Chii uye chii icho muviri wemota une?

Mota inoumbwa nezvinhu zvakawanda zvinoshanda zvisina musono pamwe chete. Huru idzi dzinoonekwa seinjini, chassis uye kufambisa. Nekudaro, iwo ese akagadziriswa kune inoitakura system, iyo inovimbisa kusangana kwavo. Iyo inotakura system inogona kuunzwa mumhando dzakasiyana, asi inonyanya kufarirwa mutumbi wemota. Icho chakakosha chimiro chechimiro chinochengetedza zvinhu zvemota, zvinogarisa vafambi uye nhumbi mukabhini, uye zvakare inotora mitoro yese uchityaira.

Chinangwa uye zvinodiwa

Kana injini ichinzi moyo wemota, saka muviri igobvu rayo kana muviri. Ngazvive sezvazviri, ndiwo muviri unova unodhura kwazvo chinhu mumota. Chinangwa chayo chikuru ndechekudzivirira vafambi uye zvemukati zvikamu kubva kune zvinokanganisa nharaunda, kuiswa kwezvigaro nezvimwe zvinhu.

Sechinhu chakakosha chechimiro, zvimwe zvinodiwa zvinoiswa pamuviri, kusanganisira:

• ngura kuramba uye mukurumari;
• mashoma mashoma mashoma;
• inoda kuomarara;
• chimiro chakanakisa chekuona kugadziriswa uye kugadziriswa kweese mayunitsi emota, kurerutsa kurodha mukwende;
• kuve nechokwadi cheyero inodiwa yekunyaradza kwevatakuri uye mutyairi;
• kuona imwe nhanho yekuchengeteka kwekungoitika mukurovera;
• kutevedzera zviyero zvazvino uye maitiro mukugadzirwa.

Kurongeka kwemuviri

Chikamu chinotakura-mota chinogona kuve nefuremu nemuviri, chete muviri, kana kusanganiswa. Mutumbi, unoita mashandiro echikamu chinotakura mutoro, unonzi muviri unotakura zvinhu. Rudzi urwu runonyanya kuwanikwa pamotokari dzazvino.

Zvakare, muviri unogona kugadzirwa mumavhoriyamu matatu:

• vhoriyamu imwe;
• mavhoriyamu maviri;
• matatu-vhoriyamu.

Chimwe-chidimbu chakagadzirwa seye-chidimbu chemuviri icho chinobatanidza chikamu cheinjini, mupanda wevapfuuri uye mupanda wemukwende. Iyi dhizaini inoenderana neyevatakuri (mabhazi, makombi) uye zvinoshandiswa mota.

Maviri-vhoriyamu ane nzvimbo mbiri dzenzvimbo. Chikamu chemupfuuri, chakasanganiswa ne trunk, uye chikamu cheinjini. Iyi dhizaini inosanganisira hatchback, chiteshi chengoro uye crossover.

Matatu-vhoriyamu ane matatu makamuri: mutakurwi mupanda, injini mupanda uye mukwende mupanda. Aya ndiwo marongero echinyakare ayo sedans anoenderana.

Marongero akasiyana anogona kutaridzwa mumufananidzo pazasi, uye verenga zvakadzama muchinyorwa chedu nezvemhando dzemuviri.

Device

Kunyangwe paine marongero akasiyana siyana, muviri wemotokari inofamba une zvinhu zvakafanana. Izvi zvinoratidzwa mumufananidzo pazasi uye zvinosanganisira:

1. Mberi neshure nhengo dzemitezo. Iwo matanda emakona mana anopa kuomarara uye kudengenyeka kwekudzikisira.
2. Mberi nhovo. Inoparadzanisa kamuri reinjini kubva kune yemukati mupaseti.
3. Mberi mitsetse. Izvo zvakare zvinopa kuomarara uye kusimbisa padenga.
4. Denga.
5. Mbiru yekumashure.
6. Rear wing.
7. Panji yekutakura.
8. Pakati rack. Inopa kuomarara kwemuviri, kwakagadzirwa nesimbi yakasimba.
9. Zvikumbaridzo.
10. Central tunnel panowanikwa zvinhu zvakasiyana siyana (pombi yekudzimisa, shavi rinofambisa, nezvimwewo). Inowedzerawo kuomarara.
11. Base kana pasi.
12. Wheel zvakanaka niche.

Iyo dhizaini inogona kuve yakasiyana zvichienderana nerudzi rwemuviri (sedan, chiteshi chengoro, minibus, nezvimwewo). Kunyanya kutariswa kunobhadharwa kune zvakaumbwa zvinhu senge spars uye struts.

Rigidity

Rigidity iyo chivakwa chemota yemuviri kuramba yakasimba uye inoverengeka mitoro panguva yekushanda. Inobata zvakananga kubata.

Iyo yakakwira kuomarara, zvirinani kubata kwemotokari.

Rigidity zvinoenderana nerudzi rwemuviri, yakazara geometry, huwandu hwemikova, saizi yemota nemahwindo. Iko kusungirirwa uye chinzvimbo chewindows uye kumashure windows zvakare zvinoita basa rakakosha. Ivo vanogona kuwedzera kuomarara ne20-40%. Kuti uwedzere kuwedzera kuomarara, akasiyana akasimbisa maratidziro akaiswa.

Dzakanyanya kugadzikana ndeyekuparadzanisa, coupes uye sedans. Sezvo mutemo, iyi matatu-vhoriyamu kurongeka, iyo ine zvimwe zvikamu pakati penhumbi mukamuri neinjini. Kushaikwa kwekuomarara kunoratidzwa nemuviri wechiteshi chengoro, mutyairi, kombi.

Pane maviri ma parameter ekuomesa - kukotama uye torsion. Nezve torsion, iko kuramba kunoongororwa pasi pekumanikidzwa panzvimbo dzakatarisana nehukama hwayo hwehurefu, semuenzaniso, kana yakaturikwa diagonally. Sezvambotaurwa, mota dzemazuva ano dzine imwechete-chidimbu monocoque muviri. Muzvivakwa zvakadaro, kuomarara kunopihwa kunyanya nespars, inoyambuka uye yakareba matanda.

Zvishandiso zvekugadzira uye ukobvu hwavo

Iko kusimba uye kuomarara kwechimiro kunogona kuwedzerwa neukobvu hwesimbi, asi izvi zvinokanganisa huremu. Muviri unofanirwa kuve wakareruka uye wakasimba panguva imwe chete. Izvi zvinoitwa kuburikidza nekushandisa yakaderera kabhoni simbi sheet. Nhengo dzega dzega dzinoitwa nekutsika. Izvo zvikamu zvinobva zvanyatso kuvezwa-zvakasungwa pamwechete.

Huru simbi ukobvu iri 0,8-2 mm. For furemu, simbi ine ukobvu we 2-4 mm inoshandiswa. Izvo zvikamu zvakakosha kwazvo, senge spars uye mitsetse, zvakagadzirwa nesimbi, kazhinji inogadzirwa, nehuremu hwe4-8 mm, mota dzinorema - 5-12 mm.

Iko mukana weakaderera kabhoni simbi ndeyekuti inogona kuumbwa mushe. Iwe unogona kuita chikamu chechimwe chimiro uye geometry. Minus yakaderera ngura kuramba. Kuwedzera kuramba kurwisa, machira esimbi akavezwa kana mhangura inowedzerwa. Iyo pendi inodzivirirawo kubva kuora.

Izvo zvidiki zvakakosha zvikamu izvo zvisina kutakura mutoro mukuru zvakagadzirwa nemapurasitiki kana aluminium alloys. Izvi zvinoderedza huremu nemutengo wechimiro. Icho chimiro chinoratidza izvo zvinoshandiswa uye simba ravo zvichienderana nechinangwa.

Aluminium muviri

Vagadziri vemazuva ano vari kugara vachitsvaga nzira dzekudzikisa huremu pasina kurasikirwa kuomarara uye kusimba. Aluminium ndechimwe chezvinhu zvinovimbisa zvinhu. Kurema kwezvikamu zvealuminium muna 2005 mumotokari dzeEurope yaive 130 kg.

Furo aruminiyamu zvinhu yava kushandiswa. Icho chakareruka chaizvo uye panguva imwechete zvinhu zvakaoma izvo zvinotora kukanganisa mukurovera zvakanaka. Iyo furo chimiro inopa yakanyanya kupisa tembiricha uye kurira kuputira. Iyo yekudzikira kwechinhu ichi ndeye yayo yakakwira mutengo, ingangoita 20% inodhura kupfuura echinyakare vamwe. Aluminium alloys anoshandiswa zvakanyanya nezvinonetsa "Audi" uye "Mercedes". Semuenzaniso, nekuda kweaya maalloys, zvaive zvichikwanisa kudzikisa zvakanyanya huremu hweAudi A8 muviri. Inongova chete 810 kg.

Mukuwedzera kune aluminium, zvigadzirwa zvepurasitiki zvinoonekwa. Semuenzaniso, iyo itsva Fibropur alloy, iyo ingangoita yakaoma simbi machira.

Muviri ndechimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvikuru pakuumbwa kwemotokari chero ipi zvayo. Kurema, kubata uye kuchengeteka kwemotokari zvinonyanya kutsamira pairi. Hunhu uye ukobvu hwezvinhu zvinokanganisa kugadzikana uye kuramba ngura. Ma automaker anhasi ari kuramba achishandisa CFRP kana aluminium kudzikisa huremu hwesimba. Chinhu chikuru ndechekuti muviri unogona kupa yakachengeteka inogoneka yevatakuri uye mutyairi kana paitika tsaona.