Alien planet pazasi pemepu

Nguva yekuwanikwa kukuru kwenzvimbo "yakawana" Antarctica, asi mupfungwa yekuti takadzidza kuti ipapo, "pasi", kune nyika yakafukidzwa nechando. Kubvisa chakavanzika chitsva chekondinendi kwaida kuzvipira, nguva, mari yakawanda uye kutsungirira. Uye hatisati tazvidambura ...

Tinoziva kuti pasi pemakiromita echando pane nyika chaiyo (Latin "nyika isingazivikanwe"). Munguva pfupi yapfuura, isu tinoziva zvakare kuti mamiriro echando oases, madziva uye nzizi akasiyana zvachose neaya ari pamusoro pechando chechando chivharo. Hapana kushomeka muhupenyu. Pamusoro pezvo, tiri kutanga kuwana mafomu ayo asingazivikanwi kusvika zvino. Pamwe mutorwa? Hatifaniri kunzwa here izvo Koziolek Matolek, uyo “akatsvaka munyika yakafara ari pedyo zvikuru”?

Geophysicists, vachishandisa yakaoma mathematical algorithms, vanokwanisa kudzoreredza chifananidzo chetatu-dimensional chepamusoro pasi pechifukidziro chechando. Panyaya yeAntarctica, izvi zvakaoma, sezvo chiratidzo cheacoustic chinofanira kupinda mamaira echando chaotic, zvichikonzera ruzha rukuru mumufananidzo. Kuoma hakurevi kuti hazvibviri, uye takatodzidza zvakawanda nezveiyi nyika isingazivikanwi iri pasi apa.

Kunotonhora, kuine mhepo, kwakaoma uye… girinhi negirinhi

Antarctica ndiyo windiest nyika yePasi iri pamhenderekedzo yeAdélie Land, mhepo inovhuvhuta mazuva 340 pagore, uye dutu remhepo rinogona kudarika 320 km/h. zvakafanana nyika yepamusorosoro - kureba kwayo kunosvika 2040 m pamusoro pegungwa (zvimwe zvinyorwa zvinotaura nezve 2290). Kondinendi yechipiri yepamusoro-soro pasi rose, i.e. Asia, inosvika paavhareji yemamita 990 pamusoro pegungwa. Antarctica ndiyo zvakare yakaoma: mukati menyika, mvura yegore negore inonaya kubva pa30 kusvika 50 mm/m.². Nzvimbo inozivikanwa seDry Valley ndiyo kumusha kwaMcMurdo. nzvimbo yakaoma zvikuru panyika - pakanga pasina chando uye kunaya kweanenge ... mamirioni maviri emakore! Iko hakuna zvakare yakakosha kuvharwa kwechando munzvimbo iyi. Mamiriro ezvinhu munharaunda - kutonhora kwakadzika, hunyoro hwemhepo yakaderera, uye mhepo ine simba - inoita kuti zvikwanise kudzidza nzvimbo yakafanana nepamusoro peMars nhasi.

Antarctica inoramba iripo zvisinganzwisisike zvikuru - izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti yakawanikwa panguva yazvino. Mhenderekedzo yaro yakatanga kuonekwa nemutyairi wengarava wekuRussia muna Ndira 1820. Fabian Bellingshausen (maererano nemamwe magwaro, aive Edward Bransfield kana Nathaniel Palmer). Munhu wekutanga kumhara muAntarctica aive Henrik Johan Bulluyo akasvika kuCape Adare, Victoria Land musi wa24 Ndira 1895 (kunyangwe paine mishumo yekumbomhara). Muna 1898, Bull akanyora memoirs yake yerwendo mubhuku rake "Antarctica's Cruise to the South Polar Regions".

Zvinonakidza, zvisinei, kuti kunyange zvazvo Antarctica ichionekwa serenje guru, inogamuchira kuwedzera negirini. Maererano nemasayendisiti, kunze kwayo kunorwiswa nemiti yekunze uye mhuka duku. Mbeu idzi dzinowanikwa pambatya neshangu dzevanhu vanenge vachidzoka kubva kunyika iyi. Muna 2007/2008, masayendisiti akaaunganidza kubva kuvashanyi nevaongorori venzvimbo idzodzo. Zvakazoitika kuti paavhareji muenzi wega wega kukondinendi akaunza 9,5 zviyo. Vakabvepi? Kubva panzira yokuverenga inonzi extrapolation, zvave zvichifungidzirwa kuti vanhu 70 XNUMX vanoshanyira Antarctica gore negore. mbeu. Vazhinji vavo vanobva kuSouth America - vakaunzwa nemhepo kana vasingazivi vatashanyi.

Kunyangwe ichizivikanwa kuti Antarctica kondinendi inotonhora zvikuru, hazvisati zvanyatsojeka kuti imarii. Vanhu vazhinji vanorangarira kubva kune yekare uye maatlas kuti Russian (Soviet) Antarctic station Vostok yaimboonekwa senzvimbo inotonhora kupfuura dzimwe nyika, uko. -89,2°C. Nekudaro, isu tava nerekodhi nyowani inotonhora: -93,2°C - akacherekedza mazana emakiromita kubva kuMabvazuva, pamwe nemutsetse uri pakati pepamusoro peArgus Dome (Dome A) neFuji Dome (Dome F). Aya ndiwo maumbirwo emipata madiki uye madhiri umo munogara mweya wakakobvu unotonhora.

Iyi tembiricha yakanyorwa muna Nyamavhuvhu 10, 2010. Zvisinei, nguva pfupi yadarika, pakaongororwa zvakadzama data kubva kuAqua uye Landsat 8 satellites yakaitwa, zvakazozivikanwa kuti rekodhi rechando rakaiswa panguva iyoyo. Zvisinei, sezvo kuverenga uku kusina kubva pasi-based thermometer pamusoro pekondinendi ine chando, asi kubva kumidziyo inotenderera muchadenga, haizivikanwi sechinyorwa neWorld Meteorological Organization. Zvichakadaro, masayendisiti anoti iyi idata rekutanga uye kuti kana masensa ekupisa akagadziridzwa, anogona kuona kunyange kutonhora kwakanyanya paPasi…

Chii chiri pasi apa?

Muna Kubvumbi 2017, vatsvakurudzi vakashuma kuti vakanga vagadzira yakanyatsojeka 2010D mepu yechando chivharo chinoparadza Antarctica kusvika nhasi. Uyu ndiwo mugumisiro wemakore manomwe ekucherechedza kubva pakutenderera kweNyika. Muna 2016-700, setiraiti yeEuropean CryoSat kubva pakakwirira ingangoita 250 km yakagadzira zviyero zvinosvika miriyoni mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu ekuyera kweAntarctic glaciers. Masayendisiti anobva kuEuropean Space Agency (ESA) anozvirumbidza kuti setiraiti yavo, yakagadzirirwa kudzidza ice, iri padyo kupfuura chero imwe nzvimbo kunharaunda dzepolar - nekuda kwekuti inokwanisa kuona zviri kuitika kunyangwe mukati mechikamu che200 km kubva kune ese ari maviri. mapango ezasi neokuchamhembe. .

Kubva kune imwe mepu yakagadzirwa nemasayendisiti kubva kuBritish Antarctic Survey, isu, zvakare, tinoziva zviri pasi peaizi. Zvakare, nerubatsiro rweradar, vakagadzira mepu yakanaka yeAntarctica isina aizi. Inoratidza kusunungurwa kwe geological yenyika, yakamanikidzwa nechando. Makomo marefu, mipata yakadzika uye mijenya nemvura yakawanda. Antarctica isina aizi ingangove iri dunhu rezvitsuwa kana dunhu renyanza, asi kunyatsofanotaura chimiro chayo chekupedzisira kwakaoma nekuti kana chando chadeuka chadeuka, huremu hwepasi hungadai hwakakwira zvakanyanya - kunyangwe kiromita kuenda kumusoro.

Izvo zvakare zviri pasi pekutsvagisa kwakawanda uye kwakanyanya. mvura yegungwa pasi peaizi sherufu. Zvirongwa zvakawanda zvakaitwa umo vanhu vakasiyana-siyana vanoongorora pasi pegungwa pasi peaizi, uye zvichida chinonyanya kuzivikanwa pane izvi ibasa rinoramba riripo remasayendisiti okuFinnish. Mune idzi njodzi uye dzinonetsa dzekudhivha nzendo, vanhu vari kutanga kukoshesa drones. Paul G. Allen Philanthropies akaisa $1,8 miriyoni yekuyedza marobhoti mumvura inonyengera yeAntarctic. ina Argo drones yakavakwa paYunivhesiti yeWashington ndeyekuunganidza data uye nekukasira kuendesa kuSeattle. Vachashanda pasi peaizi kusvikira mafungu egungwa avatakura mumvura yakashama.

Antarctic volcano Erebus

Kupisa kwakanakisa pasi peaizi huru

Antarctica inyika yeaizi, asi pasi pepamusoro payo pane bota rinopisa. Parizvino, gomo rinoputika zvakanyanya mukondinendi ino Erebus, inozivikanwa kubva muna 1841. Kusvika ikozvino, isu taiziva kuvepo kweanosvika makumi mana emakomo anoputika eAntarctic, asi muna Nyamavhuvhu gore rapfuura, vaongorori kubva kuYunivhesiti yeEdinburgh vakawana mamwe makumi mapfumbamwe nerimwe pasi peaizi, mamwe ayo anopfuura 3800 metres kureba. . Zvinoitika kuti Antarctica inogona kuva zvikuru zvinoputika nzvimbo panyika. Vanyori venyaya pamusoro penyaya iyi - Maximilian van Wyck de Vries, Robert G. Bingham naAndrew Hine - vakadzidza chimiro chepamusoro chedigital chinonzi Bedmap 2 DEM chakawanikwa vachishandisa radar mifananidzo mukutsvaga zvivakwa zvegomo rinoputika.

Sezvo gobvu semuAntarctica, makomo anoputika anowanikwa chete akapoteredza Great Eastern Rift, kubva kuTanzania kusvika kuArabia Peninsula. Ichi chimwe chiratidzo chingave chakakura, yakanyanya kupisa sosi. Chikwata cheEdinburgh chinotsanangura kuti kupera kweaizi kunogona kuwedzera basa rekuputika kwemakomo, izvo zviri kuitika muIceland.

geologist Robert Bingham akaudza theguardian.com.

Kumira pamusoro peaizi ine avhareji ukobvu hwemakiromita maviri, uye hurefu hunosvika 2 km, zvakaoma kutenda kuti pane hombe inopisa pasi payo, yakafanana neyakavanzika muYellowstone. Zvinoenderana nemhando dzekuverenga, huwandu hwekupisa hunobva kudivi rezasi reAntarctica hunosvika 4,7 mW/m.² (mW - milliwatt; 1 watt = 1 mW). Zvisinei, simba iri haridzivisi kukura kwemazaya echando. Kuenzanisa, avhareji yekupisa inoyerera kubva kuPasi ndeye 40-60 mW/m.², uye muYellowstone National Park inosvika paavhareji ye200 mW / m².

Simba guru rinofambisa basa rekuputika kwemakomo muAntarctica rinoratidzika kuva pesvedzero yejasi rePasi, Mary Byrd. Nyanzvi dzeGeologist dzinotenda kuti nzvimbo yekupisa yejasi yakaumbwa 50-110 miriyoni makore apfuura, apo Antarctica yakanga isati yafukidzwa nechando.

Zvakanaka muchando cheAntarctica

Antarctic Alps

Muna 2009, masayendisiti kubva kuchikwata chepasi rose chinotungamirwa na Dr. Fausta Ferraccioligo Ivo vanobva kuBritish Antarctic Survey vakapedza mwedzi miviri nehafu muEast Antarctica, vachirwisa tembiricha yakadzika se -40°C. Vakatarisa kubva mundege radar, gravimeter (mudziyo wekuyera mutsauko mukukwira-kudonha kwemahara) uye magnetometer (kuyera magineti) - uye pamusoro penyika ine seismograph - nzvimbo umo, yakadzika. , pakadzika kusvika kumakiromita matatu, 3 zviuru zvemazaya echando zvakavigwa pasi peiyo glacier. km Gamburtseva mountain range.

Aya makomo, akafukidzwa nechando nechando, ave achizivikanwa nesainzi kubva kuSoviet Antarctic expeditions, yakaitwa panguva inonzi International Geophysical Year 1957-1958 (iyo panguva iyo satellite yakabhururuka ichitenderera). Kunyange zvakadaro, masayendisiti akashamiswa kuti makomo chaiwo anokura kubva pane izvo, mumaonero avo, zvinofanira kuva zvakati sandara, setafura. Gare gare, vaongorori kubva kuChina, Japan neUK vakaburitsa chinyorwa chavo chekutanga mujenari Nature. Kubva pane zvakaonekwa neradar kubva mumhepo, vakadhirowa mepu ine mativi matatu emakomo, vachiona kuti nhongonya dzeAntarctic dzakafanana neEuropean Alps. Vane mitsetse yakafanana yakapinza uye mipata yakadzika, kuburikidza nehova dzakayerera munguva dzekare, uye nhasi mavari pano neapo subglacial makomo emakungwa. Masayendisiti akaverenga kuti chivharo chechando chinofukidza nechepakati pemakomo eGamburtsev chine hurefu hwe1649 kusvika 3135 mamita. Iyo yepamusoro pepamusoro peiyo ridge ndeye 2434 metres pamusoro pegungwa (boka reFerraccioli rakagadzirisa iyi nhamba kusvika zviuru zvitatu zvemamita).

Masayendisiti akabatanidza Gamburtsev Ridge yose nezviridzwa zvavo, kusanganisira kukanganisa kukuru muvhu - mupata weRift wakafanana neGreat African Rift. Iyo inosvika zviuru zviviri nemazana mashanu emakiromita kureba uye inosimuka kubva kuEast Antarctica ichiyambuka gungwa yakananga kuIndia. Heano makuru eAntarctic subglacial madziva, anosanganisira. iyo yakakurumbira Lake Vostok, iri padyo nenzvimbo yakambotaurwa yesainzi yezita rimwechete. Nyanzvi dzinoti makomo asinganzwisisike munyika yeGamburtsev akatanga kuoneka bhiriyoni makore apfuura. Ipapo pakanga pasina zvinomera kana mhuka paNyika, asi makondinendi akanga atova otama-tama. Pavakabonderana, makomo akakwira munzvimbo yava kunzi Antarctica.

Mukati mebako rinodziya pasi peErebus Glacier

kuchera

John Goodge, purofesa webiology sainzi paUniversity yeMinnesota Duluth, akasvika mukondinendi inotonhora zvikuru pasi rose kuti atange kuyedza booraIzvi zvinobvumira kuchera zvakadzika muAntarctic ice sheet kupfuura chero ani zvake.

Sei kuchera pasi uye pasi pechando kwakakosha? Imwe neimwe ndima yesainzi inopa mhinduro yayo kumubvunzo uyu. Somuenzaniso, nyanzvi dzezvinhu zvipenyu dzinotarisira kuti tupukanana tusingaoneki, kubatanidza marudzi akanga asingazivikanwi, anogara muaizi yekare kana kuti pasi peaizi. Vanodzidza nezvemamiriro ekunze vanotsvaga ma ice cores kuti vadzidze zvakawanda nezve nhoroondo yemamiriro ekunze ePasi uye kugadzira zvirinani zvesainzi zvekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze mune ramangwana. Uye kune vanodzidza nezve geologist vakaita seGooj, dombo riri pasi peaizi rinogona kubatsira kutsanangura kuti Antarctica yakabatana sei nemamwe makondinendi nhasi kuti iumbe masimba makuru ekare. Kuchera kuchajekesawo kugadzikana kwechando chechando.

Guja project inonzi bvuta yakatanga muna 2012. MunaNovember 2015, masayendisiti akatumira chibhorani kuAntarctica. Akasvika paMcMurdo Station. Vachishandisa matekinoroji akasiyana-siyana ekufungidzira, akadai seaizi-scanning radar, vatsvakurudzi vave kunongedzera kunzvimbo dzinogona kucherwa. Kuongororwa kwekutanga kunoenderera mberi. Prof. Goodge anotarisira kugashira masampuli ekutanga ekutsvagisa pakupera kwa2019.

Muganhu wezera panguva dzakapfuura mapurojekiti ekuchera mamiriyoni emakore Antarctic ice samples dzakatorwa kumashure muna 2010. Panguva iyoyo, ndiyo yaive yekare ice core yakambowanikwa. Muna Nyamavhuvhu 2017, Sainzi yakashuma kuti timu yaPaul Woosin yakanga yanyura muchando chekare chakadzika senge munhu akamboona uye akawana chando chepakati chichishandisa. 2,7 mamiriyoni emakore. Arctic neAntarctic ice cores inotaura zvakawanda nezvemamiriro ekunze uye mamiriro ekunze enguva dzakapfuura, zvakanyanya nekuda kwemafuru emhepo ari pedyo mukuumbwa kumhepo kana mabhuru akaumbwa.

Zvidzidzo zvehupenyu pasi peaizi yeAntarctica:

Kuwanikwa kwehupenyu pasi pechando cheAntarctica

Hupenyu hunozivikanwa uye husingazivikanwe

Dziva rine mukurumbira rakavanzwa pasi peaizi yeAntarctica iLake Vostok. Ndiyo zvakare yakakura kwazvo inozivikanwa pasi pegungwa muAntarctica, yakavanzwa pasi peaizi pakadzika inopfuura 3,7 km. Yakagurwa kubva kuchiedza uye kusangana nemhepo, inoramba iri imwe yeakanyanya mamiriro ePasi.

Munzvimbo uye vhoriyamu, Vostok inokwikwidza Lake Ontario muNorth America. Kureba 250 km, hupamhi 50 km, kudzika kusvika pamamita 800. Inowanikwa pedyo neSouth Pole kuEast Antarctica. Kuvapo kwedziva hombe rakafukidzwa neaizi kwakatanga kutaurwa kuma60 nemuRussia geographer/mutyairi wendege akaona chigamba chihombe chakatsetseka chechando kubva mumhepo. Kuedza kweradar yemhepo kwakaitwa nevaongorori veBritish neRussia muna 1996 kwakasimbisa kuwanikwa kwedhamu risingajairiki panzvimbo iyi.

anodaro Brent Christner, nyanzvi yebiology paLouisiana State University, mukuburitswa kwenhau achizivisa mhedzisiro yeongororo yemasampuli echando akaunganidzwa pamusoro pedhamu.

Christner anoti mvura chete mudhamu iri imvura yakanyungudika kubva muaizi.

- Anotaura.

Masayendisiti anotenda kuti kupisa kwegeothermal kwePasi kunochengetedza tembiricha yemvura iri mudhamu pa -3 ° C. Mamiriro emvura anopa kudzvanywa kwechando chakanyanyisa.

Ongororo yezvipenyu inoratidza kuti dhamu iri rinogona kunge riine matombo ane matombo ane makemikari akasiyana agara ari oga uye asingapiwi nezuva kwemazana ezviuru zvemakore.

Christner anodaro.

Zvidzidzo zvenguva ichangoburwa zvemajini eEast Ice Sheet zvakaburitsa zvidimbu zveDNA kubva kune zvipenyu zvakawanda zvine chekuita nezvisikwa zvine sero rimwe chete zvinowanikwa mumadhamu, nyanza uye hova kubva kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzepasi. Kuwedzera kune fungi uye maviri echinyakare marudzi (sero-sero zvipenyu zvinogara munzvimbo dzakanyanyisa), masayendisiti akaona zviuru zvemabhakitiriya, kusanganisira mamwe anowanikwa mune digestive masisitimu ehove, crustaceans uye makonye. Vakawana ma<em>cryophiles (zvipenyu zvinogara patembiricha yakaderera zvikuru) uye ma<em>thermophiles, zvichiratidza kuvapo kwemhepo dzinopisa mvura mudhamu. Maererano nemasayendisiti, kuvapo kwezvose zviri zviviri zvipenyu zvomumvura nomumvura yakachena kunotsigira dzidziso yokuti dhamu racho rakambobatanidzwa negungwa.

Kuongorora mvura iri pasi peAntarctic ice:

Kutanga Dive Yakapedzwa - Sainzi Pasi Pechando | Helsinki University

Mune imwe Antarctic ice lake - Villansa "Zvisikwa zvipenyu zvitsva zvakawanikwa zvakare kuti vaongorori vanoti" idya matombo, "zvichireva kuti vanotora mamineral nutrients kubva kwavari. Zvizhinji zvezvipenyu izvi pamwe machemolithotrophs anobva pane inorganic makomisheni esimbi, sarufa nezvimwe zvinhu.

Pasi peaizi yeAntarctic, masayendisiti akawanawo nzvimbo isinganzwisisike inodziya iyo ine dzimwe mhuka dzinonakidza. Joel Bensing weAustralia National University akaburitsa mafoto ebako rechando parurimi rweErebus Glacier paRoss Land munaGunyana 2017. Kunyangwe avhareji tembiricha yegore munzvimbo iyi iri kutenderera -17 ° C, tembiricha mumapako masisitimu ari pasi pemazaya echando anogona kusvika. 25°C. Mapako, ari padyo nepasi pegomo rinoputika Erebus, akacherwa kunze semugumisiro wemakore emhute yemvura inoyerera nemumikoto yawo.

Sezvauri kuona, kushanya kwevanhu nekunzwisisa kwechokwadi uye kwakadzama kweAntarctica kuchangotanga. Kondinendi yatinoziva nezvayo zvakanyanya kana zvishoma kudarika nyika yekunze yakamirira vaongorori vayo vakuru.

NASA vhidhiyo yenzvimbo inotonhora kwazvo Panyika:

Antarctica ndiyo nzvimbo inotonhora zvakanyanya pasi rose (-93°): NASA vhidhiyo