Test drive dhiziri uye peturu: mhando
Kunetsana kuri pakati peinjini dzedhiziri nepeturu kunosvika pakakwirira. Tekinoroji yeturbo yazvino, inodzorwa nemagetsi common-rail direct jekiseni masisitimu, yakakwirira compression ratios - kukwikwidza kunounza marudzi maviri einjini pedyo… Uye kamwe kamwe, pakati pemutambo wekare, mutambi mutsva akangoerekana aonekwa panzvimbo. nzvimbo pasi pezuva.
Mushure memakore mazhinji ekuregeredzwa, vagadziri vakawanazve kugona kukuru kweinjini yedhiziri uye nekumhanyisa kukura kwayo kuburikidza neyakaomarara kuunzwa kwehunyanzvi hutsva. Yakasvika padanho apo kuita kwayo kwakasimba kwakasvika pamamiriro emukwikwidzi wepeturu uye kwakatendera kugadzirwa kwemota dzisingafungidzike kusvika pari zvino dzakadai seVolkswagen Race Touareg uye Audi R10 TDI ine zvinopfuura zvakakomba zvemujaho. Kuverenga nguva kwezviitiko zvemakore gumi neshanu apfuura zvinonyatso kuzivikanwa ... Injini dzeDiesel dze1936s hadzina kusiyana zvakanyanya kubva kumadzitateguru avo, akagadzirwa naMercedes-Benz kumashure muna 13. Maitiro ekushanduka zvishoma nezvishoma akatevera, ayo mumakore achangopfuura akakura kuita kuputika kwakasimba kwetekinoroji. Mukupera kwegumi nematatu, Mercedes akagadzirisazve yekutanga turbodiesel yemota, kuma1s ekupedzisira, jekiseni rakananga rakaburitswa mumhando yeAudi, gare gare dizeli rakagashira misoro mina-yemavheji, uye mukupera kwemaXNUMX, magetsi aidzorwa neCommon Rail jekiseni masystem akave echokwadi. ... Zvichakadaro, yakanyanya kumanikidza yakananga mafuta jekiseni yakaunzwa mukati meinjini dze peturu, uko iko kudzvanyirira nhasi kunosvika XNUMX: XNUMX mune dzimwe nguva. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, turbo tekinoroji iri kusanganawo nekumutsiridzwa, iine torque kukosha kweinjini dzepeturu dzinotanga kusvika zvakanyanya kukosha kweiyo torque kukosha kweakakurumbira anoshanduka turbo dhiziri. Nekudaro, mukufanana pamwe neazvino uno, kutsiga kwakadzikama pakukwira kwakakomba mumutengo weinjini yepeturu kunoramba kuripo ... Saka, kunyangwe paine rusaruro uye kupatsanurwa kwemafungiro nezve peturu nedhiziri injini munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzenyika, kana ivo vaviri vanokwikwidza vanowana kutonga kunooneka.
Kunyangwe paitika kuitika kwemhando dzemhando mbiri dzemayuniti, kuchine mutsauko wakakura muhunhu, hunhu uye maitiro einjini mbiri dzekupisa.
Kana iri injini yepetroli, musanganiswa wemhepo uye evaporated mafuta inoumbwa kwenguva yakareba uye inotanga nguva refu isati yatanga kupisa. Zvingave uchishandisa carburetor kana yemazuva ano yemagetsi yakananga jekiseni masisitimu, chinangwa chekusanganisa ndechekugadzira yunifomu, homogenous mafuta musanganiswa ane yakanyatsotsanangurwa air-mafuta ratio. Kukosha uku kunowanzova pedyo neanonzi "stoichiometric musanganiswa", umo mune maatomu eokisijeni akakwana kuti akwanise (theoretically) kusungirirana muchimiro chakatsiga nehaidhirojeni nekabhoni atomu mumafuta, achigadzira H20 neCO2 chete. Nekuti kudzvanya reshiyo idiki zvekuti kudzivirira nguva isati yakwana kusingadzoreki kudzima kwezvimwe zvinhu mumafuta nekuda kwekunyanya kudzvanya tembiricha (chikamu chepeturu chine mahydrocarbon ane tembiricha yakadzika evaporation uye tembiricha yekupisa yakanyanya). kuzvipisa kubva kune avo vari muchikamu chedhiziri), kupisa kwemusanganiswa kunotanga ne spark plug uye kupisa kunoitika nenzira yekumberi inofamba pane imwe nhanho yekumhanya. Nehurombo, nzvimbo dzine maitiro asina kukwana anoumbwa mukamuri yekupisa, zvichitungamira mukuumbwa kwekabhoni monoxide uye yakagadzikana hydrocarbons, uye kana murazvo wemberi uchifamba, kudzvanywa uye tembiricha parino wedzera, izvo zvinotungamira mukuumbwa kweinokuvadza nitrogen oxides. pakati penitrogen neokisijeni kubva mumhepo), peroxides uye hydroperoxides (pakati peokisijeni nemafuta). Iko kuunganidzwa kweiyo yekupedzisira kune yakakosha kukosha kunotungamirira kusingadzoreki detonation combustion, saka, mumafuta emazuva ano, zvikamu zvemamorekuru ane yakagadzikana, yakaoma-ku-detonate kemikari "kuvaka" inoshandiswa - akati wandei mamwe maitiro anoitwa. pazvicherwa kuti zviwane kugadzikana kwakadaro. kusanganisira kuwedzera kwenhamba yeoctane yemafuta. Nekuda kweiyo yakawanda yakagadziriswa musanganiswa weiyo injini yepeturu inogona kumhanya, iyo throttle valve inoita basa rakakosha mavari, iyo iyo injini inotakura inodzorwa nekugadzirisa huwandu hwemweya mutsva. Nekudaro, iyo, zvakare, inova sosi yekurasikirwa kwakakosha mune chikamu chekuremedza modhi, ichitamba chikamu chemhando ye "huro plug" yeinjini.
Pfungwa yemusiki weinjini yedhiziri, Rudolf Diesel, ndeyekuwedzera zvakanyanya kuwanda kwekumanikidza, uye nekudaro kugona kwe thermodynamic yemuchina. Nokudaro, nzvimbo yekamuri yemafuta inoderera, uye simba rekupisa harina kuparara kuburikidza nemadziro e-cylinder uye inotonhorera, asi "inopedzerwa" pakati pezvimedu pachavo, izvo munyaya iyi zviri pedyo zvikuru kune imwe neimwe. zvimwe. Kana musanganiswa wemhepo-mafuta wakagadzirwa kare ukapinda mukamuri yekupisa yerudzi urwu rweinjini, senge injini yepeturu, ipapo kana imwe tembiricha yakaoma yasvika panguva yekumanikidza (zvichienderana nehuwandu hwekumanikidza uye rudzi rwemafuta. ), iyo yekuzvipisa ichatangwa nguva refu GMT isati yasvika. kusadzora volumetric combustion. Ndicho chikonzero nei mafuta edhiziri anobaiwa panguva yekupedzisira, nguva pfupi GMT isati yasvika, pakumanikidzwa kwakanyanya, izvo zvinoita kuti pave nekushaikwa kukuru kwenguva yekubuda kwakanaka, kupararira, kusanganisa, kuzvibatisa uye kudiwa kwekumhanya kwepamusoro. izvo hazviwanzo pfuura muganhu. kubva 4500 rpm Iyi nzira inogadzirisa zvinodiwa zvemhando yemafuta, ayo mune iyi kesi chikamu chemafuta edhiziri - kunyanya akatwasuka distillates ane yakanyanya kuderera autoignition tembiricha, sezvo chimiro chisina kugadzikana uye mamorekuru marefu chinhu chinodiwa kuti zvive nyore. kuputika uye kuita neokisijeni.
Chimwe chinhu chekupisa kweinjini yedhiziri, kune rumwe rutivi, nzvimbo dzine musanganiswa wakakomberedzwa kutenderera maburi ejekiseni, uko mafuta anowora (kutsemuka) kubva pakupisa pasina oxidation, ichichinja kuita sosi yekabhoni (sosi), uye kune imwe. umo musina mafuta zvachose uye pasi pesimba rekupisa kwakanyanya nitrogen uye oksijeni yemhepo inopinda mukudyidzana kwemakemikari, ichiumba nitrogen oxides. Naizvozvo, injini dzedhiziri dzinogara dzakagadziriswa kuti dzishande pamwe nemisanganiswa yepakati-yakatetepa (ndiko kuti, ine mweya wakawandisa), uye mutoro unodzorwa chete nekuyera huwandu hwemafuta akajowa. Izvi zvinodzivirira kushandisa kubvunda, unova mukana wakakura kupfuura vamwe vavo peturu. Kubhadhara zvimwe zvekukanganisa kweinjini yepeturu, vagadziri vakagadzira injini umo musanganiswa wekugadzira maitiro unonzi "kuchaja stratification".
Mune mutoro mutoro muoti, musanganiswa wakaringana we stoichiometric unogadzirwa chete munzvimbo yakatenderedza spark plug ma electrode nekuda kwejekiseni yakakosha yejeti yemafuta jekiseni, inoyerera mweya inoyerera, yakakosha pisitoni yepamberi uye dzimwe nzira dzakafanana dzinovimbisa kuvesa kwekuvimbika. Panguva imwecheteyo, iyo musanganiswa mune yakawanda yemakamuri vhoriyamu inoramba yakaonda, uye sezvo mutoro mune ino modhi unogona kudzorwa chete nehuwandu hwemafuta anopiwa, vharuvhu yekugwinha inogona kuramba yakashama izere. Izvi, zvakare, zvinotungamira mukudzikira panguva imwe chete mukurasikirwa uye kuwedzera kweiyo thermodynamic kugona kweinjini. Mukufungidzira zvese zvinotaridzika kunge zvakanaka, asi kusvika zvino budiriro yerudzi urwu rweinjini inogadzirwa naMitsubishi neVW haina kunge ichinakidza. Kazhinji, parizvino hapana munhu anogona kuzvirova dundundu kuti vakatora mukana wakazara wezvakanakira mhinduro dzemagetsi idzi.
Uye kana iwe "mashiripiti" uchibatanidza zvakanakira zvemhando mbiri dzeinjini? Ndeupi ungave wakakodzera kusanganiswa kwedhiziri yakakwira, kugovera kwakafanana kwemusanganiswa mukati mehuwandu hwekamuri yekupisa uye yunifomu yekuzvibatidza muvhoriyamu imwechete? Zvidzidzo zverabhoritari zvakakura zvemayuniti ekuedzwa emhando iyi mumakore achangopfuura zvakaratidza kuderera kukuru kwekubuda kunokuvadza mumagasi emhepo (somuenzaniso, huwandu hwenitrogen oxides hunoderedzwa kusvika ku99%!) . Zvinoita sekuti remangwana ndere injini, idzo makambani emotokari nemakambani ekugadzira akazvimirira achangobva kusangana pasi pezita reamburera HCCI - Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engines kana Homogeneous Charge Self Ignition Engines.
Kufanana nezvimwe zvakawanda zvinoita senge "shanduko" kuvandudza, pfungwa yekugadzira muchina wakadai haisi nyowani, uye nepo kuyedza kugadzira mhando yekuvimbika yekugadzira ichiri kusabudirira. Panguva imwecheteyo, iwo mikana iri kukura yekudzora kwemagetsi kweiyo tekinoroji maitiro uye nekuchinjika kukuru kwemaitiro ekuparadzira gasi kunogadzira tarisiro chaiyo uye ine tariro yerudzi rutsva rweinjini.
Muchokwadi, mune ino kesi iri mhando yehybrid yemisimboti yekushanda kwepeturu nedhiziri injini. Musanganiswa wakasanganiswa-homogenized, senge mumafuta epeturu, unopinda mumakamuri emoto eHCCI, asi unozviisa wega nekupisa kubva mukumanikidza. Iyo nyowani mhando yeinjini zvakare haidi vhiri rekubaya sezvo ichikwanisa kumhanya pane dzakaonda misanganiswa. Nekudaro, zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti mune izvi zvinoreva dudziro ye "kuonda" inosiyana zvakanyanya kubva kududziro yedhiziri, nekuti HCCI haina musanganiswa wakazara uye wakafumiswa, asi imhando yemusanganiswa wakaenzana wakaonda. Nheyo yekushanda inofungidzira kuvesa pamwe chete kwemusanganiswa muhuwandu hwese hwesilinda isina mwenje unofamba wakaenzana uye pane tembiricha yakadzika kwazvo. Izvi zvinongoerekana zvaitika zvinotungamira pakuderedzwa kwakakura muhuwandu hwenitrogen oxides uye sosi mumagasi ekudzimisa, uye, zvinoenderana nenhamba dzinoverengeka dzemasimba, kuunzwa kukuru kweHCCI dzinoshanda zvakanyanya mukugadzirwa kwemotokari mu2010-2015. Ndichaponesa vanhu vangangoita hafu yemiriyoni emabhiramu. mafuta zuva nezuva.
Zvisinei, vasati vawana izvi, vatsvakurudzi nevainjiniya vanofanira kukunda chigumbuso chikuru panguva ino - kushayikwa kwenzira yakavimbika yekudzora maitiro e autoignition uchishandisa zvikamu zvine zvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvemakemikari, maitiro uye maitiro emafuta emazuva ano. Mibvunzo yakati wandei inokonzereswa nekuchengetwa kwemaitiro pamitoro yakasiyana siyana, shanduko uye tembiricha mamiriro einjini. Sekureva kwedzimwe nyanzvi, izvi zvinogona kuitwa nekudzosa chiyero chakanyatsoyerwa chegasi rekuburitsa kucylinder, preheating musanganiswa, kana kushandura zvine simba reshiyo yekumanikidza, kana kushandura zvakananga reshiyo yekumanikidza (semuenzaniso, iyo SVC Saab prototype) kana kushandura nguva yevhavha yekuvhara uchishandisa shanduko masisitimu gasi kugovera.
Izvo hazvisati zvanyatsojeka kuti dambudziko reruzha uye thermodynamic mhedzisiro pane dhizaini yeinjini nekuda kwekuzvitsvagisa kwehuwandu hukuru hwemusanganiswa mutsva pamutoro wakakwana uchabviswa. Dambudziko chairo nderekutanga injini pane tembiricha yakaderera mumasilinda, sezvo zvakaoma kutanga kuzvibatisa mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro. Parizvino, vatsvakurudzi vakawanda vari kushanda kuti vabvise mabhodhoro aya nekushandisa migumisiro yekucherechedza kweprototypes ine ma sensors ekuenderera mberi kwemagetsi ekutonga uye kuongorora kwekushanda kwemaitiro mumasilinda munguva chaiyo.
Sekureva kwenyanzvi kubva kumakambani emotokari anoshanda munzira iyi, kusanganisira Honda, Nissan, Toyota uye GM, zvingangoita kuti mota dzakasanganiswa dzichatanga kugadzirwa dzinogona kushandura maitiro ekushanda, uye spark plug ichashandiswa senge rudzi rwemubatsiri mune zviitiko. uko HCCI iri kusangana nematambudziko. Volkswagen inotoshandisa chirongwa chakafanana muinjini yayo yeCCS (Combined Combustion System), iyo parizvino inoshanda chete pamafuta ekugadzira akagadzirirwa iyo.
Ignition yemusanganiswa muHCCI injini inogona kuitwa muhuwandu hwehuwandu pakati pehuni, mhepo uye kupera gasi (zvakakwana kusvika kune autoignition tembiricha), uye nguva pfupi yekupisa inotungamirira kukuwedzera kukuru kweinjini. Mamwe matambudziko emhando nyowani dzemayuniti anogona kugadziriswa zvinobudirira pamwe chete nemahybrid masisitimu, akadai seToyota Hybrid Synergy Drive - mune iyi kesi, injini yekupisa yemukati inogona kungoshandiswa mune imwe modhi iyo yakakwana maererano nekumhanya uye mutoro. pabasa, nokudaro nekunzvenga nzira umo injini inotamburira kana kusashanda zvakanaka.
Kupisa muinjini dzeHCCI, zvakawanikwa kuburikidza nekubatanidza kudzora kwetembiricha, kumanikidza, huwandu uye mhando yemusanganiswa munzvimbo iri padhuze neGMT, iri zvirokwazvo dambudziko rakakura pakanangana nekumusoro kuri nyore kuvesa ne plug plug. Kune rimwe divi, HCCI haidi kugadzira matanho anonetsa, ayo akakosha kune peturu uye kunyanya injini dzedhiziri, nekuda kweiyo imwe nguva volumetric hunhu hwekuzvidzora. Panguva imwecheteyo, iri chikonzero ichi kuti kunyangwe tembiricha diki kutsauka kunogona kutungamira kune kwakanyanya shanduko muinetic maitiro.
Mukuita, chinhu chinonyanya kukosha kune ramangwana remhando iyi yeinjini ndiyo rudzi rwemafuta, uye mhinduro yakarurama yekugadzira inogona kuwanikwa chete neruzivo rwakadzama rwemafambiro ayo muimba yekupisa. Naizvozvo, makambani mazhinji emotokari parizvino ari kushanda nemakambani emafuta (akadai seToyota neExxonMobil), uye mazhinji ekuedza panguva ino anoitwa neakanyatso kugadzirwa mafuta ekugadzira, kuumbwa uye maitiro ayo anoverengerwa pachine nguva. Kubudirira kwekushandisa peturu uye dhiziri mafuta muHCCI kunopesana nemafungiro einjini dzekare. Nekuda kwekushisa kwemoto-kupisa kwepeturu, iyo compression ratio mavari inogona kusiyanisa kubva pa12: 1 kusvika 21: 1, uye mumafuta edhiziri, anobatidza nekudzikira tembiricha, inofanirwa kunge iri diki - pakuraira kwe8 chete. :1.
Chinyorwa: Georgy Kolev
Mufananidzo: kambani
