Ndeapi mavhavha nguva uye mashandiro avo

Dhizaini yechina-sitiroko injini, iyo inoshanda musimboti wekubudiswa kwesimba panguva yemoto wemusanganiswa wemafuta uye mafuta, inosanganisira imwe yakakosha mashandiro, pasina iyo iyo unit isingakwanise kushanda. Iyi inguva kana yekuparadzira gasi mashandiro.

Mune mazhinji injini dzakajairika, inoiswa mumusoro we cylinder. Mamwe mashoko nezve mashandiro echimiro anotsanangurwa mukati separated article... Zvino isu tichaisa pfungwa pane iyo vharuvhu nguva, uyezve kuti basa rayo rinokanganisa sei masimba esimba emota uye kushanda kwayo.

Chii chinonzi injini vharai nguva

Muchidimbu nezve iyo nguva yekushandisa. Iyo crankshaft kuburikidza nebhandi dhiraivha (mune mazhinji emazuva ano injini dzemoto, cheni inoiswa pachinzvimbo cheye rubberized bhandi) yakabatana camshaft. Kana mutyairi achimisa injini, iyo inotangisa inokwenenzvera furuwheel. Ose ari maviri miseve anotanga kutenderera achienderana, asi pakumhanya kwakasiyana (zvakanyanya, mune imwe shanduko yecamshaft, crankshaft inoita kumukira kumaviri).

Pane camshaft yakakosha yakasarudzika-yakasarudzika makamera. Sezvo chimiro chinotenderera, iyo cam inosundira pamusoro pechitubu chakatakura vharafu. Iyo vharuvhu inovhura, ichibvumira musanganiswa wemafuta / wemhepo kuti upinde muiri humbwa kana kupera mukati meakawanda mafuture.

Chikamu chekuparadzira gasi ndiyo chaiyo nguva iyo iyo vharafu inotanga kuvhura iyo inopinda / yekubuda pamberi payo nguva painovhara zvachose. Wese mainjiniya anoshanda mukuvandudzwa kwesimba remagetsi anoverengera kuti urefu hwekuvhura vharuvhu hunofanirwa kunge hwakavei, pamwe nekuti ichagara yakavhurika kwenguva yakareba sei.

Kufuridzira kwevhavha nguva pane injini kushanda

Zvichienderana nemutoo uri kushanda neinjini, kugoverwa kwegesi kunofanirwa kutanga pakutanga kana kumberi. Izvi zvinokanganisa kushanda kwechikamu, hupfumi hwayo uye yakawanda torque. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti kuvhura / kuvhara nguva yekudya uye kupedza manifolds kwakakosha mukushandisa zvakanyanya simba rakaburitswa panguva yekupisa kweHVAC.

Kana iyo vharuvhu yekudyira ikatanga kuvhura pane imwe nguva apo iyo pisitoni inoita sitiroko yekudyiwa, ipapo kuzadza kusingaenzanisike kwesirinda mhango nechikamu chitsva chemhepo kunoitika uye peturu inosangana zvakanyanya, izvo zvinotungamira mukusakwana kwemusanganiswa.

Kana iri yekuvhara vharuvhu, haifanirwe kuvhura kwete yapfuura pane iyo pisitoni inosvika pasi yakafa pakati, asi kwete mushure mekunge yatanga kurova kumusoro. Muchiitiko chekutanga, kumanikidza kuchadonha, uye pamwe nayo mota icharasikirwa nesimba. Muchikamu chechipiri, zvigadzirwa zvemoto zvine vharuvhu yakavharwa zvinoumba kuramba kwepiston, iyo yatanga kukwira. Uyu ndiwo mumwe mutoro pane iyo crank mashini, iyo inogona kukuvadza zvimwe zvezvikamu zvayo.

Zvekushandisa zvakakwana kwechikwata chemagetsi, nguva yakasiyana yevhavha inodiwa. Kune imwe modhi, zvinodikanwa kuti mavhavha avhurike pakutanga uye vhure gare, uye kune vamwe, zvinopesana. Iyo paramende inopindirana iri zvakare yakakosha - kunyangwe ese mavhavha anovhurwa panguva imwe chete.

Mazhinji mota akajairwa ane nguva yakatarwa. Injini yakadaro, zvinoenderana nerudzi rwecamshaft, ichave neunyanzvi hwekuita chero mumitambo modhi kana nekuyera kutyaira pazasi revs.

Nhasi, mota zhinji dzepakati neprimiyamu chikamu chakashongedzwa nemamota, iyo gasi yekuparadzira sisitimu iyo inogona kuchinja mamwe ma parameter ekuvhura kwevhavha, nekuda kwekuti yepamusoro-soro yekuzadza uye kufefetedza kwemasilindari kunoitika pakasiyana crankshaft kumhanya.

Heano maitiro ekuti nguva yacho inofanira kuitwa sei akasiyana injini kumhanya:

1. Idling inoda zvinodaidzwa zvinonzi zvidimbu zvidiki. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mavharuvhu anotanga kuvhura gare gare, uye nguva yekuvhara kwavo, zvinopesana, kutanga. Iko hakuna panguva imwe chete yakavhurika mamiriro mune ino modhi (mavhavha ese ari maviri haazovhurike panguva imwe chete). Kana kutenderera kweye crankshaft kuri kwekukosha kudiki, kana zvikamu zvichipindana, magasi ekudzimisa anogona kupinda mukudyiwa kwakawanda, uye imwe vhoriyamu yeVTS mune yekuzadza.
2. Iyo yakasimba kwazvo maitiro - inoda zvikamu zvakapamhama. Iyi ndiyo nzira iyo, nekuda kwekumhanya kwazvo, mavhavha ane kapfupi yakavhurika nzvimbo. Izvi zvinotungamira kukuti panguva yemitambo kutyaira, kuzadza uye kufefetedza kwepombi kunoitwa zvisirizvo. Kugadzirisa mamiriro acho, iyo vharuvhu nguva inofanira kuchinjwa, ndiko kuti, mavhavha anofanirwa kuvhurwa pakutanga, uye nguva yawo munzvimbo iyi inofanirwa kuwedzera.

Paunenge uchikudziridza dhizaini yemota ine kusiyanisa kwevhavha nguva, mainjiniya anofunga nezve kutsamira kweiyo vharuvhu yekuvhura nguva pane iyo crankshaft kumhanya. Aya masisitimu akaomesesa anotendera mota kuti ive inochinjika sezvinobvira kune akasiyana masitayera ekukwira. Nekuda kwekuvandudzwa uku, iyo unit inoratidzira akasiyana mikana:

• Pakuderera revs, mota inofanirwa kuve yakasimba;
• Kana revs ichiwedzera, haifanire kurasikirwa nesimba;
• Zvisinei nemhando iyo injini yemoto yemukati iri kushanda, hupfumi hwehupfumi, uye ihwohwo hushamwari hwezvakatipoteredza hwekutakura, inofanirwa kunge iine danho repamusoro soro rechimwe chinhu.

Idzi parameter dzese dzinogona kuchinjwa nekushandura dhizaini yemakamshafts. Nekudaro, mune ino kesi, iyo mota kunyatsoshanda ichave nemuganhu wayo chete mune imwechete modhi. Zvakadii nezve mota inogona kuchinja chimiro pachayo zvichienderana nenhamba yekuchinja kwe crankshaft?

Variable vharuvhu nguva

Pfungwa chaiyo yekushandura nguva yekuvhura vharuvhu panguva yekushanda kwesimba remagetsi haisi itsva. Iyi pfungwa nguva nenguva yaionekwa mundangariro dzeinjiniya avo vachiri kugadzira injini dzemhepo.

Saka, chimwe chezviitiko izvi chakanzi giya raStevenson. Iyo michina yakachinja iyo nguva yeutsi inopinda mune inoshanda silinda. Iyo hurumende yakanzi "steam cut-off". Kana iyo michina yakasimudzwa, kumanikidzwa kwakadzoserwa kumashure zvichienderana nekugadzirwa kwemotokari. Nechikonzero ichi, pamusoro pehutsi, zviteshi zvekare zveutsi zvakaburitsa hutsi hwemhepo apo chitima chakamira.

Kushanda nekushandura nguva yevhavhavha kwakaitwawo pamwe nemayuniti enhandare. Saka, yekuyera modhi yeV-8 injini kubva kuClerget-Blin kambani inokwana mazana maviri emabhiza inogona kuchinja iyi parameter nekuda kwekuti dhizaini yemuchina yaisanganisira kutsvedza camshaft.

Uye pane iyo Inouya XR-7755 injini, camshafts yakaiswa, maive nemakamu maviri akasiyana evhavha imwe neimwe. Chigadzirwa ichi chaive nemuchina wekutyaira, uye chakaitwa nemutyairi pachake. Aigona kusarudza imwe yesarudzo mbiri zvichienderana nekuti aifanira kutora ndege kuenda mudenga here, kutiza pakumutevera, kana kungobhururuka mune zvehupfumi.

Kana iri indasitiri yemotokari, mainjiniya akatanga kufunga nezvekushandiswa kwepfungwa iyi kumashure muma20s ezana ramakore rapfuura. Icho chikonzero chaive kubuda kweyekumhanya-mota mota dzakaiswa pamitambo mota. Iko kuwedzera kwesimba muzvikamu zvakadaro kwakange kune imwe muganho, kunyangwe hazvo unit inogona kusununguka zvakanyanya. Kuti mota ive nesimba rakawanda, pakutanga, vhoriyamu yeinjini yaingowedzerwa.

Wekutanga kuunza kusiyanisa kwevhavha nguva yaive Lawrence Pomeroy, uyo aishanda semukuru dhizaina wekambani yemotokari Vauxhall. Akagadzira mota, iyo yakaiswa camshaft yakakosha mumagetsi ekuparadzira mashandiro. Akaverengeka emakamu ake aive akati wandei seti dzema profiles.

Iyo 4.4-litre H-Type, zvinoenderana nekumhanya kweiyo crankshaft uye mutoro waakasangana nawo, inogona kufambisa iyo camshaft padivi peiyo longitudinal axis. Nekuda kweizvi, nguva nekukwirira kwemavharuvhu zvakashandurwa. Sezvo chikamu ichi chaive nemipimo mukufamba, chikamu chekutonga chaivewo nemiganhu yacho.

Porsche akabatanidzwawo mune imwe pfungwa yakafanana. Muna 1959, patent yakapihwa ye "oscillating cams" yecamshaft. Uku kukura kwaifanirwa kushandura kukwirira kwemavharuvhu, uye panguva imwechete, nguva yekuvhurwa kwavo. Iyo budiriro yakaramba iri padanho reprojekti.

Yekutanga inoshanda sevhavha nguva yekudzora mashandiro akagadzirwa neFiat. Iyo yekugadzira yakagadziriswa naGiovanni Torazza mukupera kwema60s. Iyo michina yakashandisa hydraulic pusher, iyo yakachinja pivot poindi yevhavha tappet. Chigadzirwa chakashanda zvinoenderana nekuti injini yakamhanya sei uye kumanikidza kwakawanda mukudyiwa kwaive.

Nekudaro, yekutanga mota yekugadzira ine akasiyana GR zvikamu zvaibva kuAlfa Romeo. Iyo 1980 Spider modhi yakagamuchira michina yemagetsi inoshandura zvikamu zvinoenderana nemashandisirwo enzira yemukati injini yemagetsi.

Nzira dzekushandura nguva uye upamhi hwenguva yevhavha

Nhasi kune akati wandei marudzi enzira anoshandura iyo nguva, nguva uye kukwirira kwekuvhura kwevhavha:

1. Mune fomu yayo yakapusa, iyi yakakosha batira iyo yakaiswa pane dhiraivha yemagetsi ekuparadzira gasi (chikamu shifter). Iko kutonga kunoitwa nekuda kweiyo hydraulic mhedzisiro pane yekumusoro mashini, uye kutonga kunoitwa nemagetsi. Kana injini ikamira, camshaft iri munzvimbo yayo yepakutanga. Kana revs ikangowanda, zvemagetsi zvinopindura kune iyi parameter, uye inoita kuti ma hydraulics, ayo anotenderedza camshaft zvishoma zvine hukama nenzvimbo yekutanga. Kutenda neizvi, mavhavha anovhura zvishoma pamberi, izvo zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kukurumidza kuzadza masilinda nechikamu chitsva cheBTC.
2. Kuchinja iyo cam profil. Uku kusimudzira kwave kushandisa vatyairi kwenguva yakareba. Kukodzera camshaft ine isiri-yakajairwa cams kunogona kuita kuti iyo unit ishande zvakanyanya pane yakakwira rpm. Nekudaro, kukwidziridzwa kwakadai kunofanirwa kuitwa nemakanika anoziva, izvo zvinotungamira mukuwanda kwemarara. Mune injini ine VVTL-i system, iyo camshafts ine akati wandei seti yemakamu ane akasiyana profiles. Kana injini yemoto yemukati irikuita idling, zvinhu zvakajairika zvinoita basa razvo. Pangosvika iyo crankshaft yekumhanyisa chiratidzo chinopfuura chinopfuura zviuru zvitanhatu, iyo camshaft inofamba zvishoma, nekuda kwekuti imwe seti yemakamu inopinda mukushanda. Maitiro akafanana anoitika kana injini ikatenderera kusvika pamazana masere nezviuru neshanu, uye seti yechitatu yemakamu inotanga kushanda, izvo zvinoita kuti zvikamu zviwedzere.
3. Chinja muvharo rekuvhura kureba. Ichi chiitiko chinokutendera iwe panguva imwe chete kushandura nzira dzekushandisa dzenguva, pamwe nekusiya vharuvhu yekuvharira. Munzira dzakadai, kumanikidza iyo yekumhanyisa chinongedzo chinogadzira chinogadzirwa chinokanganisa simba rekuvhura mavharuvhu ekudya. Iyi sisitimu inoderedza kushandiswa kwemafuta neinenge gumi neshanu muzana uye inowedzera simba rechikwata neyakaenzana. Mune mamwe maamota emazuva ano, kwete echimakanika, asi analogue yemagetsi inoshandiswa. Kubatsira kwesarudzo yechipiri ndechekuti zvemagetsi anokwanisa kunyatsoita uye nekunyatso shandura nzira dzekuvhura vharuvhu. Kusimudza kukwirira kunogona kuve padhuze nepakanaka uye nguva dzekuvhura dzinogona kunge dzakafara kupfuura neshanduro dzapfuura. Kubudirira kwakadaro nekuda kwekuchengetedza mafuta kunogona kutodzima mamwe masilinda (usavhure mamwe mavhavha). Idzo mota dzinoshandisa system kana mota yamira, asi injini yemoto yemukati haidi kudzimwa (semuenzaniso, parobhoti) kana kana mutyairi achinonotsa mota achishandisa injini yemukati yemoto.

Nei uchichinja iyo vharuvhu nguva

Iko kushandiswa kwemaitiro anoshandura iyo vharuvhu nguva inobvumira:

• Izvo zvinonyanya kushanda kushandisa zviwanikwa zveyuniti yemagetsi munzira dzakasiyana dzekushanda kwayo;
• Wedzera simba pasina chikonzero chekuisa camshaft yetsika;
• Ita kuti motokari iwedzere mari;
• Ipa zvinoshanda kuzadza uye kufefetedza sepombi pane yakanyanya kumhanya;
• Wedzera hushamwari hwezvakatipoteredza hwekutakura nekuda kwekuwedzera kupisa kwemhepo-musanganiswa wemafuta.

Sezvo akasiyana masystem ekushandisa emukati injini yekutsva inoda yavo parameter yeiyo vharuvhu nguva, vachishandisa nzira dzekuchinja iyo FGR, muchina unogona kuenderana neakakodzera parameter yesimba, torque, hushamwari hwezvakatipoteredza uye kugona. Dambudziko rega risina mugadziri anogona kugadzirisa kusvika parizvino mutengo wakakwira wechigadzirwa. Inofananidzwa neyakajairika mota, analogue yakagadzirirwa michina yakafanana inodhura zvakapetwa kaviri.

Vamwe vatyairi vanoshandisa akasiyana vharuvhu nguva yekugadzirisa masystem ekuwedzera simba remota. Nekudaro, nerubatsiro rweyakagadziridzwa nguva bhandi, hazvigoneke kusvina iwo wakanyanya kunze kwechikwata. Verenga nezve zvimwe zvingabvira pano.

Mukupedzisa, isu tinopa diki yekuona rubatsiro pane kushanda kweanoshanduka vharuvhu nguva yekuita:

Variable vharuvhu nguva yekushandisa uchishandisa muenzaniso weCVVT

Mibvunzo nemhinduro:

Chii chinonzi valve nguva? Iyi ndiyo nguva iyo vharuvhu (inopinza kana yekubuda) inovhura / inovhara. Iri izwi rinoratidzwa mumadhigirii einjini crankshaft kutenderera.

ЧChii chinokanganisa nguva yevhavha? Iyo nguva yevhavha inokanganiswa neinjini yekushandisa mode. Kana pasina chikamu chekuchinja munguva, ipapo iyo yakanyanya mhedzisiro inowanikwa chete mune imwe mhando yemotor revolutions.

Chii chinonzi dhizaini yenguva yevharuvhu? Iyi dhizaini inoratidza kunyatsoita kuzadza, kupisa uye kuchenesa mumasilinda kunoitika mune yakatarwa RPM renji. Inokubvumira kuti usarudze zvakakodzera nguva yevhavha.