Chii chinonzi mota injini yemota?

Majini enjini

Injini yemafuta inoshanda mumamiriro akaomesesa zvakanyanya. Mamwe magirizi anoshandiswa mumotokari, maoiri emafuta uye magirizi, anoita mabasa awo zvisingaenzanisike nyore. Pasina kurasikirwa nemidziyo inodiwa. Nekuti ivo vanoshanda munzvimbo ine homogeneous nharaunda, iine yakawanda kana shoma kushoma tembiricha, kumanikidza uye kushushikana. Injini modhi "yakasakara". Chikamu chimwe cheo chemafuta chinoiswa pasi pekupisa uye kushushikana kwemakanetsi sekondi yega yega. Nekuti mamiriro ekugadzirisa ezvikamu zvakasiyana zveinjini ari kure nekufanana. Uye zvakare, iyo injini yeinjini inooneswa kumakemikari. Oxygen, mamwe magasi, zvigadzirwa zvekusakwana kwemafuta emafuta, pamwe nemafuta acho pachawo, ayo zvinopinda zvinopinda mumafuta, kunyangwe mune zvidiki kwazvo.

Mabasa emafuta enjini.

Deredza kukakavadzana pakati pezvikamu zvekubatana, kudzora kupfeka uye kudzivirira kukwiziwa kwenzvimbo dzekukwiza. Isa zvisimbiso mipendero, kunyanya pakati pezvikamu zveiri-silinda-pisitoni boka, kudzivirira kana kudzikisira ingress yemagasi kubva mukamuri yemoto. Inodzivirira zvikamu kubva kuora. Kubvisa kupisa kubva panokwikwidza. Bvisa zvikamu zvekupfeka kubva kunzvimbo yekukwesana, nokudaro zvichideredza kudzikiswa kwema deposits pamusoro pezvikamu zveinjini. Zvimwe zvehukuru hunhu hwemafuta. Viscosity ndechimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha maitiro emafuta. Majini enjini, semafuta ekuzora mazhinji, chinja viscosity yavo zvinoenderana netembiricha yavo. Iyo yakadzika tembiricha, inowedzera iyo viscosity uye zvinopesana.

Injini yemafuta uye inotonhora inotanga

Kuti uve nechokwadi chekutanga kwekutangisa kweinjini, tyaira iyo crankshaft ne starter uye pombi mafuta kuburikidza neyekugadzirisa system. Pakadzika tembiricha, iyo viscosity haifanire kunge yakanyanya kukwirira. Pakutonhora kwakanyanya, mafuta haafanire kuve neiyo viscosity yakadzika kwazvo kuti agadzire yakasimba firimu yemafuta pakati pezvikamu zvekukweshera uye inodikanwa sisitimu yekumanikidza. Viscosity indekisi. Chiratidzo chinoratidza kutsamira kwemafuta viscosity pakushanduka kwetembiricha. Ichi chiyero chisina chiyero, i.e. haina kuyerwa mune chero chinhu, ingori nhamba. Iyo yakakwira iyo viscosity index yeinjini yemafuta, yakawedzera iyo tembiricha renji umo mafuta anotendera injini kuti ishande. Yemamineral mafuta asina viscous zvinowedzera, iyo viscosity index iri 85-100. Oiri ine viscous yekuwedzera uye ekugadzira zvinhu anogona kuve neiyo viscosity index ye120-150. Kune akacheneswa zvakadzika akadzika viscosity mafuta, iyo viscosity index inogona kusvika mazana maviri.

Majini enjini. Flash poindi

Flash point. Ichi chiratidzo chinoratidza kuvepo kwekubikira zvikamu mumafuta uye, zvinoenderana, zvinosanganiswa nekubuda kwemafuta panguva yekushanda. Kune mafuta akanaka, iyo flash point inofanira kunge iri pamusoro pe225 ° C. Panyaya yemafuta asina kunaka, zvikamu zvishoma zveviscosity zvinoputika uye zvinopisa nokukurumidza. Izvi zvinotungamirira kukushandiswa kwemafuta akakwirira uye kuora kwemaitiro ayo ekupisa. Nhamba yekutanga, tbn. Inoratidza huwandu hwealkalinity yemafuta, kusanganisira iyo inoshandiswa nealkaline detergents uye dispersants. TBN inoratidzira kugona kweoiri kumisa acid inokuvadza inopinda mairi panguva yekushanda kweinjini uye kuramba madhipoziti. Iyo yakaderera iyo TBN, iyo isinganyanyi kushanda additives inoramba iri mumafuta. Mazhinji peturu injini oiri anowanzo ane TBN ye8 kusvika 9, nepo dizeli injini mafuta anowanzo kubva 11 kusvika 14.

Injini yemafuta enhamba

Kana injini yeinjini ichimhanya, iyo TBN inodzivirirwa nenzira isingadzivisiki uye zvinowedzeredza zvinowedzerwa zvinoitwa. Kuderedzwa kwakakosha muTBN kunotungamira kuacid corrosion pamwe nekusvibisa kwemukati enjini zvikamu. Acid nhamba, tan. Iyo acid nhamba chiyero chekuvapo kweiyo oxidizing zvigadzirwa muinjini maoiri. Iyo yakaderera iyo chaiyo mhedzisiro, zvirinani mamiriro ekushanda einjini oiri. Uye kunyanya hupenyu hwake hwasara. Kuwedzera kweTAN kunoratidza oxidation yemafuta nekuda kwehupenyu hwakareba hwebasa uye tembiricha yekushanda. Iyo yakazara asidhi nhamba yakatsunga kuongorora mamiriro einjini oiri, sechiratidzo cheiyo oxidation nyika yemafuta uye kuunganidzwa kweacidic mafuta emagetsi zvigadzirwa.

Mamolekuru emakemikari uye emafuta ekugadzira kubva kumafuta emota

Oiri mahydrocarbon ane yakati wandei maatomu ecarbon. Aya maatomu anogona kubatanidzwa neese marefu uye akatwasuka maketani, kana matavi, semuenzaniso, nekorona yemuti. Iyo yakatwasuka maketeni, zvirinani iyo oiri zvivakwa. Maererano neAmerican Petroleum Institute kupatsanura, mafuta epasi akapatsanurwa muzvikamu zvishanu. Boka I, mafuta epasi akawanikwa nekusarudza kunatsa uye kuita deworming uchishandisa zvakajairika mamineral solvents. Boka II, maoiri epasi ehutsanana hwakakwira, ine yakaderera yezvinhu zvinonhuhwirira makomputa uye maparafini, iine kuwedzera kwehukemikari kugadzikana Mafuta ehydrotreated, akavandudzwa mamineral mafuta.
Boka III, catalytic hydrocracked yakakwira viscosity index base mafuta, HC tekinoroji.

Kugadzira kwemafuta emota

Munguva yekurapa kwakakosha, mamorekuru mamiriro emafuta anovandudzwa. Nekudaro, izvo zvivakwa zveboka III base mafuta akafanana neakagadzirwa eboka IV base mafuta. Hazvina kuitika kuti iri boka remafuta ndere chikamu chema semi-synthetic maoiri. Uye mamwe makambani anototaura nezvemafuta ekugadzirwa. Boka IV, mafuta ekugadzira akavakirwa pa polyalphaolefins, PAO. Iyo polyalphaolefins inowanikwa kubva kumakemikari maitiro ine hunhu hweyakafanana nziyo. Yakanyanya yakanyanya oxidative kugadzikana, yakakwira viscosity index uye kusavapo kweparafini mamorekuru mukuumbwa kwavo. Boka V, mamwe mafuta epasi haana kuiswa mumapoka apfuura. Iri boka rinosanganisira mamwe ekugadzira mafuta epasi uye emafuta emafuta. Makemikari ekugadzirwa kwemaminerari mabhesi anoenderana nemhando yemafuta, kuwanda kwematanho akasarudzwa emafuta zvikamu, pamwe nenzira nedhigiri rekuchenesa.

Mineral mota emafuta

Iyo mineral base ndiyo yakachipa kwazvo. Icho chigadzirwa cheiyo yakananga distillation yemafuta, ine mamorekuru ehurefu hwakasiyana uye akasiyana masisitimu. Nekuda kweiyi heterogeneity, viscosity kusagadzikana, tembiricha zvivakwa, yakanyanya kusagadzikana, yakaderera oxidation kugadzikana. Mineral base, iyo yakajairika injini mafuta munyika. Semi-synthetic musanganiswa wemaminerari uye ekugadzira mafuta epasi anogona kuva ne20 kusvika ku40 muzana "synthetic". Iko hakuna kudikanwa kwakakosha kwevagadziri vema semi-synthetic lubricants maererano nehuwandu hwemafuta ekugadzira emafuta muinjini yeinjini yakapera. Iko hakuna zvakare chiratidzo chekuti ndechipi chigadzirwa chemagetsi, boka III kana boka IV base mafuta, chinofanira kushandiswa mukugadzira ma semi-synthetic lubricants. Zvinoenderana nehunhu hwavo, aya maoiri anotora chinzvimbo chepakati pakati peemamineral uye emafuta ekugadzira, kureva kuti, zvivakwa zvavo zviri nani pane zveavo vanowanzoita mamineral emafuta, asi akaipa kupfuura eaya ekugadzira. Pamutengo, mafuta aya anodhura pane ekugadzira.

Chakaita zvokugadzirwa Motor Oils

Synthetic maoiri ane yakanaka kwazvo viscosity-tembiricha hunhu. Chekutanga pane zvese, iyo yakadzika kwazvo yekudurura poindi, -50 ° C -60 ° C kupfuura iyo mamineral, uye yakanyanya yakanyanya viscosity index. Izvi zvinoita kuti zvive nyore kwazvo kutanga injini munguva yechando. Kechipiri, ivo vane viscosity yakakwira pakushandisa tembiricha inopfuura 100 ° C. Nekudaro, iyo firimu yemafuta inoparadzanisa maficha ekumusoro haiputse pasi pemamiriro ekunyanyisa ekushisa. Mamwe mabhenefiti emafuta ekugadzira anosanganisira kuvandudza kugadzikana kwesheya. Nekuda kwekufanana kwechimiro, kwakanyanya kupisa-oxidative kugadzikana. Ndokunge, yakaderera tsika yekuumba madipoziti uye mavarnishi. Transparent, yakasimba kwazvo, mafirimu asingasviki anoshandiswa kunzvimbo dzinopisa anonzi oxidizing varnishes. Zvakare nekudzikira kwemvura uye kushandisa marara zvichienzaniswa nemamineral emafuta.

Injini Mafuta Okuwedzera

Izvo zvakakoshawo kuti synthetics inoda kuiswa kweiyo shoma huwandu hweakakora ekuwedzera. Uye kunyanya mhando dzayo dzemhando yepamusoro hadzidi zvinowedzerwa zvakadaro zvachose. Naizvozvo, mafuta aya akatsiga kwazvo, nekuti zvinowedzerwa zvinoparadzwa kutanga. Zvese izvi zvivakwa zvemafuta ekugadzira zvinobatsira kudzora huwandu hwese mainjini kurasikirwa uye kudzora kupfeka muzvikamu. Uye zvakare, zviwanikwa zvavo zvinodarika zviwanikwa zvemaminerari ne5 kana dzimwe nguva. Chinhu chikuru chinodzikisira kushandiswa kwemafuta ekugadzira iwo mutengo wavo wakakwira. Iwo ari 3-5 zvakapetwa anodhura pane emamineral iwo. Uye kunyanya ayo epamusoro mamakisi haadi zvinowedzerwa zvakadaro zvachose, saka aya maoiri akatsiga kwazvo.

Antiwear zvinowedzerwa zvemafuta emota

Antiwear zvinowedzera. Basa guru nderekudzivirira kupfeka kweinjini yekukwesana zvikamu munzvimbo dzisingakwanise kuumbwa kwemafuta efirimu. Ivo vanoshanda nekutora simbi pamusoro uyezve nemakemikari kugadzirisa nayo panguva yesimbi-kune-simbi kusangana. Kunyanya kushingaira, kupisa kwakanyanya kunoburitswa panguva iyi yekubatana, ichigadzira yakakosha simbi firimu ine "inotsvedza" zvivakwa. Izvo zvinodzivirira hasha kusakara. Oxidation inhibitors, antioxidant zvinowedzera. Panguva yekushanda, injini yemafuta inogara ichionekwa kumatunhu akakwirira, mweya, oxygen uye nitrogen oxides. Izvo zvinokonzeresa kuti iite oxidize, paza zvinowedzerwa uye zviwedzere. Antioxidant zvinowedzera zvinodzora kusanganisa kwemafuta uye kuumbwa kusingadzivisike kwemhirizhonga madhiri shure kwayo.

Engine mafuta - musimboti wekushanda

Nheyo yechiito chavo ndeyekuita kwemakemikari pakupisa kwakanyanya nezvigadzirwa zvinokonzeresa oxidation yemafuta. Iwo akakamurwa kuita inhibitor additives anoshanda zvinoenderana nehuwandu hwemafuta huwandu. Uye thermal-oxidative additives inoita mabasa avo muchikamu chekushanda panzvimbo inopisa. Corrosion inhibitors akagadzirirwa kuchengetedza pamusoro pezvikamu zveinjini kubva pakuora kunokonzerwa neorganic uye mineral acids inoumbwa panguva yeoxidation yemafuta uye zvinowedzera. Iyo nzira yekuita kwavo ndeyekuumbwa kwefirimu inodzivirira pamusoro pezvikamu uye neutralization yeasidhi. Rust inhibitors inoitirwa kunyanya kuchengetedza simbi uye cast iron silinda madziro, piston uye zvindori. Iyo nzira yekuita yakafanana. Corrosion inhibitors inowanzovhiringidzika ne antioxidants.

Mota mafuta uye antioxidants

Antioxidants, sezvataurwa pamusoro, inodzivirira iwo mafuta pachawo kubva kune oxidation. Iko pamusoro pezvikamu zvesimbi kunopesana-ngura. Ivo vanobatsira mukuumbwa kweiyo yakasimba mafuta firimu pasimbi. Izvo zvinodzivirira kubva pakubata neacids nemvura, izvo zvinogara zviripo muhuwandu hwemafuta. Kukakavara modifiers. Ivo vari kuramba vachiedza kushandisa mairi nefruation modifiers yeinjini dzemazuva ano. Izvo zvinogona kudzikisa coefficient yekupesana pakati pekupesana zvikamu kuti uwane magetsi-anoponesa mafuta. Iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa yekukwesana modifiers ndeye graphite uye molybdenum disulfide. Izvo zvakaoma kwazvo kushandisa mumafuta emazuva ano. Nekuti zvinhu izvi hazvinyungudike mumafuta uye zvinogona kungopararira muchimiro chezvidimbu zvidiki. Izvi zvinoda kuunzwa kwemamwe maspara uye akapararira ekudzikamisa mumafuta, asi izvi hazvitenderi kushandiswa kwemafuta akadaro kwenguva yakareba.

Kufanirwa kwemafuta emota

Naizvozvo, mafuta-akanyungudika mafuta acid ester izvozvi zvinowanzo shandiswa sekupesana modifiers. Izvo zvine yakasimba kwazvo kunamatira kune simbi nzvimbo uye inogadzira rukoko rwekupesana-kudzikisa mamorekuru. Kugonesa kusarudzwa kwemafuta ehunhu hunodiwa hwerimwe rudzi rweinjini nemamiriro ayo ekushanda, masisitimu ehurongwa aripo. Parizvino, pane akati wandei masystem masisitimu einjini oiri: API, ILSAC, ACEA uye GOST. Mune yega yega system, injini yemafuta yakakamurwa kuita dzakateedzana uye zvikamu zvichienderana nemhando uye chinangwa. Aya akateedzana uye zvikamu zvakatangwa nemasangano epasirese uye epasi rese ezvigadziriso uye vagadziri vemotokari. Chinangwa uye mhando yemhando iri pamoyo pehuwandu hwemafuta. Pamusoro peanowanzo gamuchirwa maseru masisitimu, pane zvekare zvinodiwa uye kudomwa kwevagadziri vemotokari. Pamusoro pekuisa mafuta nehunhu, iyo SAE viscosity grading system inoshandiswa zvakare.