Far Eastern Migwagwa inoenda kuIndependence: Burma, Indochina, Indonesia, Malaysia
Zviri mukati
Far Eastern nzira dzekuzvimirira: Burma, Indochina, Indonesia, Malaysia.
Hondo Yenyika II yakaratidza kutanga kwekubvisa nyika dzeAsia. Haana kutevedzera yunifomu patani, panogona kunge paine misiyano yakawanda pane yakafanana. Chii chakasarudza kuguma kwenyika dzeFar East muma40s uye 50s?
Chiitiko chakanyanya kukosha chenguva yekuwanikwa kukuru kwenzvimbo kwaisava kuwanikwa kweAmerica naColumbus uye kwete kutenderedzwa kwepasi nerwendo rweMagellan, asi kukunda kwemaPutukezi muhondo yegungwa pachiteshi cheDiu kumadokero. mahombekombe eIndia Peninsula. Musi waKukadzi 3, 1509, Francisco de Almeida akakunda ngarava dze“Arab” ipapo - kureva vaMamluk vaibva kuEgypt, vachitsigirwa nemachinda eTurks nemaMuslim Indian - izvo zvakaita kuti Portugal itore Indian Ocean. Kubva panguva iyoyo zvichienda mberi, vaEurope zvishoma nezvishoma vakatora nyika dzakapoteredza.
Kwapera gore, vaPutukezi vakakunda Goa, izvo zvakakonzera kuPutukezi India, iyo yakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma simba rayo, ichisvika kuChina neJapan. Kutonga kwePortugal kwakaputsika makore zana gare gare apo vaDutch vakaoneka muIndian Ocean, uye hafu yezana ramakore gare gare vaBritish neFrance vakasvika. Ngarava dzavo dzakabva kumadokero - mhiri kweAtlantic. Kubva kumabvazuva - kubva kuPacific Ocean - vaSpain, ivowo, vakauya: Philippines yavakakunda yakambotongwa kubva kuAmerica estates. Ukuwo, vokuRussia vakasvika paPacific Ocean nenyika.
Mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX nerechiXNUMX, Great Britain yakahwina hegemony muIndian Ocean. Chishongo chiri mukorona yehupfumi hweBritain yaive British India (kunobva maRepublics emazuva ano eIndia, Pakistan neBangladesh). Nyika dzemazuva ano dzeSri Lanka neMyanmar, dzinozivikanwa zviri nani seBurma, dzaivewo pasi peBritish India. The yemazuvano Federation of Malaysia aiva muzana remakore rechiXNUMX conglomeration of principalities pasi kudzivirira London (Sultanate of Brunei akasarudza rusununguko), uye zvino mupfumi Singapore akanga panguva iyoyo chete varombo British nhare.
Mufananidzo wenhetembo yaRudyard Kipling "Mutoro weVachena": iyi ndiyo nzira iyo kukunda kwekoloni pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX kwakaiswa pfungwa: John Bull naSekuru Sam vanotsika-tsika matombo ekusaziva, chivi, kudya nyama, huranda munzira inoenda kuguta. statue of Civilization...
Dutch Indies yakava Indonesia yemazuva ano. French Indochina nhasi iVietnam, Laos neCambodia. French India - zvidiki zveFrance zvinhu pamhenderekedzo yeDeccan Peninsula - zvakabatanidzwa muRepublic of India. Zvakafanana zvakawira India mudiki wechiPutukezi. Nzvimbo yechiPutukezi muSpice Islands nhasi ndiyo East Timor. Spanish India yakakundwa neUnited States pakupera kwezana ramakore re1919 uye nhasi yava Philippines. Pakupedzisira, yaimbova pfuma yeGerman yekoloni yakarasika neBerlin kumashure muna XNUMX inoumba huwandu hwakawanda hweNyika Yakazvimirira yePapua New Guinea. Zvakare, makoroni eGerman muPacific Islands ave zvino anowanzo batana nenyika neUnited States. Pakupedzisira, pfuma yeRussia yekoloni yakashanduka kuva Mongolian Republic ndokuva chikamu cheChina.
Makore zana apfuura, inenge yose yeAsia yakanga iri pasi pesimba rekoloni revaEurope. Iwo akasarudzika aive mashoma - Afghanistan, Iran, Thailand, China, Japan, Bhutan - uye anokahadzika, sezvo kunyangwe nyika idzi dzakambomanikidzwa kusaina zvibvumirano zvisina kuenzana kana kuwira pasi pehutongi hweEurope. Kana pasi pekugara kweUS, seJapan muna 1945. Uye kunyangwe kugara kweUS kwapera - zviri pamutemo - zvitsuwa zvina zviri pamhenderekedzo yeHokkaido zvichiri kugarwa neRussia, uye hapana zvibvumirano zvakasainwa pakati penyika mbiri idzi.
chibvumirano cherunyararo!
Yellow murume mutoro
Muna 1899 Rudyard Kipling akabudisa nhetembo inonzi The White Man's Burden. Mariri, akadana kukundwa kwekoloni uye akazviruramisa nekuunza kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji uye tsika dzechiKristu, kurwisa nzara nezvirwere, kusimudzirwa kwedzidzo uye tsika dzepamusoro pakati pevanhu veko. "Mutoro wevachena" yakava sirogani yevose vanopikisa uye vatsigiri vekolonialism.
Kana kukundwa kwemakoloni kwaizova mutoro wevachena, maJapan akatora mumwe mutoro: kusunungurwa kwevanhu vakakoloni veAsia kubva mukutonga kweEurope. Vakatanga kuita izvi kare muna 1905, vachikunda maRussia nekuvadzinga muManchuria, uye ndokuenderera mberi mukati meHondo Yenyika I, vachidzinga maGermany kubva munzvimbo dzechiChinese uye vachitora zvitsuwa zvavo zvePacific. Hondo dzeJapan dzakazotevera dzaivewo nemafungiro akafanana, ayo nhasi watinodaidza kuti anti-imperialist uye anti-colonial. Kubudirira kwemauto muna 1941 na1942 kwakaunza dzinenge pfuma yose yekoloni yeEurope neAmerica muFar East kuHumambo hweJapan, uye ipapo mamwe matambudziko nezvinetso zvakamuka.
Kunyange zvazvo vaJapan vakanga vari vatsigiri vapachokwadi vorusununguko rwavo, zviito zvavo hazvina hazvo kuratidza ikoku. Hondo haina kuenda maererano nehurongwa hwavo: vakaronga kuiridza se1904-1905, i.e. mushure mekurwisa kwakabudirira, paizove nechikamu chekudzivirira chavaizokunda maAmerican neBritish Expeditionary Forces vobva vatanga nhaurirano dzerunyararo. Nhaurirano idzi dzaisazounza mabhenefiti akawanda enzvimbo sekuchengetedza hupfumi nehurongwa, kunyanya kubviswa kwemasimba kubva kumakoloni avo eAsia nekudaro kubviswa kwezvigaro zvemauto evavengi kubva kuJapan uye kupihwa kwekutengeserana kwemahara. Zvichakadaro, maAmerica aida kurwa hondo kusvikira Japan yakanda mapfumo pasi, hondo ikaenderera mberi.
Zvinoenderana nemutemo wepasirese, shanduko yezvematongerwo enyika haigone kuitwa panguva yekurwisana: kugadzira nyika nyowani kana kunyoresa vagari venzvimbo dzakagarwa kupinda muchiuto (kunyangwe kana vachida). Tinofanira kumirira kuti chibvumirano cherunyararo chisayinwe. Izvi zviga zvemutemo wepasirese hazvisi zvekugadzira, asi zvinobva pakuziva - kusvika pave nerunyararo, mamiriro emauto anogona kuchinja - uye nekudaro anoremekedzwa (zvinonzi kusikwa kweHumambo hwePoland muna 1916 nevatongi veGerman neAustria. kwanga kusiri kusikwa kwenyika itsva, asi kungonakidzwa kweiyo iripo kubva 1815, "umambo hwe congresses", hwakagarwa kubva 1831, asi isina kubviswa nemaRussia; chibvumirano cherunyararo chaizodiwa kubvisa Humambo hwe. Poland, iyo, shure kwezvose, haina kusayirwa).
MaJapan, achiita maererano nemutemo wenyika dzakawanda (uye pfungwa dzakajairika), haana kuzivisa rusununguko rwemarudzi avakanga vasunungura. Ikoku, chokwadika, kwakaodza mwoyo vamiriri vavo vezvamatongerwe enyika, avo vakanga vapikirwa rusununguko kunyange hondo isati yatanga. Kune rumwe rutivi, vagari veichimbova makoloni eEurope (neAmerica) vakaodzwa mwoyo nokubatwa zvisina kufanira kwoupfumi kwenyika idzi kwakaitwa namaJapan, uko vakawanda vairangarira kuva kwoutsinye husina madikanwa. Iro Japanese occupation administration haina kuona zviito zvavo sehutsinye, vagari vekoloni dzakasunungurwa vakabatwa maererano nemitemo yakafanana nevagari vezvitsuwa zveJapan zvepakutanga. Zviyero izvi, zvisinei, zvakasiyana kubva kumagariro emunharaunda: mutsauko waive zvakanyanya muhutsinye nekuomarara.
