Cylinders. Chii chaunofanira kuziva?

Ko mota diki inofanirwa kuve nemasilinda maviri uye mota hombe gumi nemaviri? Ko matatu kana mana silinda injini ingave nani kune imwecheteyo modhi? Hapana wemibvunzo iyi ine mhinduro yakajeka.

Musoro wenhamba yemasilinda muinjini dzemotokari dzevatyairi inobuda nguva nenguva uye nguva imwe neimwe inokonzera kukakavara kwakapararira. Chaizvoizvo, izvi zvinoitika kana paine imwe general "cylindrical" maitiro. Iye zvino tine imwe - inosvika kune matatu- kana maviri-cylinder injini, iyo inenge isati yave pamusika kwemakumi emakore akawanda. Sezvineiwo, kudzikiswa kwenhamba yemasilinda hakungoshandi kumota dzakachipa uye dzakawanda, zvakafanana zvinoshanda kumakirasi epamusoro. Ehezve, kuchine mota izvo zvisingashande kune, nekuti nhamba yemasilinda mavari ndeimwe yeinosarudza mukurumbira.

Sarudzo yekuti mangani macylinders iyo injini yeimwe mota ichave nayo inoitwa padanho rekugadzira mota. Kazhinji, imba yejini inogadzirirwa injini dzine nhamba yakasiyana yemasilinda, kunyange zvazvo pane zvisizvo. Ukuru hwemotokari munyaya iyi ndiyo inonyanya kukosha. Iyo dhiraivha inofanirwa kuve ine simba rakakwana kuti ipe mota neakakodzera masimba, uye panguva imwechete ine hupfumi hwakakwana kuti umire kubva mumakwikwi uye kusangana nezvinodiwa zvezvakatipoteredza. Kazhinji, zvinozivikanwa kuti motokari duku ine masilinda mashoma, uye hombe ine zvakawanda. Asi zvakadii? Kutarisa, iko zvino kunofungidzirwa kuti ivo vashoma sezvinobvira.

Iyo torque inodiwa kugadzira simba rekutyaira pamavhiri emugwagwa inogadzirwa mune yega yega silinda. Nokudaro, nhamba yakakwana yazvo inofanira kutorwa kuitira kuti uwane kuwirirana kwakanaka pakati pemasimba uye hupfumi. Mune injini dzemazuva ano, zvinotendwa kuti iyo yakakwana yekushanda vhoriyamu imwe silinda inenge 0,5-0,6 cm3. Nokudaro, injini ye-cylinder inofanira kuva nehuwandu hunosvika 1,0-1,2 litita, matatu-cylinder - 1.5-1.8, uye mana-cylinder - inenge 2.0.

Nekudaro, vagadziri "vanodzika" pazasi kukosha uku, vachitora kunyange 0,3-0,4 litita, kunyanya kuitira kuti vawane kuderera kwemafuta ekushandisa uye diki injini zviyero. Kudzikira kwemafuta kunokurudzira vatengi, zvimiro zvidiki zvinoreva huremu hushoma uye kushomeka kwekushandisa kwezvinhu nekudaro kuderera kwemitengo yekugadzira. Kana iwe ukadzikisa huwandu hwemasilinda uye zvakare kuderedza saizi yavo, iwe unowana yakakura pfuma mukugadzirwa kwevhoriyamu. Uyezve kune zvakatipoteredza, sezvo mafekitari emotokari anoda zvishoma zvinhu uye simba.

Ko iyo yakakwana yehumburumbira ye0,5-0,6 l inobva kupi? Kuenzanisa humwe hunhu. Iyo yakakura silinda, iyo yakawanda torque iyo ichagadzira, asi inononoka. Huremu hwezvikamu zvinoshanda muhumburumbira, senge piston, piston pin, uye yekubatanidza tsvimbo, zvichave zvakakura, saka zvichanyanya kuoma kufamba. Kuwedzera kwekumhanya hakuzove kwakabudirira senge cylinder diki. Iyo diki silinda, zviri nyore kuwana yakakwira rpm nekuti mizhinji yepiston, piston pini uye yekubatanidza tsvimbo idiki uye inomhanyisa zviri nyore. Asi silinda diki haizogadzira yakawanda torque. Naizvozvo, zvinodikanwa kugashira imwe kukosha kwekubviswa kwecylinder imwe kuitira kuti ese maparamita aya ave anogutsa mukushandiswa kwemazuva ese.

Kana tikatora imwe-cylinder yekushanda vhoriyamu ye 0,3-0,4 litita, ipapo iwe uchafanirwa neimwe nzira "kubhadhara" kushayikwa kwesimba. Nhasi, izvi zvinowanzoitwa ne supercharger, kazhinji turbocharger kana turbocharger, uye mechanical compressor kuti iwane yakakwirira yakaderera kusvika yepakati-renji torque. Supercharging inobvumidza iwe "kupomba" hombe yemhepo mukamuri yekupisa. Nayo, injini inogamuchira okisijeni yakawanda uye inopisa mafuta zvakanyanya. Iyo torque inowedzera uye pamwe nayo iyo yakanyanya simba, kukosha kwakaverengerwa kubva kune injini torque uye RPM. Chimwezve chombo chevagadziri jekiseni rakananga repeturu, rinobvumira kupisa mafuta akaonda-mhepo musanganiswa.

Injini dzakadaro, 2 kana 3 cylinders, ine vhoriyamu yekushanda ye0.8-1.2, yakakwirira kune ina-cylinder injini kwete chete mudiki diki, asiwo mune yakaderera mechani kupikisa uye nekukurumidza kusvika kune tembiricha yekushandisa. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti nehumburumbira yega yega "yakachekwa", nhamba yezvikamu zvinodiwa pakupisa, pamwe nekufamba uye kugadzira kukwesha, inoderera. Asi mainjini madiki ane masilinda mashoma anewo matambudziko akakomba. Iyo inonyanya kukosha ndeye tekinoroji complication (yakananga jekiseni, supercharging, dzimwe nguva kuchaja kaviri) uye kugona kunodzikira zvakanyanya nekuwedzera mutoro. Ndicho chikonzero ivo vasingaiti mafuta uye vanofamba zvakanaka muzasi kusvika pakati pepakati. Zvakanakisa ne eco-kutyaira misimboti, sekunge vamwe vagadziri vanoratidza. Kana kutyaira kuchiita kukurumidza uye kusimba uye injini ichidzokororwa kazhinji, kushandiswa kwemafuta kunowedzera zvakanyanya. Izvo zvinoitika kuti nhanho yakakwira kupfuura iyo yeakasikwa aspirated injini ine yakakura kusimuka, nhamba huru yemasilinda uye inofananidzwa dynamics.

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Hazvishamisi kuti vamwe vari kuedza kutsvaga dzimwe nzira dzekuzadzisa chinangwa chimwe chete. Semuenzaniso, iyo imwe pfungwa yakakanganwa yekudzima mamwe masilinda inoshandiswa. Pamitoro yakaderera injini, kunyanya kana uchityaira uchimhanya nguva dzose, simba rinodiwa harina basa. Mota diki inoda chete 50 hp kuti irambe ichimhanya ye8 km/h. kukunda kuramba kutenderedza uye kudhonza kweaerodynamic. Cadillac yakatanga kushandisa masilinda ekuvhara mumainjini avo eV8 muna 1981 asi yakakurumidza kudzima izvi. Ipapo Corvettes, Mercedes, Jeeps neHondas vaive nemasilinda "anobvisika". Kubva pakuona kwehupfumi hwekushanda, pfungwa yacho inofadza zvikuru. Kana injini yakaremerwa, mamwe masilinda anomira kushanda, hapana mafuta anopiwa kwavari, uye moto unodzimwa. Injini yeV8 inova V6 kana kunyange V4.

Ikozvino pfungwa yave kushandiswa mune ina-cylinder. Muchinyorwa chazvino, zvimwe zvinhu zvinodzima maviri emasilinda mana anorema 3 kg chete, uye muripo weiyo system iPLN zviuru zviviri. Sezvo mabhenefiti ane chekuita nekudzikiswa kwemafuta ari madiki (anenge 2000-0,4 l / 0,6 km, uye anogara achinonoka kutyaira kusvika 100 l / 1 km), inofungidzirwa kuti ingangoita 100 km yekufamba inodiwa kuti itore. kuwedzera mari. Zvisinei, zvakakosha kuziva kuti kudzima mavharuvhu hakupesani nekuderedzwa kweiyo nhamba yemasilinda. Mumasilinda "akaremara", simba uye kudzima kwakadzimwa, uye mavharuvhu haashande (anoramba akavharwa), asi mapistoni achiri kushanda, achigadzira kukakavara. Iyo mechanic kuramba yeinjini inoramba isina kuchinjika, ndosaka kuwana muhupfumi hwemafuta kuri kudiki kana avhareji. Huremu hwedhiraivha yedhiraivha uye huwandu hwezvinhu zvinofanirwa kugadzirwa, kuunganidzwa uye kuunzwa kune tembiricha yekushandisa nepo injini iri kushanda haina kuderedzwa.

Nekudaro, dynamics uye economics hazvisi zvese. Tsika uye ruzha rweinjini zvakare zvakanyanya kutsamira pahuwandu hwemasilinda. Havasi vese vatengi vanogona kushivirira ruzha rweaviri-cylinder kana matatu-cylinder injini. Kunyanya sezvo vatyairi vazhinji vajaira kurira kwechina-cylinder injini mumakore apfuura. Izvo zvakakoshawo kuti, zvishoma, nhamba yakakura yemasilinda inobatsira kune tsika yejini. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nechiyero chakasiyana cheiyo crank masisitimu edhiraivha mayuniti, ayo anogadzira kudengenyeka kukuru, kunyanya mumutsara maviri- uye matatu-cylinder masisitimu. Kugadzirisa mamiriro acho ezvinhu, vagadziri vanoshandisa kuenzanisa shafts.

Four-cylinder maererano ne vibration inobata zvakanyanya zvakatsiga. Zvichida munguva pfupi tichakwanisa kukanganwa nezve injini dzakakurumbira, dzinenge dzakanyatsogadzikana uye dzinoshanda "velvety", dzakadai seV-shaped "matanhatu" ane silinda ye90º. Vanogona kuchinjwa nemajini madiki uye akareruka mana-cylinder, kufadza kune vanoda "kucheka" masilinda, kana izvo zvinonzi "kudzikisira". Ngationei kuti inguva yakareba sei inomhanya zvakakwana V8 uye V12 injini dzichazvidzivirira mune ega sedans uye coupes. Patova nemienzaniso yekutanga yeshanduko muchizvarwa chinotevera chemuenzaniso kubva kuVXNUMX kuenda kuVXNUMX. Chete nzvimbo yeinjini mumotokari dzesupersports inoita kunge isingarambiki, uko kunyange masirinda gumi nematanhatu anogona kuverengerwa.

Hapana kana silinda imwe ine chokwadi nezveramangwana. Chishuvo chekudzikisa mari uye zvakatipoteredza nhasi uno, sezvo izvi zvichiita kuti kuderedzwa kwemafuta uye kuderedza carbon emissions. Ingori iyo yakaderera kushandiswa kwemafuta ingori dzidziso yakanyorwa mukuyera kutenderera uye inoshandiswa kune yekusimbisa zvinangwa. Uye muhupenyu, sehupenyu, zvinoitika nenzira dzakasiyana. Zvisinei, zvakaoma kutiza kubva pamusika maitiro. Vaongorori vemotokari vanofanotaura kuti panosvika 2020, 52% yeinjini dzinogadzirwa munyika dzichange dziine 1,0-1,9 malita, uye dzinosvika 150 hp dzichagutsikana nemasilinda matatu chete. Ngativimbei kuti hapana anouya nepfungwa yekuvaka imwe-cylinder mota.