati wandei mhando dze otomatiki mabhokisi, uye yega yega ine maitiro ayo. Imwe neimwe yadzo inotsanangurwa mu separated article.

Ndezvipi zviri nani: makanika kana otomatiki? Muchidimbu, inyaya yekuravira. Vese vatyairi vakakamurwa mumisasa miviri: vamwe vane chivimbo mukugona kukuru kwekufambisa kwemaoko, nepo vamwe vari vekufambisa otomatiki.

Otomatiki kutapurirana maringe namakanika:

• Zvimwe "kufungidzira";
• Iine mashoma emasimba, kunyangwe mune echinyorwa modhi;
• Kana ichikurumidza, mafuta ekushandisa anowedzera zvakanyanya;
• Kuti uwane mari yakawanda, unofanirwa kumhanyisa zvakanaka uye kudzikisira;
• Kuparara kwemuchina hakuwanzoitika, asi mune yekuchengetedza kwakakodzera uye kwakakodzera nguva;
• Mari yekutapurirana nyowani yakanyanya kukwirira, nekudaro, kugadziriswa kwayo kunofanirwa kuswededzwa nehunyanzvi;
• Hazvidi hunyanzvi hwakakosha, kunyanya kune vanotanga, semuenzaniso, kutanga kukwira chikomo.

Nekuda kwechishuwo chekuva nemota yakasununguka, vatyairi vazhinji vanosarudza otomatiki kufambisa. Zvisinei, kana anotanga kudzidza kubva kumakanika, anobva atora hunyanzvi hunodiwa. Chero ani akagona kufambisa bhuku remanyorero anotasva nyore chero kufambiswa, izvo zvisingagoni kutaurwa neimwe nzira yakatenderedza.

Mibvunzo nemhinduro:

Ndezvipi zvinhu zvinosanganisirwa mukutakura otomatiki? Iyo otomatiki transmission inosanganisira: torque inoshandura, giya repasi, yekudzora unit, friction clutch, overrunning clutch, hydraulic block, bhendi brake, pombi yemafuta, uye imba.

Otomatiki kufambisa inoshanda sei? Apo injini inotanga, pombi yemafuta inotanga kushanda (inogadzira kudzvinyirira muhurongwa). Oiri inoputirwa kune impeller yeiyo torque inoshandura, iyo inoendesa torque kune kutapurirana. Gear ratios inochinjwa nemagetsi.

Ndeapi maitiro eiyo automatic transmission? Kusiyana nemakanika, muchina uyu unoda hushoma hwezviito kubva kumutyairi (ingovhura iyo yaunoda modhi uye wodzvanya gasi kana bhureki). Mamwe magadzirirwo ane manyorero maitiro (semuenzaniso, tiptronic).