Ngatiitei zvinhu zvedu pamwe pangaita chimurenga

Zviwanikwa zvikuru, dzidziso dzakashinga, kubudirira kwesainzi. Nhepfenyuro izere nemaitiro akadaro, kazhinji kuwedzeredzwa. Pane imwe nzvimbo mumumvuri we "fizikisi huru", iyo LHC, yakakosha mibvunzo yecosmological uye kurwisana neStandard Model, vatsvakurudzi vanoshanda nesimba vari kuita basa ravo chinyararire, vachifunga nezvekushandisa zvinoshanda uye kuwedzera ndima yezivo yedu nhanho nhanho.

"Ngatiite zvedu zvinhu zvedu" inogona zvirokwazvo kuva sirogani yesainzi inobatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kweiyo thermonuclear fusion. Nokuti, pasinei nemhinduro huru kumibvunzo mikuru, mhinduro yezvinetso zvinoshanda, zvinoita sezvisingakoshi zvine chokuita negadziriro iyi inokwanisa kushandura nyika.

Zvichida, semuenzaniso, zvinokwanisika kuita diki-diki nyukireya fusion - nemidziyo inokodzera patafura. Masayendisiti paYunivhesiti yeWashington akavaka chishandiso gore rapfuura Z-pinch (1), iyo inokwanisa kuchengetedza fusion reaction mukati me5 microseconds, kunyange zvazvo ruzivo rukuru runonakidza rwakanga rwuri miniaturization ye reactor, iyo inongoreba mamita 1,5. Z-pinch inoshanda nekubata uye kudzvinyirira plasma mune simba remagineti.

Haina kunyanya kushanda, asi inogona kukosha zvakanyanya kuedza ku . Zvinoenderana nekutsvagisa kwakaitwa neUS Dhipatimendi reMagetsi (DOE), rakaburitswa muna Gumiguru 2018 mujenari Fizikisi yePlasmas, ma fusion reactor ane kugona kudzora plasma oscillation. Aya masaisai anosundidzira zvidimbu zvine simba guru kunze kwenzvimbo yekuita, zvichienda pamwe chete nemamwe esimba rinodiwa pakuita kwefusion. Chidzidzo chitsva che DOE chinotsanangura hunyanzvi hwemakomputa simulations anogona kuteedzera uye kufanotaura kuumbwa kwemafungu, zvichipa nyanzvi dzefizikisi kugona kudzivirira kuita uku uye kuchengetedza zvimedu zviri pasi pesimba. Vesainzi vanotarisira kuti basa ravo richabatsira mukuvaka ITER, pamwe chirongwa chakakurumbira chekuyedza fusion reactor muFrance.

Uyewo kubudirira kwakadai se tembiricha yeplasma 100 miriyoni madhigirii Celsius, yakawanikwa pakupera kwegore rapera neboka revasayendisiti paChina Institute of Plasma Physics muExperimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST), muenzaniso wenhanho-nhanho kufambira mberi kune fusion inoshanda. Sekureva kwenyanzvi dzinotaura nezvechidzidzo ichi, inogona kuve yakakosha muchirongwa chambotaurwa cheITER, umo China inobata pamwe nedzimwe nyika makumi matatu neshanu.

Superconductors uye zvemagetsi

Imwe nzvimbo ine hunyanzvi hukuru, uko pane matanho madiki, anorwadza ari kutorwa pachinzvimbo chebudiriro huru, kutsvaga kwepamusoro-tembiricha superconductors. (2) Nehurombo, kune akawanda maalarm enhema uye kunetsekana nguva isati yakwana. Kazhinji mishumo yerave media inoshanduka kuve yekuwedzeredza kana kungoti haisi yechokwadi. Kunyangwe mumishumo yakakomba pane nguva dzose "asi". Sezvinoita mushumo wechangobva kuitika, masayendisiti kuYunivhesiti yeChicago akawana superconductivity, kugona kuitisa magetsi pasina kurasikirwa nekupisa kwakanyanya kwakambonyorwa. Vachishandisa tekinoroji yekucheka-kumucheto paArgonne National Laboratory, boka revasayendisiti veko vakadzidza kirasi yezvigadzirwa umo vakacherekedza superconductivity pakudziya kunosvika -23°C. Uku kusvetuka kweanosvika makumi mashanu madhigirii kubva kune yakapfuura yakasimbiswa rekodhi.

2. Superconductor mune magnetic field

Kubata, zvisinei, ndeyekuti iwe unofanirwa kushandisa yakawanda yekumanikidza. Zvinhu zvakaedzwa zvaive mahydrides. Kwenguva yakati, lanthanum perhydride yanga ichinyanya kufarira. Ongororo dzakaratidza kuti dzakatetepa zvakanyanya sampuli dzechinhu ichi dzinoratidza superconductivity pasi pekumanikidzwa kubva pa150 kusvika 170 gigapascals. Mhedzisiro yacho yakaburitswa muna Chivabvu mupepanhau Nature, rakanyorwa pamwe naProf. Vitaly Prokopenko naEran Greenberg.

Kuti ufunge nezve mashandisirwo anoshanda ezvishandiso izvi, iwe uchafanirwa kudzikisa kudzvanywa uye tembiricha, nekuti kunyangwe pasi kusvika -23 ° C haina kunyatsoita. Kushanda pairi kwakajairwa nhanho diki fizikisi, ichienderera kwemakore mumarabhoritari kutenderera pasirese.

Izvi zvinoshandawo kune tsvakurudzo inoshandiswa. magnetic phenomena mumagetsi. Munguva ichangopfuura, vachishandisa magineti probes anonzwa zvakanyanya, boka repasi rese revasayendisiti rakawana humbowo hunokatyamadza hwekuti magineti anoitika pakusangana kwemateya matete enon-magnetic oxide anogona kudzorwa zviri nyore nekushandisa magineti madiki masimba. Kuwanikwa, kwakaziviswa muna Zvita wapfuura muNature Physics, inoratidza nzira nyowani uye isingatarisirwe yekudzora magineti, ne theoretically inobvumira kufunga nezve denser magineti memory uye spintronics, semuenzaniso.

Kuwanikwa uku kunoumba mukana mutsva we miniaturization yemagnetic memory masero, ayo nhasi atova nehukuru hwemakumi akati wandei ema nanometers, asi imwe miniaturization yavo vachishandisa inozivikanwa matekinoroji yakaoma. Oxide interfaces inosanganisa akati wandei anonakidza zviitiko zvemuviri senge maviri-dimensional conductivity uye superconductivity. Kudzora kwezvino kuburikidza nemagnetism inzvimbo inovimbisa kwazvo mune zvemagetsi. Kutsvaga zvinhu zvine zvivakwa zvakaringana, asi zvichikwanisika uye zvakachipa, zvinotitendera kuti tiite zvakakomba nezvekuvandudza spintronic.

zvinonetesa futi tsvina yekudzivirira kupisa mumagetsi. UC Berkeley mainjiniya vachangobva kugadzira chinhu chakatetepa-firimu (firimu ukobvu 50-100 nanometers) inogona kushandiswa kudzoreredza kupisa kwemarara kugadzira simba pamazinga asati amboonekwa mumhando iyi yetekinoroji. Inoshandisa nzira inonzi pyroelectric power conversion, iyo itsva engineering tsvagiridzo inoratidza yakanyatsokodzera kushandiswa munzvimbo dzinopisa dziri pasi pe100°C. Uyu ungori mumwe wemienzaniso yazvino yetsvagiridzo munzvimbo ino. Kune mazana kana zviuru zvezvirongwa zvekutsvagisa pasi rese zvine chekuita nekutonga kwesimba mumagetsi.

"Handizivi kuti sei, asi zvinoshanda"

Kuedza nemidziyo mitsva, shanduko yechikamu chavo uye topological phenomena inzvimbo inovimbisa kwazvo yetsvagiridzo, isinganyanyi kushanda, yakaoma uye isingawanzo kukwezva kune vezvenhau. Ichi ndicho chimwe chezvidzidzo zvinonyanya kutaurwa mumunda wefizikiki, kunyange zvazvo yakagamuchira kuziviswa kwakawanda munhau, iyo inonzi. mainstream kazhinji havahwine.

Kuedza nekuchinja kwechikamu mune zvinhu dzimwe nguva kunounza zvisingatarisirwi mhedzisiro, semuenzaniso kunyunguduka kwesimbi ine nzvimbo dzakakwirira dzekunyungudika tembiricha yekamuri. Muenzaniso budiriro ichangoburwa yekunyungudutsa goridhe samples, iyo inowanzonyunguduka pa1064°C patembiricha yepakamuri, ichishandisa munda wemagetsi uye maikorosikopu erekitironi. Shanduko iyi yakadzoserwa kumashure nekuti kudzima nzvimbo yemagetsi kwaigona kuomesa goridhe zvakare. Nokudaro, munda wemagetsi wakabatana nezvinhu zvinozivikanwa zvinokurudzira kuchinja kwechikamu, kuwedzera kune tembiricha uye kudzvinyirira.

Kuchinja kwechikamu kwakaonekwawo panguva yakaoma pulses yelaser light. Mhedzisiro yekudzidza kwechiitiko ichi yakaburitswa muzhizha ra2019 mujenari Nature Physics. Chikwata chepasi rose kuti chiite izvi chakatungamirwa naNuh Gedik (3), purofesa wefizikisi paMassachusetts Institute of Technology. Masayendisiti akawana kuti panguva yekunyunguduka kwakanyungudutswa, shanduko yechikamu inoitika kuburikidza nekuumbwa kwehumwe muzvinhu, zvinozivikanwa setopological defects, izvo zvinozokanganisa zvinokonzeresa maerekitironi uye lattice dynamics mune izvo zvinhu. Kukanganisika kwepamusoro uku, sekutsanangurwa kwaakatsanangura naGedik muchinyorwa chake, kwakafanana netunhu tudiki diki tunoitika muzvinwiwa zvakaita semvura.

Pakutsvagisa kwavo, masayendisiti akashandisa komboni yelanthanum uye tellurium LaTe.₃. Vatsvakurudzi vanotsanangura kuti danho rinotevera richava rekuedza kuona kuti vanogona sei "kuunza kukanganisa uku nenzira inodzorwa." Pamwe, izvi zvinogona kushandiswa kuchengetedza data, uko mapurusi akareruka aizoshandiswa kunyora kana kugadzirisa zvakakanganisika muhurongwa, izvo zvaizoenderana ne data mashandiro.

Uye sezvo takasvika kune ultrafast laser pulses, kushandiswa kwavo mukuedza kwakawanda kunonakidza uye zvingangovimbisa zvikumbiro mukuita inyaya inowanzo onekwa mune zvesainzi mishumo. Semuenzaniso, boka raIgnacio Franco, mubatsiri purofesa wekemesitiri uye fizikisi paYunivhesiti yeRochester, nguva pfupi yadarika yakaratidza kuti ultrafast laser pulses inogona kushandiswa sei. kukanganisa zvinhu zvezvinhu Oraz electric current generation nekumhanya nekukurumidza kupfuura chero nzira inozivikanwa kwatiri kusvika zvino. Vatsvagiri vakabata magirazi matete filaments nehurefu hwemiriyoni imwe yebhirioni yesekondi. Mukubwaira kweziso, magirazi aya akachinja kuita sesimbi inofambisa magetsi. Izvi zvakaitika nekukurumidza kupfuura mune chero inozivikanwa system mukushaikwa kwemagetsi akaiswa. Iyo nzira yekuyerera uye kusimba kweiyo ikozvino inogona kudzorwa nekuchinja zvinhu zveiyo laser beam. Uye sezvo ichigona kudzorwa, mainjiniya ese emagetsi anotarisa nekufarira.

Franco akatsanangura mubhuku rinonzi Nature Communications.

Mamiriro enyama ezviitiko izvi haanzwisiswi zvizere. Franco pachake anofungidzira kuti michina yakadai stark effect, kureva, kuwirirana kwekubuda kana kutorwa kwechiedza chequanta nemunda wemagetsi. Dai zvaikwanisika kuvaka masisitimu anoshanda emagetsi zvichienderana nezviitiko izvi, taizove nechimwe chikamu cheinjiniya akatevedzana anonzi Hatizive Sei, Asi Zvinoshanda.

Sensitivity uye saizi diki

Gyroscopes midziyo inobatsira mota, zvidhori, pamwe nemidziyo yemagetsi nemichina inotakurika kufamba munzvimbo ine mativi matatu. Iye zvino dzava kushandiswa zvakanyanya mumidziyo yatinoshandisa mazuva ese. Pakutanga, gyroscopes yaive seti yemavhiri ane dendere, rimwe nerimwe rawo richitenderera paaxis yaro. Nhasi, munharembozha, tinowana ma microelectromechanical sensors (MEMS) anoyera shanduko mumasimba anoshanda pane maviri akafanana masasi, oscillating uye achifamba akatarisana.

MEMS gyroscopes ine zvakakosha zvekunzwa zvisingakwanisi. Saka iri kuvaka optical gyroscopes, isina mativi anofamba, kune mamwe mabasa anoshandisa chiitiko chinonzi Sagnac effect. Nekudaro, kusvika zvino pakanga paine dambudziko rekuita kwavo miniaturization. Iwo madiki madiki epamusoro gyroscopes aripo akakura pane ping pong bhora uye haana kukodzera kune akawanda anotakurika application. Nekudaro, mainjiniya kuCaltech University of Technology, inotungamirwa naAli Hadjimiri, vakagadzira itsva optical gyroscope iyo. mazana mashanu zvishomaizvo zvinozivikanwa kusvika zvino4) Anowedzera kunzwa kwake kuburikidza nekushandisa nzira itsva inonzi "kusimbisana» Pakati pemaraini maviri echiedza anoshandiswa mune yakajairwa Sagnac interferometer. Chishandiso chitsva ichi chakatsanangurwa muchinyorwa chakaburitswa muNature Photonics munaNovember apfuura.

4. Optical gyroscope yakagadzirwa naAli Hadjimiri nevamwe vake. 

Iko kugadzirwa kweiyo chaiyo optical gyroscope inogona kuvandudza zvakanyanya kutaridzika kwemafoni. Zvakare, yakavakwa nemasayendisiti kubva kuColumbia Engineering. yekutanga flat lens inokwanisa kunyatso kutarisisa mavara akasiyana-siyana panzvimbo imwe chete pasina kudiwa kwezvimwe zvinhu zvinogona kukanganisa kugona kwemifananidzo yemidziyo yenhare. Iyo inoshandura micron-yakaonda flat lens yakatetepa zvakanyanya pane bepa uye inopa mashandiro anofananidzwa nepremium composite lenzi. Zvakawanikwa nechikwata ichi, zvinotungamirwa naNanfang Yu, mutevedzeri wemupurofesa wefizikisi yakashandiswa, zvinounzwa muchidzidzo chakaburitswa mupepanhau Nature.

Masayendisiti akavaka flat lens kubva "metatoms". Imwe neimwe metatomu chidimbu chewavelength yechiedza muhukuru uye inonotsa masaisai echiedza nehuwandu hwakasiyana. Nekuvaka rakatetepa rakatetepa rakatsetseka re nanostructures pane substrate gobvu sebvudzi remunhu, masayendisiti akakwanisa kuita basa rakafanana seyakakora uye inorema yakajairika lens system. Metalen anogona kutsiva bulky lens masisitimu nenzira imwechete iyo flat screen TVs yakatsiva cathode ray chubhu TVs.

Sei kudhumhana kukuru kana paine dzimwe nzira

Iyo fizikisi yematanho madiki inogona zvakare kuve nezvirevo zvakasiyana uye zvirevo. Semuyenzaniso - pane kuvaka zvimiro zvemhando huru uye zvinoda zvakatokura, sezvinoita nyanzvi zhinji dzefizikisi, munhu anogona kuedza kutsvaga mhinduro dzemibvunzo mikuru nezvishandiso zvine mwero.

Mazhinji accelerator anomhanyisa particle matanda nekugadzira magetsi uye magineti minda. Nekudaro, kwenguva yakati akaedza neimwe nzira - plasma accelerators, kukurumidza kwezvimedu zvinochajiswa semaerekitironi, mapositroni nemaioni uchishandisa munda wemagetsi wakasanganiswa nemasaisai anogadzirwa muelectron plasma. Mazuva ano ndanga ndichishanda pashanduro yavo itsva. Chikwata cheAWAKE paCERN chinoshandisa mapurotoni (kwete maerekitironi) kugadzira plasma wave. Kuchinjira kumaprotoni kunogona kutora zvimedu kusvika kumazinga esimba epamusoro munhanho imwe yekumhanyisa. Mamwe mafomu eplasma anomutsa munda wekusimudzira anoda matanho akati wandei kuti asvike padanho resimba rakafanana. Masayendisiti anotenda yavo proton-yakavakirwa tekinoroji inogona kutigonesa kuvaka zvidiki, zvakachipa, uye zvine simba zvinomhanyisa mune ramangwana.

5. Maviri-nhanho miniature accelerator kubva kuDESY - kuona

Nekudaro, masayendisiti kubva kuDESY (pfupi yeDeutches Elektronen-Synchrotron - German electronic synchrotron) akaisa rekodhi nyowani mumunda we miniaturization ye particle accelerators muna Chikunguru. Iyo terahertz accelerator yakapetwa kaviri simba rema electrons akaiswa jekiseni (5) Panguva imwecheteyo, iyo setup yakavandudza zvakanyanya kunaka kweyerekitironi danda kana ichienzaniswa nekuyedza kwakapfuura nehunyanzvi uhu.

Franz Kärtner, mukuru weiyo ultrafast optics uye X-ray boka kuDESY, akatsanangura mukuburitswa kwenhau. -

Chishandiso chakabatana chakagadzira nzvimbo yekumhanyisa ine kusimba kwakanyanya kwe200 miriyoni volts pamita (MV/m) - yakafanana neiyo yakasimba kwazvo yemazuva ano accelerator.

Uyezve, itsva, zvishoma zvishoma detector ALPHA-g (6), yakavakwa nekambani yeCanada TRIUMF uye yakatumirwa kuCERN kutanga kwegore rino, ine basa kuyera kukwidzwa kwesimba rinokwevera kwesimba kweantimatter. Ko antimatter inokurumidza here pamberi penzvimbo yegiraviti iri pamusoro pePasi ne +9,8 m/s2 (pasi), ne -9,8 m/s2 (kumusoro), ne0 m/s2 (hapana kukwidziridzwa kwegiravhiti zvachose), kana kuti ine imwe value ? Mukana wekupedzisira waizoshandura fizikisi. Chinhu chidiki cheALPHA-g chinogona, pamusoro pekuratidza kuvepo kwe "anti-gravity", kutitungamira munzira inotungamira kune zvakavanzika zvikuru zvepasirese.

Nepamwero wakatodiki, tiri kuedza kudzidza zviitiko zvedanho rakaderera. Pamusoro 60 mabhiriyoni ekuchinja pasekondi inogona kugadzirwa nemasayendisiti kubva kuPurdue University nemayunivhesiti eChinese. Sekureva kwevanyori vekuyedza mune imwe nyaya yakabudiswa mwedzi mishoma yapfuura muPhysical Review Letters, zvisikwa zvinotenderera zvakadaro zvinovatendera kuti vanzwisise zviri nani. zvakavanzika .

Chinhu chacho, chiri mukutenderera kwakafanana kwakanyanyisa, i nanoparticle inenge 170 nanometers yakafara uye 320 nanometers kureba, iyo masayendisiti akagadzira kubva musilika. Chikwata chekutsvagisa chakaisa chimwe chinhu muvacuum chichishandisa laser, icho chakabva chachipuruzira nekumhanya kukuru. Danho rinotevera richave rekuitisa zviyedzo zvine mhanyiro yakatonyanya kutenderera, izvo zvinozotendera kutsvagisa kwakaringana kwedzidziso dzekutanga dzemuviri, kusanganisira mafomu ekunze ekukwenya muvacuum. Sezvauri kuona, haufanire kuvaka makiromita emapombi uye hofori ma detectors kutarisana nezvakakosha zvakavanzika.

Muna 2009, masayendisiti akakwanisa kugadzira mhando yakakosha yegomba dema murabhoritari inotora ruzha. Kubva ipapo izvi звук  zvakaratidza kuva zvinobatsira seanalogue yemurabhoritari yechinhu chinotora chiedza. Mune bepa rakaburitswa mujenari Nature muna Chikunguru, vaongorori veTechnion Israel Institute of Technology vanotsanangura masikirwo avakaita gomba dema sonic uye kuyera tembiricha yayo yeHawking radiation. Zviyero izvi zvaienderana nekupisa kwakafanotaurwa naHawking. Nokudaro, zvinoratidzika kuti hazvidikanwi kuita rwendo kune gomba dema kuti uiongorore.

Ndiani anoziva kana zvakavanzwa muaya mapurojekiti esayenzi anoratidzika kuva asinganyanyi kushanda nesimba, munhamburiko dzomurabhoritari dzinorwadza uye kuedza kunodzokororwa kuedza dzidziso duku, dzakakamukana, ndidzo mhinduro dzemibvunzo mikurusa. Nhoroondo yesainzi inodzidzisa kuti izvi zvinogona kuitika.