Izvo zvaunoda kuti uzive nezve mota kuvheneka?

Zvemagetsi mwenje

Kuvheneka kwemotokari. Nzvimbo yekutanga yemwenje yemotokari yaive acetylene gasi. Mutyairi wendege uye mugadziri wendege Louis Blériot akakurudzira kuishandisa pakuvheneka mugwagwa muna 1896. Kuisa mwenje weacetylene itsika. Kutanga iwe unofanirwa kuvhura iyo pombi pane iyo acetylene jenareta. Saka mvura inodonha pacalcium carbide. Iyo iri pasi pehunde. Acetylene inoumbwa nekubatana kwe carbide nemvura. Iyo inopinda muceramic burner kuburikidza nemachubhu erabha ayo ari kutarisa kweanoratidzira. Asi anofanirwa kumira kweanopfuura maawa mana - kuvhurazve mwenje wemusoro, kuchenesa soot uye kuzadza jenareta nechikamu chitsva checarbide nemvura. Asi mwenje wecarbide waipenya nekubwinya. Somuenzaniso, yakagadzirwa muna 1908 neWestphalian Metal Company.

ZveMagetsi Mheni Lens

Uyu mugumisiro wepamusoro wakawanikwa nekuda kwekushandisa lenzi uye zvimiro zvekuratidzira. Yekutanga filament mota yaive nepamutemo muna 1899. Kubva kukambani yeFrance Bassee Michel. Asi kusvika 1910, mwenje yemakoni yakanga isingavimbike. Yakanyanya kusagadzikana uye inoda hukuru hwakakura mabhatiri. Izvo zvakare zvaitsamira pazviteshi zvekuchaja. Kwakange kusina magwenya emota akakodzera aine simba chairo. Uyezve pakave nekuchinja mukuvhenekesa tekinoroji. Iyo filament yakatanga kugadzirwa kubva kune inonamira tungsten ine nzvimbo inonyungudika ye 3410 ° C. Yekutanga mota yekugadzira ine magetsi emagetsi, pamwe neyekutanga magetsi uye kuvesa kwakagadzirwa muna 1912, iyo Cadillac Model 30 Self Starter.

Kuvhenekesa kwemotokari uye kupenya

Dambudziko rekuvhara meso. Kwenguva yekutanga, dambudziko rekuyemura vatyairi vanouya rakamuka nekuuya kwemarambi e carbide. Vakarwa naye nenzira dzakasiyana. Vakafambisa tafura, vachibvisa sosi yechiedza kubva mukutarisa kwayo, nechinangwa chimwe chete netochi pachayo. Vakaisawo maketeni akasiyana siyana uye mapofu munzira yechiedza. Uye kana mwenje we incandescent wakabhenekerwa mumwenje, panguva dzaiuya nzendo, kumwe kuramba kwakange kuchisanganisirwa mudunhu remagetsi, izvo zvakadzora kupenya. Asi mhinduro yakanakisa yakabva kuna Bosch, uyo muna 1919 akagadzira mwenje nemarambi maviri emwenje. Pamatanda akakwirira uye akaderera. Panguva iyoyo, girazi remwenje rakafukidzwa nema prismatic lenses rakanga ratogadzirwa kare. Iyo inokotamisa mwenje wemwenje pasi uye kudivi. Kubva ipapo, vagadziri vakatarisana nematambudziko maviri anopikisana.

Zvemagetsi mwenje tekinoroji

Ipa kuvhenekerwa kwakanyanya kwemugwagwa uye dzivisa kupenya kunouya kune vatyairi. Iwe unogona kuwedzera kupenya kwema incandescent mababu nekusimudza iyo tembiricha tembiricha. Asi panguva imwecheteyo, tungsten yakatanga kubuda zvakanyanya. Kana paine vacuum mukati memwenje, maatomu e-tungsten anogara zvishoma nezvishoma pagirobhu. Kupfeka kubva mukati nerima rinotumbuka. Mhinduro yechinetso ichi yakawanikwa panguva yeHondo Yenyika Yekutanga. Kubva 1915, marambi akazadzwa nemusanganiswa we argon uye nitrogen. Iwo mamorekuru egasi anoumba rudzi rwechidziviriro chinotadzisa iyo tungsten kubuda. Uye rinotevera danho rakatorwa kare mukupera 50s. Iyo hombodo yakazadzwa nema halides, gasious macomputer eodini kana bromine. Ivo vanobatanidza iyo yakasviba tungsten uye voidzosera kune iyo coil.

Zvemagetsi mwenje. Halogen marambi

Rambi rekutanga halogen remotokari rakaunzwa naHella muna 1962. Kuvandudzwa kwerambi remwenje kunotendera kuti uwedzere tembiricha yekushanda kubva pa2500 K kusvika 3200 K. Izvi zvinowedzera mwenje kuburitsa nehafu nehafu, kubva pa15 lm / W kusvika 25 lm / W. Panguva imwecheteyo, hupenyu hwemwenje hunopetwa kaviri uye kupisa kupisa kunodzikiswa kubva ku90% kusvika 40%. Uye zviyero zvava zvidiki. Uye nhanho huru mukugadzirisa dambudziko rehupofu yakatorwa pakati pemakore makumi mashanu. Muna 50, kambani yeFrance Cibie yakaratidza pfungwa yekuparadzaniswa kwematanda ari pedyo. Uye makore maviri gare gare, mwenje asymmetric yakanyoreswa zviri pamutemo muEurope. Muna 1955, tichishandisa komputa, zvaive zvichibvira kubatanidza ellipsoidal reflector kune iwo marambi emwenje.

Iko kushanduka kwemwenje yemotokari.

Mwenje wemberi wakaramba wakatenderera kwemakore. Iyi ndiyo yakapusa uye yakachipa fomu yekufananidza kugadzira. Asi mhepo yemhepo yakatanga kuburitsa mwenje pamafenda emota ichibva yashandura denderedzwa kuita rectangle, 6 Citroen AMI 1961 yaive nemarambi emakona mana. Aya marambi emusoro ainyanya kuoma kugadzira, aida imwe nzvimbo yekamuri yeinjini, asi pamwe chete nediki diki diki, aive nenzvimbo yakakura yekuratidzira uye kuwedzera kupenya kunopenya. Kuti chiedza chipenye zvakajeka pahukuru hudiki, zvaive zvakakodzera kupa parabolic reflector kunyange kudzika kwakadzika. Uye zvaitora nguva zvakanyanya. Kazhinji, magadzirirwo akajairwa optical haana kukodzera kuenderera mberi.

Zvemagetsi mwenje. Reflectors.

Ipapo kambani yeChirungu Lucas yakaronga kushandisa homofocal reflector, mubatanidzwa wemaviri akakwenenzverwa paraboloid anehurefu hwakasiyana, asi aine tarisiro yakafanana. Imwe yemitambo yekutanga yakaedzwa paAustin Rover Maestro muna 1983. Mugore rimwe chete, Hella akaunza kuvandudzwa kwepfungwa kwematatu-axis emagetsi ane ellipsoidal reflectors. Iyo poindi ndeyekuti iyo ellipsoidal inoratidza ine maviri mafoci panguva imwe chete. Iwo maranzi anoburitswa nemwenje we halogen kubva pakutanga kwekutarisa anounganidzwa mune yechipiri. Kubva kwavanoenda kune iyo condenser lens. Rudzi rwemwenje urwu runonzi spotlight. Iko kushanda kweiyo ellipsoidal headlamp mune yakadzika beam mode iri 9% yakakwira kupfuura parabolic. Angangoita marambi emwenje anoburitsa chete 27% yemwenje wakatarwa nehupamhi hwemamirimita makumi matanhatu chete. Aya magetsi akagadzirirwa bvungapfunga uye pasi danda.

Zvemagetsi mwenje. Matatu-akabatana mwenje

Uye yekutanga kugadzira mota ine triaxial headlights yaive BMW Seven pakupera kwa1986. Makore maviri gare gare, ellipsoidal mwenje wepamusoro wakangonaka! Kunyanya chaizvo Super DE, sekudanwa kwavakaitwa naHela. Panguva ino, chimiro chekuratidzira chaive chakasiyana nechimiro cheellipsoidal - chaive chemahara uye chakagadzirwa nenzira yekuti mwenje wakawanda wakapfuura nepahwindo rinokonzeresa danda rakadzika. Kubudirira kwemwenje wemusoro kwakawedzera kusvika pa52%. Kuwedzera kusimudzira kwezviratidziro hazvigoneke pasina masvomhu modelling - makomputa anotendera iwe kuti ugadzire yakanyanya kuomarara yakasanganiswa maratidziro. Computer modelling inokubvumira kuti uwedzere nhamba yezvikamu kusvika kukusingaperi, kuitira kuti zvibatane mune imwe yemahara-fomu yepamusoro. Somuenzaniso, tarisa "maziso" emotokari dzakadai seDaewoo Matiz, Hyundai Getz. Zviratidziro zvavo zvakakamurwa kuita zvikamu, chimwe nechimwe chine chayo chekutarisa uye chakatarisana nehurefu.