Ndeapi mamwe mafuta emota

Iyo peturu injini yemukati yemoto yashandura kusimudzira kwekuzvimisikidza mota. Nekufamba kwenguva, mota dzakatama kubva kune yakasarudzika chikamu ichienda kune chinodiwa.

Iko kushandiswa kwezvino zviwanikwa zviwanikwa zvakanyanya zvekuti matura haana nguva yekuzadza. Izvi zvinomanikidza vanhu kuti vagadzire mamwe mafuta. Mune ino ongororo, isu tichafunga nezve zvakagadzirwa-zvakagadzirwa izvo zvinoshandiswa pamotokari zhinji.

Mamwe mafuta

Pamusoro pekudzikira kwekuchengetwa kwemafuta, kusimudzirwa kwemamwe mafuta kune zvimwe zvikonzero.

Imwe yacho kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza. Kana ichinge yatsva, peturu nedhiziri zvinoburitsa zvinhu zvinokuvadza zvinopedza ozone layer uye zvinogona kukonzera chirwere chekufema. Neichi chikonzero, masayendisiti achiri kushanda kuti vagadzire yakachena simba sosi iyo inogona kunge iine hushoma mhedzisiro kune zvakatipoteredza, zvese panguva yechikamu chekubvisa uye panguva yekushanda kweinjini.

Chikonzero chechipiri kuzvitonga kwesimba kwenyika. Wese munhu anoziva kuti nyika shoma chete dzine mafuta ekuchengetedza pasi pevhu. Wese munhu anofanirwa kushivirira nemitengo yemitengo yakatarwa nevanozvitonga. Iko kushandiswa kwemamwe mafuta kuchatibvumira kubuda mukumanikidza kwehupfumi kwemasimba akadaro.

Zvinoenderana neUnited States Energy Policy Act, mamwe mafuta anotsanangurwa se:

• Natural gasi;
• Biofuels;
• Ethanol;
• Biodiesel;
• Hydrogen;
• Magetsi;
• Kuiswa kweHybrid.

Ehe, yega yega mhando yemafuta ine yayo yakanaka uye yakaipa zvinhu. Zvichienderana neruzivo urwu, zvichave nyore kune anofarira mota kufamba mune izvo zvaanogona kukanganisa nekutenga yakasarudzika mota.

Gasi redenga

Kuwanikwa kwese kwese kwese kwapa kuti mainjiniya vafunge kuti ingashandiswa seimwe mafuta here. Zvakazoitika kuti izvi zviwanikwa zvinopisa zvachose uye hazvibudise zvinhu zvakafanana zvinokuvadza sepeturu kana dhiziri.

Panharaunda yepashure-Soviet nzvimbo, mota yakachinjirwa gasi yave nzvimbo yakajairika. Vamwe, kunyange vachitenga mota inodhura, vari kushamisika kana zvine musoro kuichinjira kune gasi.

Munguva pfupi yapfuura, vamwe vagadziri vanga vachishongedza mota nemidziyo yegasi kubva kufekitori. Muenzaniso weiyi ndeye Skoda Kamiq G-Tec. Iyo inogadzira inopedzisa iyo modhi yemukati injini yemagetsi inomhanya pane methane. Izvo zvakanakira nekuipira kwepropane uye methane zvinotsanangurwa mukati imwe nyaya... Uye zvakare mu wongororo imwe inotaura nezve dzakasiyana nadzurudzo yemidziyo yegasi

Biofuels

Ichi chikamu chemamwe mafuta chinoratidzika semhedzisiro yekugadziriswa kwezvirimwa zvekurima. Kusiyana nepeturu, gasi uye mafuta edhiziri, biofuels haibudise kabhoni dhayokisaidhi panguva yemoto, iyo yaimbowanikwa mumatumbu epasi. Muchiitiko ichi, kabhoni yakasimwa nemiti inoshandiswa.

Nekuda kweizvi, magreenhouse magasi haapfuure huwandu hunoburitswa panguva yehupenyu hweese mupenyu. Zvakanakira mafuta akadaro zvinosanganisira kugona kuzadza mafuta munzvimbo dzinowanikwa gasi.

Mafuta ari kubvunzwa ibato kwete pane rakasiyana mafuta. Semuenzaniso, kugadziridzwa kwemarara emhuka nemiriwo kunogadzira methane uye ethanol. Kunyangwe paine mutengo wakaderera uye kudekara kwekugadzira (mafuta rigs ane akaomesesa ekugadzirisa michina haadiwe), mafuta aya ane zvayakaipira.

Imwe yekukanganisa kwakakosha ndeyekuti kuti ibudise huwandu hwakakwana hwemafuta, minda mikuru inodikanwa pane izvo zvirimwa zvakasarudzika zvine huwandu hwakakura hwezvinhu zvakakodzera zvinogona kurimwa. Zvirimwa zvakadai zvinopedza ivhu, zvichitadza kukwanisa kuburitsa zvirimwa zvemhando yezvimwe zvirimwa.

Ethanol

Pavaigadzira injini dzemoto dzemukati, vagadziri vakaedza zvinhu zvakasiyana siyana pachinhu icho chaigona kushanda. Uye doro harisi rekupedzisira mune zvinyorwa zvezvinhu zvakadaro.

Kubatsira kwe ethanol ndechekuti inogona kuwanikwa pasina kupedza zviwanikwa zvepasi. Semuenzaniso, inogona kuwanikwa kubva kuzvirimwa zvine shuga yakawanda uye starch. Izvi zvirimwa zvinosanganisira:

• Nzimbe;
• Gorosi;
• Chibage;
• Mbatatisi (inoshandiswa zvishoma kazhinji pane zvakapfuura).

Ethanol inogona kutora imwe yenzvimbo dzekutanga mune chinzvimbo chemamwe mafuta anodhura. Semuenzaniso, Brazil ine ruzivo mukugadzirwa kwerudzi urwu doro. Nekuda kweizvi, nyika inogona kuve nesimba rekuzvimiririra kubva kumasimba ane gasi gasi kana oiri inogadzirwa.

Kuti umhanye padoro, injini inofanirwa kugadzirwa nesimbi dzinopesana neichi chinhu. Uye ichi ndicho chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha. Ma automaker akati wandei ari kuvaka injini dzinogona kumhanya pane ese peturu uye ethanol.

Izvi zvinogadziriswa zvinodaidzwa kuti FlexFuel. Iyo peculiarity yemasimba akadaro mayuniti ndeyekuti iyo ethanol yezviri mupeturu inogona kusiyana kubva pa5 kusvika 95 muzana. Mukudanwa kwemota dzakadai, tsamba E uye huwandu hwakanyanya hunobvumirwa muzana wedoro mumafuta hunoshandiswa.

Mafuta aya ari kuwana mukurumbira nekuda kwekusimbisa kweesters mupeturu. Imwe yekukanganisa kwechinhu ichi kugadzirwa kwemvura inonaya. Zvakare, kana vapiswa, vanoregedza mashoma ekupisa simba, ayo anoderedza zvakanyanya simba reinjini kana ichimhanya peturu.

Biodiesel

Nhasi rudzi urwu rwemamwe mafuta nderumwe rwevimbiso. Biodiesel inogadzirwa kubva kuzvirimwa. Iyi mafuta dzimwe nguva inonzi methyl ether. Chinhu chikuru chakasvibirira chinoshandiswa kugadzira mafuta chinobatwa chibharo. Zvisinei, ichi hachisi chega chirimwa chinova chigadzirwa chebiodiesel. Inogona kugadzirwa nemafuta ezvirimwa zvinotevera:

• Soy;
• Sunflower;
• Miti yemichindwe.

Esters emafuta, senge madoro, ane mhedzisiro inokanganisa pazvinhu izvo zvakagadzirwa zvakajairika mota. Neichi chikonzero, havazi vese vagadziri vanoda kuchinjisa zvigadzirwa zvavo kune mafuta aya (kushomeka kwakaderera mumotokari dzakadai, izvo zvinoderedza chikonzero chekugadzira batch yakakura, uye hapana chakanakira kugadzira shanduro shoma pane mamwe mafutha).

Munguva pfupi yapfuura, vamwe vagadziri vakabvumidza kusanganisa kwe petroleum zvigadzirwa nema biofuels. Zvinotendwa kuti 5% mafuta esters haazokuvadze mota yako.

Zviitiko zvinovakirwa pakuraswa kwemarara zvine dambudziko rakakura. Nekuda kwekuwana hupfumi, varimi vazhinji vanogona kudzosera ivhu ravo kuti varime chete izvo zvirimwa zvinogadzirwa mabiofuel. Izvi zvinogona kubatsira mukuwedzera kukuru mumitengo yechikafu.

Hydrogen

Kuedza kunoitwawo kushandisa hydrogen semafuta anodhura. Nepo zviitiko zvakadaro zvichidhura kune wepakati mushandisi, zvinoita sekunge zviitiko zvakadaro zvine ramangwana.

Chinhu chakadai chinonakidza nekuti ndicho chinonyanya kuwanikwa pasi pano. Iyo chete marara mushure memoto imvura, iyo inogona kutomwa mushure mekuchenesa kuri nyore. Pfungwa, kupisa kwemafuta akadaro hakuumbi magasi ekupisa uye zvinhu zvinopedza ozone layer.

Zvisinei, izvi zvichiri mupfungwa. Kudzidzira kunoratidza kuti kushandiswa kwehydrogen kwakanyanya kukuvadza kupfuura peturu mumota isina chinokanganisa. Dambudziko nderekuti musanganiswa weisina-kuchena mweya uye hydrogen unopisa mumasirinda. Imba yekushandira ye cylinder ine musanganiswa wemweya uye nitrogen. Uye chinhu ichi, kana chakasanganiswa, chinoumba chimwe chezvinhu zvinokuvadza zvakanyanya - NOx (nitrogen oxide).

BMW X-5 pane injini yehydrogen

Rimwe dambudziko pakushandisa hydrogen ndiko kuchengetedza kwayo. Kuti ushandise gasi mumotokari, tangi rinofanirwa kugadzirwa muchimiro cheiyo cryogenic kamuri (-253 madhigirii, kuitira kuti gasi risabatise zvoga), kana humbwe hwakagadzirirwa kumanikidza kwe350 atm.

Imwe nuance kugadzirwa kwehydrogen. Kunyangwe paine chokwadi chekuti kune yakawanda iyi gasi mune zvakasikwa, mazhinji acho ari mune imwe mhando yekomboni. Mukugadzira hydrogen, kabhoni dhayokisaidhi inoburitswa mudenga (kana ichibatanidza mvura nemethane, nzira iri nyore yekuwana hydrogen iri).

Tichifunga nezvezvinhu zvakanyorwa pamusoro, injini dzehydrogen dzinoramba dzichidhura pane mamwe mafuta.

Electricity

Inonyanya kufarirwa mota dzemagetsi. Ivo havasvibise nharaunda sezvo mota yemagetsi isina kupera zvachose. Mota dzakadai dzakanyarara, dzakasununguka uye dzine simba zvakakwana (semuenzaniso, Nio EP9 inomhanyisa kusvika zana mumasekondi 2,7, uye kumhanya kwakanyanya kuri 313 km / h).

Kutenda kune zvakasarudzika zvemagetsi emagetsi, mota yemagetsi haidi giya, iyo inoderedza nguva yekumhanyisa uye inoita kuti kutyaira kuve nyore. Zvinotaridza kuti mota dzakadai dzinongonakira chete. Asi, muchokwadi, mota dzakadai hadzina dzisina hunhu, nekuda kwekuti ivo vane chinzvimbo chimwe pasi pemotokari dzekare.

Chimwe chezvikanganiso zvakakura ndiko kugona kwebhatiri. Imwe chete yekuchaja yemhando yepamusoro yakaringana kukwana mazana matatu emakiromita. Zvinotora maawa akati wandei ku "refuel", kunyangwe uchishandisa yekuchaja nekukurumidza.

Iyo yakakura kukura kwebhatiri, inorema mota. Zvichienzaniswa neyakajairika modhi, yemagetsi analogue inogona kuyera mazana mana emakirogiramu.

Kuwedzera chinhambwe chekutyaira pasina kubhadharisa, vagadziri vari kuvandudza masystem ekudzora akaomesesa anounganidza mashoma esimba (semuenzaniso, kana uchidzika pakadzika kana panguva yekumisa mabhureki). Nekudaro, masisitimu akadaro anodhura zvakanyanya, uye mashandiro kubva kwavari haana kuoneka zvakanyanya.

Sarudzo chete iyo inokutendera kuti udzore bhatiri paunenge uchityaira kuisa jenareta inofambiswa neiyo peturu injini. Hongu, izvi zvinokutendera kuti uchengetedze zvakanyanya pamafuta, asi kuti system ishande, uchiri kufanira kushandisa peturu yekare. Muenzaniso wemota yakadai ndeye Chevrolet Volt. Inofungidzirwa semotokari yemagetsi yakazara, asi iine peturu jenareta.

Kuiswa kweHybrid

Sechibvumirano chinodzikisira peturu yekushandisa, vagadziri vanoshongedza iyo yeyuniti yemagetsi pamwe neyakabatanidzwa zvikamu. Inogona kunge iri nyoro kana izere hybrid system.

Iyo huru simba unit mumhando dzakadai injini yemafuta. Sekuwedzera, yakaderera-simba mota (kana akati wandei) uye bhatiri rakasiyana rinoshandiswa. Iyo sisitimu inogona kubatsira mainjini kana uchitanga kudzikisira mutoro uye, semhedzisiro, huwandu hwezvinhu zvinokuvadza mune iyo chiutsi.

Dzimwe shanduko dzemotokari dzakauchikwa dzinogona kufamba chinhambwe chete pakudhonzwa kwemagetsi. Izvi zvinogona kubatsira kana mutyairi asina kuverenga kureba kusvika kuchiteshi chepeturu.

Izvo zvakanakira mahybrids anosanganisira kutadza kudzoreredza simba mota irimumigwagwa. Kuti uchengetedze magetsi, unogona kudzima sisitimu (inotanga nekukurumidza), asi izvi zvinokanganisa mota vanobhadhara.

Kunyangwe paine zvikanganiso, mhando dzakauchikwa dzemotokari dzakakurumbira dziri kuwana mukurumbira. Semuenzaniso, Toyota Corolla. Iyo peturu vhezheni yakasanganiswa inoshandisa 6,6 litita pa100 km. Iyo hybrid analogue yakapetwa kaviri seyakakosha - 3,3 litita. Asi panguva imwe chete, ingangoita zviuru zviviri nezviuru zvemadhora zvinodhura. Kana mota yakadaro ikatengwa nekuda kwehupfumi hwemafuta, saka inofanira kushandiswa zvakanyanya. Uye ipapo kutenga kwakadaro kuchazviruramisa pachako mushure memakore mashoma.

Sezvauri kuona, kutsva kwemamwe mafuta kuri kuunza mhedzisiro. Asi nekuda kwemubhadharo wakakwira wekuvandudza kana kuburitsa zviwanikwa, aya marudzi esimba zviwanikwa anove akati wandei nzvimbo akaderera pane akajairwa mafuta.

Mibvunzo nemhinduro:

Ndeapi mafuta anotsanangurwa semamwe mafuta? Mamwe mafuta anoonekwa: gasi rechisikigo, magetsi, biofuels, propane, hydrogen, ethanol, methanol. Izvo zvese zvinoenderana nekuti ndeipi mota inoshandiswa mumotokari.

Igore ripi rakaonekwa peturu? Kugadzirwa kwepeturu kwakatanga kuma1910. Pakutanga, yaive ye-chigadzirwa che distillation yemafuta, apo parafini yakasikwa yemarambi eparafini.

Mafuta anogona kugadzirwa here? Synthetic mafuta inogona kuwanikwa nekuwedzera hydrogen-based catalysts kumarasha uye nekumanikidza kweanosvika makumi mashanu emumhepo. Zvikati zvakachipa nzira dzekuchera marasha dzinoita kuti tekinoroji ishande zvakanaka.