Chii chinonzi naphtha uye inoshandiswa kupi?
Ligroin (isinganyanyi kunzi naphtha) chigadzirwa chinopisa uye chinobatidza moto chekudhiriswa kwemafuta asina kuchena. Inowana kushandiswa mumaindasitiri mazhinji - zvese sechinhu chinonyungudutsa uye sehuni. Naphtha iripo mumhando nhatu - marasha tara, shale, kana mafuta. Imwe neimwe yemafomu aya inoumbwa pasi pemamiriro akasiyana uye inoshandiswa zvinoenderana nemakemikari ayo.
Maumbirwo uye hunhu
Zvichienderana nenguva yekuumbwa kwe hydrocarbon zvinhu, kuumbwa naphtha zvakasiyana. Somuenzaniso, "vakuru" ligroin, iyo yakavakirwa pamafuta, ine flash point yakakwira, haina kusimba uye ine density yakakura. "Mudiki" ligroin inosiyana mune zvakapesana, uye hwaro hwayo hunonhuhwirira hydrocarbons.
Izvo zvakakosha zvemuviri zvechigadzirwa, saka, zvinotarirwa nenguva yekuumbwa kwayo kwekutanga. Zvinonyanya kukosha ndezvi:
- Kupisa tembiricha: 90…140ºС - yepetroleum naphthas, uye 60…80ºС - yeanonhuwirira naphthas (iyo yekupedzisira, nenzira, inoita kuti zviome kuaziva, sezvo iwo maitiro akafanana akajairika kune petroleum ethers). Nekuda kwekuderera boiling points naphthas inowanzonzi mweya yepetroleum.
- Density: 750…860 kg/m3.
- Kinematic viscosity: 1,05…1,2 mm2/ s
- Kupisa kwekutanga kwegelation hakusi kwakakwirira: - 60ºС.
Nafita hainyungudika mumvura kana kusanganiswa nayo. Kuumbwa kwemaitiro e naphthas kunosanganisira ma hydrocarbons eparafini uye olefinic akatevedzana, pamwe neaphthenic acids, uye sarufa iripo mune shoma shoma yezvinhu inorganic.
Rinoshandiswa papi?
Kushandiswa kwe naphtha kwakajairika kune zvinotevera zvinangwa:
- Mafuta einjini dzedhiziri.
- Solvent.
- Yepakati mune petrochemical indasitiri.
Naphtha inoshandiswa sehuni nekuti chigadzirwa chinopfuta uye chinoratidzwa nekuburitswa kwehuwandu hwesimba rekupisa pakupisa. Iko calorific kukosha kwe naphtha inosvika 3,14 MJ / l. Nekuda kwekuti naphtha inopisa inenge isina soot, chigadzirwa chinowanzoshandiswa mudzimba uye vashanyi heaters, zvigadziriso zvemwenje uye magetsi. Naphtha haiwanzo shandiswa zvakananga sehuni, nekuda kwekunyanya kutyisa kwayo; kazhinji pane zviratidzo zvekugona kwekushandiswa kwayo sekuwedzera.
Mabhizinesi ekugadzira mapurasitiki akajairwa sepolypropylene uye polyethylene anoshandisa naphtha sechinhu mbishi. Zvigadzirwa zvayo zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzirwa kwebutane uye peturu. Naphtha mune aya matekinoroji inobatanidzwa mukuita kwekuputika kwemhepo.
Naphtha sechinhu chinonyungudutsa chinogona kuwanikwa muzvigadzirwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuchenesa, uko nzvimbo yayo yakaderera inoputika inobatsira seyakaonda yependi, varnish uye asphalt. Zvinhu zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa kubva munhevedzano iyi zvinonyungudutsa uye naphthalene. Nekuda kwehupfu hwayo, naphtha inonyanya kushandiswa kwete zvemumba, asi mumabhizinesi (semuenzaniso, ayo anoomesa-akachena zvipfeko).
Naphtha toxicity
Chengetedzo mukushandiswa kwakafara kwechigadzirwa cheoiri chinodzikiswa nemamiriro anotevera:
- Hukasha hwepamusoro kana hwakafumurwa paganda uye cornea yeziso remunhu. Pakubata naphtha, nzvimbo yeganda inozvimba zvinorwadza. Inokurudzirwa kushambidza nzvimbo yakakanganiswa nemvura inodziya nokukurumidza.
- Nausea uye kukuvadzwa kwemapapu kana uchimedza kunyange chidimbu chidiki chechinhu. Izvi zvinoda kukurumidza kuchipatara, kana zvisina kudaro kutadza kufema kunoitika, izvo zvinogona kutungamirira kurufu.
- Kunhuhwirira kwakasimba (kunyanya kune "vadiki" inonhuhwirira naphthas). Kufema kwenguva refu kwemhute kunogona kukonzera matambudziko ekufema nepfungwa. Kune zvakare ruzivo nezve carcinogenicity yechinhu.
Sezvo kemikari ine chepfu, inorambidzwa zvachose kudonhedza masara ayo mumidziyo isingadzoreki (uye, kunyanya, mune yakavhurika). Inofanirawo kuyeukwa kuti ligroin inogona kupisa uye inogona kukonzera moto.
