Isu tinoda chaizvo kusununguka kubva kune monopolies uye kutorazve network? Zvakawanda, internet

Kune rumwe rutivi, Indaneti iri kudzvinyirirwa nevanotonga veSilicon Valley (1), vane simba rakawandisa uye vave vakanyanya kupikisa, vachikwikwidza simba uye shoko rekupedzisira kunyange nehurumende. Kune rumwe rutivi, iri kuwedzera kudzorwa, kutariswa uye kuchengetedzwa neakavharwa network nezviremera zvehurumende nemakambani makuru.

Glenn Greenwald akahwina Mubairo wePulitzer akabvunzurudzwa Edward Snowden (2). Vakataura nezvemamiriro eInternet nhasi. Snowden akataura nezvemazuva ekare apo aifunga kuti Internet yaive yekugadzira uye yakabatana. Yakave zvakare yakaderedzwa nekuda kwekuti mazhinji emawebhusaiti akagadzirwa vanhu venyama. Kunyange zvazvo vakanga vasina kunyanya kuoma, kukosha kwavo kwakarasika sezvo Indaneti yakawedzera kuve nechepakati nekuwanda kwevatambi vemakambani makuru uye vezvokutengeserana. Snowden akataurawo kugona kwevanhu kuchengetedza zvitupa zvavo uye kugara kure neiyo yakazara tracking system yakasanganiswa nekuwanda kwekuunganidza kweruzivo rwemunhu.

"Pane imwe nguva, Indaneti yakanga isiri nzvimbo yekutengeserana," Snowden akadaro, "asi yakatanga kushanduka kuva imwe nekubuda kwemakambani, hurumende uye masangano aigadzira Indaneti zvakanyanya ivo, kwete vanhu." "Vanoziva zvese nezvedu, uye panguva imwechete vanoita nenzira isinganzwisisike uye isina kunyatsojeka kwatiri, uye isu hatina simba pamusoro peizvi," akawedzera. Akataurawo kuti izvi zviri kuramba zvichiwanda. censorship inorwisa vanhu kuti ndivanaani uye zvavanotenda, kwete nezvavanotaura chaizvo. Uye avo vanoda kunyararidza vamwe nhasi havaendi kumatare edzimhosva, asi enda kumakambani etekinoroji wovamanikidza kuti vavhare vanhu vasina kugadzikana vakamiririra ivo.

Nyika muchimiro cherukova

Kuongorora, censorship uye kuvharira kupinda paInternet zvinhu zvinowanzoitika nhasi. Vanhu vazhinji havabvumirani neizvi, asi kazhinji havana kushingaira zvakakwana pazviri. Pane zvimwe zvinhu zvedandemutande remazuvano zvinowana kutariswa kushoma, asi zvine zvazvinoreva zvinosvika kure.

Semuenzaniso, chokwadi chekuti nhasi ruzivo runowanzo kuratidzwa mumhando yehova inofananidzira yekuvaka kwesocial network. Aya ndiwo mashandisiro atinoita zvemukati zveInternet. Kutenderera paFacebook, Twitter, nemamwe masaiti kuri pasi pealgorithms nemimwe mitemo yatisingazive nezvayo. Kazhinji pane kwete, isu hatitomboziva kuti maalgorithms akadaro aripo. Algorithms inosarudza isu. Kubva pane data pamusoro pezvatakaverenga, kuverenga nekuona kare. Vanotarisira zvatinoda. Aya masevhisi anotarisisa maitiro edu uye anogadzirisa mafeed edu enhau nemameseji, mapikicha, uye mavhidhiyo avanofunga kuti tinganyanya kuda kuona. A conformist system iri kubuda umo chero isinganyanyofarirwa asi isinganyanyi kunakidza yemukati ine mukana mudiki.

Asi izvi zvinorevei mukuita? Nekutipa rukova runowedzera kurongeka, nhandare yemagariro inoziva zvakawanda nezvedu kupfuura chero ani zvake. Vamwe vanodavira kuti chaizvoizvo zvinopfuura zvatiri pamusoro pedu timene. Isu tinofanotaura kwaari. Isu tiri data bhokisi raanotsanangura, anoziva kuseta uye kushandisa. Mune mamwe mazwi, isu tiri mutoro wezvinhu zvakakodzera kutengeswa uye zvine, semuenzaniso, imwe kukosha kumushambadzi. Kune iyi mari, iyo social network inogamuchira, uye isu? Zvakanaka, tinofara kuti zvese zviri kushanda nemazvo zvekuti tinogona kuona nekuverenga zvatinoda.

Kuyerera kunorevawo shanduko yemhando dzemukati. Pane zvishoma uye zvishoma zvinyorwa mune izvo zviri kupihwa nekuti isu tinoisa zvakanyanya kusimba pamifananidzo nemifananidzo inofamba. Tinovada uye tinovagovera kakawanda. Saka iyo algorithm inotipa zvakawanda uye zvakawanda zveiyo. Tinoverenga zvishoma nezvishoma. Tiri kutarisa zvakanyanya uye zvakanyanya. Facebook yave ichifananidzwa neterevhizheni kwenguva refu. Uye gore negore rinowedzera uye rinowedzera rudzi rweterevhizheni inotaridzirwa "sezvainoenda." Facebook modhi yekugara pamberi peTV ine zvese zvakashata zvekugara pamberi peTV, kungonyarara, kusafunga uye kuwedzera kudzedzereka mumifananidzo.

Google inodzora injini yekutsvaga nemaoko here?

Kana isu tikashandisa injini yekutsvaga, zvinoita sekunge isu tinongoda zvakanakisa uye zvine chekuita nemhedzisiro, pasina kumwe kuongororwa kunobva kune mumwe munhu asingadi kuti tione izvi kana izvo zvirimo. Zvinosuruvarisa, sezvazvinozoitika, inonyanya kufarirwa injini yekutsvaga, Google haibvumirani uye inokanganisa maalgorithms ekutsvaga nekushandura mhinduro. Hofori yepainternet inonzi iri kushandisa maturusi akawanda ekuongorora, senge blacklists, algorithm shanduko uye uto revashandi vemodhireta, kugadzira zvinoonekwa nemushandisi asina ruzivo. Iyo Wall Street Journal yakanyora nezve izvi mumushumo wakakwana wakaburitswa muna Mbudzi 2019.

Vakuru veGoogle vakataura kakawanda mumisangano yakavanzika nemapoka ekunze uye muhurukuro pamberi peUS Congress kuti maalgorithms ane chinangwa uye anozvimiririra, asina kusvibiswa nekurerekera kwevanhu kana kufunga nezvebhizinesi. Iyo kambani inotaura pane yayo blog, "Hatishandise kupindira kwevanhu kuunganidza kana kuronga zvabuda papeji." Panguva imwecheteyo, anoti haakwanise kuburitsa ruzivo rwekuti maalgorithms anoshanda sei, nekuti inorwisa avo vanoda kubiridzira algorithms kutsvaga injini kwauri.

Nekudaro, The Wall Street Journal, mumushumo wakareba, yakatsanangura kuti Google yanga ichikanganisa sei mibairo yekutsvaga zvakanyanya nekufamba kwenguva, zvakanyanya kupfuura izvo kambani nevatungamiriri vayo vanoda kubvuma. Izvi zviito, maererano nekudhindwa, zvinowanzova mhinduro kumanikidziro kubva kumakambani, mapoka ezvido zvekunze uye hurumende pasi rose. Nhamba yavo yakawedzera mushure mesarudzo dzeUS dza2016.

Kubvunzurudza kunopfuura zana uye bvunzo dzemagazini yeGoogle mhinduro dzakaratidza, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, kuti Google yakaita shanduko yealgorithmic kune yayo yekutsvaga mhinduro, ichifarira makambani makuru pane madiki, uye mune imwe nyaya yakaita shanduko panzvimbo yemushambadzi. eBay. Inc. zvinopesana nezvaanotaura, haamboiti chero chiito cherudzi urwu. Iyo kambani iri kuwedzerawo chimiro chedzimwe nzvimbo huru.zvakadai seAmazon.com uye Facebook. Vatori venhau vanotiwo mainjiniya eGoogle anogara achigadzira kuseri kwezviitiko kumwe kunhu, kusanganisira mumazano ega uye munhau. Uyezve, kunyange zvazvo achiramba pachena Google ichaita blacklistizvo zvinobvisa mamwe mapeji kana kudzivirira kuti asaoneke mune mamwe marudzi emhedzisiro. Mune inojairwa autocomplete chimiro chinofanotaura mazwi ekutsvaga (3) semhando yemushandisi mumubvunzo, mainjiniya eGoogle akagadzira maalgorithms nemablacklists kuramba mazano pamusoro penyaya dzine gakava, pakupedzisira vachisefa mibairo yakawanda.

3. Google uye kushandura mibairo yekutsvaga

Pamusoro pezvo, bepanhau rakanyora kuti Google inoshandisa zviuru zvevashandi vanobhadhara zvishoma vane basa rekuongorora zviri pamutemo mhando yealgorithms. Zvisinei, Google yakaita mazano kune vashandi ava iyo inofunga kuti ndiyo yakarurama yemigumisiro, uye vakashandura zvigaro zvavo pasi pesimba ravo. Saka vashandi ava havazvitonge pachavo, sezvo vari subcontractors vanorinda mutsara weGoogle wakatemerwa kare.

Kwemakore, Google yakashanduka kubva kutsika yakatarisana neinjiniya kuenda kuchikara chekushambadzira chedzidzo uye imwe yemakambani ane mari zvakanyanya pasirese. Vamwe vashambadziri vakakura kwazvo vakagamuchira kuraira kwakananga kwemaitiro ekuvandudza yavo organic yekutsvaga mhinduro. Rudzi urwu rwesevhisi haruwanikwe kumakambani asina maGoogle contacts, maererano nevanhu vanoziva nyaya yacho. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, izvi zvakatoreva kugovera nyanzvi dzeGoogle kumakambani aya. Ndizvo zvinotaurwa nevanozivisa veWSJ.

Mumidziyo yakachengeteka

Zvichida yakasimba, kunze kwekurwira kwepasirese kweInternet yemahara uye yakavhurika, ndiko kuramba kuri kuramba kupambwa kwedata redu remunhu neGoogle, Facebook, Amazon nedzimwe hofori. Iyi nhoroondo iri kurwiwa kwete chete pamberi pevashandisi vemonopoly, asiwo pakati pehofori pachadzo, iyo yatinonyora nezvayo mune chimwe chinyorwa mune ino chinyorwa cheMT.

Imwe nzira inokurudzirwa ipfungwa yekuti pane kuburitsa data rako pachako, chengetedza zvakachengeteka iwe. Uye zvirase sezvaunoda. Uye kunyange kuvatengesa kuitira kuti iwe pachako uve nechimwe chinhu chekutengesa nekuvanzika kwako, pane kurega mapuratifomu makuru achiita mari. Iyi (inoretically) pfungwa yakapusa yakava banner ye "decentralized web" (inozivikanwawo se d-web) sirogani. Mudziviriri wake ane mukurumbira Tim Berners-Lee akagadzira World Wide Web muna 1989.. Yake nyowani yakavhurika zviyero chirongwa, inonzi Solid, yakagadziridzwa paMIT, ine chinangwa chekuve iyo inoshanda sisitimu ye "shanduro itsva uye iri nani yeInternet."

Pfungwa huru yeinternet yakadzikiswa ndeyekupa vashandisi maturusi ekuchengetedza uye kubata yavo data kuitira kuti vabve pakutsamira kumakambani makuru. Izvi hazvirevi rusununguko chete, asiwo mutoro. Kushandisa d-web kunoreva kushandura nzira yaunoshandisa nayo webhu kubva kune passive uye chikuva chinodzorwa kuenda kune inoshanda uye inodzorwa nemushandisi. Zvakakwana kunyoresa mune ino network uchishandisa email kero, ingave mubrowser kana nekuisa application pane nharembozha. Munhu akazviita anobva agadzira, anogovera, uye anodya zvirimo. sepakutanga uye inokwanisa kuwana ese akafanana maficha (kutumira mameseji, email, mameseji / tweets, kugovana faira, inzwi uye vhidhiyo kufona, nezvimwewo).

Saka musiyano wei? Kana isu tinogadzira account yedu pane iyi network, iyo yekutambira sevhisi inogadzira yakavanzika, yakachengetedzeka kwazvo mudziyo isu chete, inonzi "rise" (chirungu chipfupiso che "private data online"). Hapana mumwe kunze kwedu anogona kuona zviri mukati, kunyangwe mupi wekutambira. Yemushandisi yekutanga gore mudziyo inowiriraniswa zvakare nemidziyo yakachengeteka pamidziyo yakasiyana inoshandiswa nemuridzi. "Pod" ine maturusi ekutonga nekusarudza kugovera zvese zvirimo. Unogona kugovera, kushandura kana kubvisa kuwana chero data chero nguva. Kwese kudyidzana kana kutaurirana kunopera-ku-kumagumo encrypted by default.saka mushandisi chete uye mumwe bato (kana mapato) anogona kuona chero zvirimo (4).

4. Kuona zvigubhu kana "mapods" muSolid system

Mune ino decentralized network, munhu anogadzira uye anogadzirisa chitupa chake achishandisa mawebhusaiti anozivikanwa seFacebook, Instagram neTwitter. Kudyidzana kwega kwega kunosimbiswa necryptographically, saka unogona kugara uine chokwadi chekuti bato rega rega nderechokwadi. Mapassword anonyangarika uye ese ma logins anoitika kumashure uchishandisa mushandisi mudziyo zvitupa.. Kushambadzira pane ino network hakushande nekukasira, asi unogona kuigonesa nekufunga kwako. Kuwanikwa kwekushandisa kune data kwakaganhurirwa uye kunodzorwa zvizere. Mushandisi ndiye muridzi wepamutemo wedata rese mupodhi yake uye anoramba azere kutonga pamusoro pemashandisirwo aanoitwa. Anokwanisa kuchengetedza, kushandura kana kudzima zvachose chero chaanoda.

Iyo Berners-Lee yekuona network inogona kushandisa kushamwaridzana uye kutumira mameseji, asi kwete hazvo kutaurirana pakati pevashandisi. Iwo ma module anobatana zvakananga kune mumwe nemumwe, saka kana isu tichida kugovana nemumwe munhu kana kutaura pachivande, tinongozviita. Nekudaro, kunyangwe isu tikashandisa Facebook kana Twitter, kodzero dzemukati dzinoramba dziri mumudziyo wedu uye kugovera kunoenderana nematemu uye mvumo yemushandisi. Kunyangwe iri meseji kune sisi vako kana tweet, chero yakabudirira yechokwadi mune ino system inopihwa mushandisi uye inoteverwa pa blockchain. Nenguva diki diki, nhamba yakakura kwazvo yechokwadi yakabudirira inoshandiswa kuratidza kuzivikanwa kwemushandisi, zvichireva kuti scammers, bots, uye zviitiko zvese zvakashata zvinobviswa muhurongwa.

Zvisinei, Solid, semhinduro dzakawanda dzakafanana (mushure mezvose, iyi haisi iyo pfungwa yega yekupa vanhu data ravo mumaoko avo uye pasi pekutonga kwavo), inoita zvido kune mushandisi. Hazvisi kunyangwe nezvehunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi, asi nezvekunzwisisamaitiro ekufambisa data uye kuchinjana anoshanda sei mune yazvino network. Nokupa rusununguko, anopawo mutoro wakakwana. Uye kana izvi ndizvo izvo vanhu vanoda, hapana chokwadi. Chero zvazvingava, vangasaziva migumisiro yerusununguko rwavo rwokuzvisarudzira.