Chirevo: Maroketi akanaka ekare emuchadenga

Musi waNyamavhuvhu 30, SpaceX yakazivisa kuti SES-2016 setiraiti ichaiswa muchadenga pakupera kwegore re9 uchishandisa yakashandiswa uye yakagadziridzwa rocket stage yeFalcon 10. Mazuva maviri gare gare, musi waSeptember 1, imwe SpaceX roketi, Falcon 9, yakaputika. kuCape Canaveral.Saka mafungiro ari kuchinja - kubva pakushingaira kuenda kune kupokana.

"Tinotenda kuti maroketi anogona kushandiswa zvakare achaunza nguva itsva yekubhururuka kwekunze uye kufambisa mukana wekuwana nzvimbo maererano nemitengo uye kutangisa zuva," Martin Halliwell weSES akaudza vatori venhau. Apa ndipo paave nesatellite ichavhurwa pachishandiswa roketi rakamboshandiswa. Uye sezvo SES ichave yekutanga kushandisa sevhisi "yakapurwa roketi", ivo vanozopihwa yakakosha kuderedzwa ...

Falcon 9 inoputika paCape Canaveral

Pa Twitter, SpaceX yakazivisa izvozvo SES-10 ichaparurwa neCRS-8 mishoni musi waKubvumbi 8, 2016. Danho rekutanga rakamhara pachikepe chakazvimirira cheOCISLY muPacific Ocean. Iyo SES-5,3 satellite inorema matani gumi yakavakwa neAirbus Defense uye Space zvichibva paEurostar E10 papuratifomu. Iine hybrid propulsion system: makemikari ekutanga orbital kusimudza uye mamwe orbital maneuvers, uye magetsi (ionic) e orbital maneuvers chete. Iyi ndiyo yekutanga SES setiraiti yakatsaurirwa zvachose kumishoni muLatin America.

Nekudaro, ikozvino zvirongwa izvi, sekushandira pamwe kwese kunovimbisa, zvinogona kuzopokana. Kuputika kwe roketi yeFalcon 9 papuratifomu panguva yekuwedzera mafuta (kunyangwe zvikonzero zvayo zvisati zvajekeswa uye kune dzidziso dzinoshamisa pamusoro pekupfura panzvimbo yekuputsika, uye kunyange chimwe chinhu chinotaura chimwe chinhu pamusoro pekufungidzirwa kuvapo kwechinhu cheUFO chiri pedyo) zvirokwazvo. yakava mufananidzo wekurova kwekambani yaElon Musk. Kazhinji zviitiko zvakadaro zvinomisa zvirongwa zviri pedyo.

Njodzi iyi yakabatana nechimwe chiziviso - kutangwa kweroketi hombe reSpaceX mudenga, Falcon Heavyiyo yaifanira kuitika mukudonha kwe 2016 kana munguva ichangopfuura muchirimo che 2017. Iyi motokari inorema yekutanga yave iri pasi pekugadzirwa kwemakore akawanda. Chimiro chayo chinobva pachigamba chekutanga che Falcon 9 v.1.1 FT rocket, iyo inofanirwawo kuva nhanho yekutanga ye Falcon Heavy, inowedzerwa nemajini maviri anobatsira, ayo ari kuchinjwa kwechikamu ichi. Nekuda kwemhinduro iyi, hunhu hweroketi huchawedzera zvakanyanya, izvo zvichaita kuti zvikwanise kuendesa mubhadharo unorema kusvika 53 toni (Falcon 9 pane yayo yakasimba kwazvo inopa kusvika 22,8 t) Kana kuvhurwa uku kuchinyatsoitika, ipapo mota inorema yekumisa (chete Saturn-XNUMX kubva kuApollo lunar chirongwa uye Soviet Energia roketi munhoroondo) ndiyo ichashandiswa - chete NASA-yakavakirwa ichave nehukuru hukuru. Zvisinei, kunyange munyaya iyi pakanga paine kusahadzika mushure metsaona muFlorida.

Kuputika kunoreva PR yakakura uye kurasikirwa kwemari kweSpaceX. Kuvhurwa kwe roketi reFalcon 9 kungangomiswa kwenguva yakati rebei kusvika chikonzero chekuparara ichi chazivikanwa. Kune rimwe divi, kubhururuka kwemunhu kweDragon 2 capsule ine Falcon 9R roketi yaifanirwa kuitika gore rinouya. NASA pamwe haidi kumirira. Anoda kubva pakutsamira kuRussia Soyuz yechirongwa chake chemuchadenga nekukurumidza. Mukuita, SpaceX saka iri kukwikwidzana nevaRussia, ichiita kusimudzira roketi raMusk nyaya yezvematongerwo enyika.

Falcon 9 pabarge mushure mekumhara

Mushure mekuedza kusina kubudirira - kugutsikana kukuru

Pamberi pekuputika kwaSeptember, dzinofanirwa kunge dzaive nhau dzegore rapfuura uye budiriro huru yetekinoroji. kubudirira kumhara kwezvikamu zvikuru zveSpaceX maroketi. Uku "kudzoreredza" kwakararama kuburikidza nenyika yeruzivo rwemuchadenga mumwedzi yapfuura. "Pakupedzisira!" - Elon Musk aigona kutaura apo munguva ino yechando akakwanisa kuunza chikamu chikuru cheroketi yake kuPasi, kutanga kuCape Canaveral, ndokuzoenda kunzvimbo inoyangarara yegungwa (3) Ichi chazvino chiitiko chaita kuti nzvimbo yesainzi nyika iite kunge inopenga ye SpaceX. Nokuti kumhara panyika, chii chiripo kuvanza, neimwe nzira yakadzokorora feat ye rocket. New Shepard yakagadzirwa naJeff Bezos, mukuru weAmazon, kubva munaNovember gore rapfuura. Neimwe nzira, nekuti iyo Falcon 9 izere-yakazara nzvimbo roketi, uye Bezos chigadzirwa imotokari yakawedzera compact kune suborbital ndege. Uye kana iri mishoni dzisina kurongwa, maroketi ndiwo anodhura zvakanyanya pachirongwa.

Kunyange Musk pachake haana kudana kumhara kuCape Canaveral chimwe chinhu chakakosha. Chinangwa chayo chikuru chaive chekudzika roketi reSpaceX raidzoka papuratifomu inoyangarara. Izvi zvaedzwa kwemwedzi yakawanda. Nzira mbiri kubva muna 2015 dzakundikana. Panguva yekutanga, roketi yakaputika, uye kechipiri zvakakwanisika kuisa roketi pabhaji, asi yakabva yangotendeuka.

Imwe yeakakundikana Falcon 9 kumhara pachikuva chemahombekombe

Parizvino, SpaceX yakatoita akati wandei akabudirira kutangisa uye kumhara kwemaroketi ayo. Ikozvino kambani iri kuronga panguva imwe chete kukwira kwevatatu vatori vechikamu panguva imwe chete, pazvikepe zvinozvimiririra uye nepanyika. Muchiitiko chekupedzisira, kuti usimudze zvikamu zvitatu zvedombo guru reFalcon Heavy, unoda nzvimbo nhatu dzekumhara panzvimbo yemauto emhepo paSpaceX Cape Canaveral. Nechikonzero ichi, kambani iyi ingade kuti hurumende yeUS ibvumidze kuvakwa kwemamwe maviri kuwedzera kune iripo. Elon Musk akatsanangura paTwitter kuti injini dzeroketi dzichamhara panguva imwe chete, uye nhanho yekutanga ichamhara nekunonoka kudiki.

Bezos anofunga nezve kushanya

Iyo yambotaurwa yakabudirira yekuedza kumhara neimwe e-bhizinesi prodigy, Jeff Bezos, yakaitika muna Mbudzi 23, 2015. Kambani yake yeBlue Origin yakaedza New Shepard suborbital spacecraft. Roketi yakatangwa kubva kunzvimbo yekutsvaga muVan Horn, Texas. Panguva yekuedza ndege, akasvika kureba kwe100,5 km, zvinoreva kudarika muganhu wekufungidzira wenzvimbo. Mune ramangwana, izvi zvinobvumira vanhu kuti vawane maminetsi angangoita mana. mamiriro ekurema.

Mushure mekufamba kwenguva pfupi, New Shepard passenger capsule yakamhara ichishandisa maparachuti mugwenga. Mushure mezvo, roketi yakadzokera kuNyika, ichideredza kudonha kwayo nejini dzeroketi, kusvikira yasvika pakumhanya kweanenge 7 km / h pamusoro pepamusoro. Pakazosvika Chikumi 2016, Blue Origin yakanga yaita mana akabudirira kumhara kweroketi yayo.

Kambani yeBezos, kusiyana neSpaceX, haiite ruzha rwakanyanya, asi hazvireve kuti haina kunyatsobudirira. Blue Origin parizvino iri kuronga kuvaka maroketi matanhatu eNew Shepard. Mumwe nomumwe wavo achakwanisa kusimudza vatasvi vatanhatu 100 km pamusoro pePasi penyika, uko kwemaminetsi mashomanana vachakwanisa kuona mamiriro ekusava nehuremu uye maonero akanaka aimbove akagadzirirwa vazivi venyeredzi. Kuedzwa nevatyairi vendege kuchaitika gore rinouya uye kana zvese zvikafamba zvakanaka, vatengi vekutanga vachakwanisa kuenda rwendo rwemuchadenga kutanga kwa2018. Mutengo wetikiti hausati wazivikanwa, asi zvinogona kufungidzirwa kuti zvichachinja mukati Zviuru gumi zvemadhora - iyi ndiyo nzira iyo imwe kambani inozivikanwa inoronga ndege dzenharaunda, Mhandara Galactic, inoshuvira kufamba paSpaceShip Mbiri.

Nyanzvi: tarisiro yakanyanyisa

SpaceX inogona kugovera zvakare Falcon 9 ndege dzemadhora 37 miriyoni, maererano neSpaceNews magazini uye portal. Nyanzvi dzinotenda kuti mutengo uchasvika panosvika mamirioni makumi mana nemasere pakuvhurwa, zvinoreva kuti purofiti yakakwira yeSpaceX. Iko kuverenga kunosanganisira kushandisa imwechete Falcon 48 roketi kanokwana gumi neshanu, iyo inonzwika inonakidza, asi vanhu vaMusk vanoti nhanho yekutanga yakatemerwa kushandiswa kwezana.

Tarisiro iyi inodzikamisa chiyeuchidzo chechiitiko cheNASA naye. roketi SRB. Kunyangwe makore mazhinji ekuyedzwa uye nendege zhinji, zvakange zvisingaite kuti zviwane kushandiswazve kwakazara. Dambudziko rakafanana rakamuka SMME injini (). Kunyange zvazvo pakutanga dzakanga dzakagadzirirwa 55 dzokutanga, pashure peimwe neimwe ndege dzaiwana zvikanganiso zvaida kugadziriswa kunodhura. Mukupedzisira, zvakazoitika kuti iyo inoshandiswa SSME neSRB modhi ingave yakachipa mhinduro kune yakaderera-frequency space shuttle mishoni.

Sekureva kwevanyori veSpaceNews, kushandiswazve kwemaroketi kunogona kuwedzera zvinoshamisa mutengo weSpaceX. Ikozvino mutengo wakaderera we roketi unobatanidzwa nekusangana kweMerlin injini. Zvisinei, kana kudiwa kwavo kuchiderera, mutengo wavo weyuniti uchakwira (mutengo wakagadziriswa unoumba chikamu chikuru chemutengo wejini imwe neimwe), uye mari inogona kunge iri shoma pane zvatinotarisira.

Dambudziko iri rinogona kugadziriswa nekuwedzera kuwanda kwendege - kuitira kuchengetedza chiyero chazvino chekugadzirwa kwemaroketi, panguva imwechete uchiwana mari kubva kundege pamaroketi akashandiswa (ayo anodonha, kupera simba, nezvimwewo nguva nenguva. ) Nekudaro, kuti uite izvi, iwe uchafanirwa kudzikisa mitengo kuitira kuti ubvise iyo yakawanda yendege kubva kune vako vakwikwidzi. Inofungidzirwa kuti kuitira kuti SpaceX ichengetedze kushanda kwazvino, asi ichikwanisa kushandisa zvizere maFalcons 9, kuwanda kwendege kunofanirwa kusvika 35-40 pagore. Ichokwadi kuti kune musika wepasirese wendege dzakawanda, asi yakakamurwa pakati pemakambani mashoma asingazomirire kuti SpaceX ifambe.

Kuwedzera kune yekutanga nhanho yeroketi, SpaceX inoronga kudzoreredza zvakare cargo covers. Kunyange zvazvo dzisinganyanyi kudhura, dziri kutora nguva kugadzira uye dzinoda kushanda nesimba kuti dzikurumidze. Nokudaro, kubva pakuona kwehupfumi, kudzorerwa kwenhoo dzekutakura zvinonzwisisika. Vanoti SpaceX ichayedza kugadzira imwe mhando yezvin GO Searcher).

Musk flexes… tsandanyama. Vamwe sezvatakambotaura havakotsiri. Muna Kubvumbi wegore rino, vagadziri veroketi nyowani Ariane 6 yakazivisa kuti dhizaini yavo yaizopfuura mutengo wakapihwa neSpaceX pakirogiramu yemubhadharo wakaiswa mukutenderera. Ariane mutsva anofanira kunge akagadzirira kubhururuka muna 2020. Vamiriri veAirbus Safran Launchers (ASL), mugova mukuru weEuropean consortium Arianespace, anotozivisa mavhezheni maviri eroketi iri. Ariane 62 inotarisirwa kukwanisa kuisa matani mashanu setiraiti mune geostationary orbit, uye Ariane 64, ine mana ebetsero injini, ichaunza 10,50 matani mune inotenderera yakafanana neyekutengesa telecommunications satellite.

Mutengo we satellite kilo unotarisirwa kuva 40-50% yakaderera pane iyo ikozvino inoshandiswa Ariane 5. Muenzaniso mutsva unofanirwa kuva nekaviri simba reFalcon 9 uye zvishoma kudarika kaviri mutengo. Ehe, maverengero econsortium anoita seanofunga midziyo inoraswa, kwete yekurasa zvombo.

Diki...kuvimbisa

Iko kuvandudza tekinoroji yeroketi zvakare iri munzira isinganakidze kupfuura yeNASA kana SpaceX maroketi makuru. Izvi hazvirevi kuti hazvinakidzi zvishoma. Pamusangano weEuropean Space Solutions muThe Hague muna Chikumi, pfungwa yekugadzira tekinoroji yeroketi diki inokwanisa kuendesa 50 kg kune yakaderera Earth orbit yakaziviswa.

Chirongwa chakaitwa pasi pechirongwa cheHorizon 2020 chakatumidzwa zita NYEMWERERA (). Mukati SILE (6), chombo chitsva chinokanzura, chinogona kunge chakasanganiswa, chinogona kudzoserwa, chine otomatiki kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakati wandei chichagadzirwa. Zvese zvinofanirwa kugadzirwa kuti zvive zvakaderera uye zviri nyore kushandisa. Zvakarongwa kushandisa zvemagetsi zviripo pamusika uye kushandisa 3D kudhinda tekinoroji.

Mutengo wechirongwa ichi 4 miriyoni euros. Ichapedzwa muna 2018. Inoitwa nevabatsiri gumi nemana vanobva kunyika sere: Belgium, Denmark, Greece, Spain, Netherlands, Germany, Norway neRomania. SMILE inogona kupinda mumusika sezvo maroketi makuru masisitimu haazokwanise kuendesa mitoro midiki nemutengo wakaderera. Kana chirongwa ichi chikabudirira, pane mukana wekuvaka mota nyowani yekuEurope inogona kugutsa zvido zvakawanda kwete zvenyika dzekondinendi yedu chete.

China haina kuzvirega ichikanganikwa

Kwekutanga kuburitswa kweChina Long Kurume roketi

Mapurojekiti matsva emirasi haangogumiri kuMadokero. Mwedzi mishoma yapfuura roketi rakavhurwa zvinobudirira 7 Great March (Zhang Zheng 7). Inofanirwa kuve hwaro hwese chirongwa cheChinese chekuongorora nzvimbo. Pakare, chinangwa chekutanga, chakaitika kubva kuChinese Wenchang cosmodrome nyowani paHainan Island kumaodzanyemba kweChina, yaive yekutangisa prototype yekapisi nyowani ine munhu mu orbit - akati wandei masatellite akaunzwa ipapo.

Iyo Yakareba Kurume 7 yakareba 53 metres uye inorema 658 matani. Iyo inokwanisa kuendesa 13,5 matani ekutakura kune yakaderera Earth orbit. Pakupedzisira richava nezvose zviri zviviri zvikepe zvine vanhu nezvisina vanhu, zvichibvumira kupandukira Chinese nzvimbo chiteshim, iyo yakarongerwa kupera muna 2022.

Iyo itsva Chinese Wenchang spaceport, seyekutanga yerudzi rwayo, haina kuvanzwa mumakona akaoma-kusvika-enyika, asi iri pane yakakurumbira chitsuwa chinopisa chisiri kure nemhenderekedzo yegungwa. Kutenda kune izvi, vataridzi, avo vakaisirwa mapuratifomu masere ekucherechedza, vaigona kuona kutanga kwekutanga kweLong March 7. Maererano nenyanzvi, ichi chiratidzo chokuti chirongwa cheChinese space chatosvika pakakwirira zvikuru uye zviremera zvakave. akarega kunetseka pamusoro pekudiwa kwekuviga chero kubondera kupi zvako.

Nhevedzano yemafungiro nematambudziko

Kurasikirwa kwemaitiro mumabasa ekupa masheya International Space Station ISS, iyo yanga ichitenderera Pasi kubva 1998, yakatanga mukupera kwaGumiguru 2014. Nguva shoma mushure mekutanga kweCRS-3 / OrB-3 mishoni nechikepe chakazvimiririra Cygnus ipapo injini dzechikamu chekutanga cheroketi dzakaputika Antares. Muzhizha ra2015, roketi reFalcon raitakura zvinhu kuISS rakaputika nguva pfupi yasimuka. Tine kumwe kuputika munaGunyana 2016.

Zvingave nani kune SpaceX uye iyo yese US space chirongwa kana zvikonzero zvetsaona dzinogara zvichiitika zvakawanikwa nekukurumidza sezvinobvira. Makambani akazvimirira akakosha kwazvo muzvirongwa zveNASA. Pakazosvika 2017, kutakurwa kwevanhu kuenda kuInternational Space Station kunofanirwa kuitwa nemakambani akazvimirira - SpaceX neBoeing. Inosvika mabhiriyoni manomwe emadhora muzvibvumirano zveNASA zvakagadzirirwa kutsiva zvivharo zvemuchadenga zvakabviswa muna 7 uye kuzvimiririra kubva kumaRussia neSoyuz yavo, iyo panguva iyoyo yakatonga kutumira vanhu kuISS.

Sarudzo yeElon Musk's SpaceX, yanga ichiendesa maroketi uye ngarava kuchiteshi kubva 2012, hazvina kushamisa. Dhizaini yevashandi capsule inozivikanwa kwazvo. DragonX V2, nekambani iyi, inofanira kutora vanhu vanosvika vanomwe. Miedzo uye yekutanga ndege yakarongwa yakarongwa kusvika 2017. Mazhinji emadhora 6,8 bhiriyoni (SpaceX inofanira kuwana "chete" $2,6 bhiriyoni), zvisinei, ichaenda kuBoeing, inoshanda naJeff Bezos 'Blue Origin. Boeing development capsule - (KST) -100 - ichagamuchirawo vanhu vanosvika vanomwe. Boeing inogona kushandisa Blue Origin's BE-3 maroketi kana SpaceX's Falcons.

Space Launch System - NASA infographics

Zvechokwadi, maRussia angada kuramba achiita izvi kwete nekuda kwezvikonzero zvemari chete. Nekudaro, ivo pachavo vakanyora zvakawanda zvekutadza kwemuchadenga mumakore achangopfuura. Zhizha rapfuura, nguva pfupi vabva kuBaikonur Cosmodrome, roketi ravo rakadonha pakakwirira makiromita zana nemakumi mashanu pamusoro pePasi. Proton-M, iro basa raive rekuburitsa Express-AM4R telecommunications satellite mu orbit. Dambudziko rakamuka maminetsi mapfumbamwe mushure mekusimuka, pakatangwa chikamu chechitatu cheroketi. Kureba sisitimu yakadonha, uye zvimedu zvayo zvakawira muSiberia, Far East uye Pacific Ocean. Rocket "Proton-M" yakundikana zvakare. Pakutanga, muna Chikunguru 2013, modhi iyi yakadonhawo, semhedzisiro iyo vanhu vekuRussia vakarasikirwa nematatu ekufambisa setiraiti anokosha anenge 200 miriyoni US madhora. Kazakhstan yakabva yaunza kurambidzwa kwenguva pfupi kweProton-M kubva munharaunda yayo. Kunyangwe pakutanga, muna 2011, mishoni yeRussia yakashanduka kuita kutadza kukuru. Phobos-Grunt probe pane imwe mwedzi yeMars.

interplanetary rocket

Iko skirmish nematambudziko anotsanangurwa ane chekuita nekusimudzwa kwechaji uye vanhu kune pedyo kana kure kure orbits kutenderera Pasi. Chero mazano kunze kwemaroketi ezviitwa zvakadaro - senge hybrid ndege, shuttle marudzi, space elevator, nezvimwe. - usashande kana kuramba uri mumunda. Kana kuri kumwe kupukunyuka, hatisati tave nechinhu chiri nani mumaoko edu. Muenzaniso wakanakisisa ipurojekiti iri pamusoro apa , SLS.

Kwemwedzi yakati wandei, injini yeroketi yakasimba kwazvo munhoroondo yakadzingwa nguva nenguva mugwenga reUS state yeUtah. Ichashandiswa muSLS maroketi akagadzirirwa yakadzika nzvimbo ndege. chipenga cheOrion uye dzimwe mota dzichavakwa. Injini yakanyorwa se QM-1, ishanduro yakawedzerwa yeinjini dzinoshandiswa muchirongwa chemuchadenga. Nekudaro, ine zvikamu zvishanu pane zvina senge madhizaini ekare. Iyo vhezheni yakaedzwa muUtah ingangoita 47 metres kureba, 3,66 metres muhupamhi uye inorema 801 matani. Iyo SLS roketi ichave yakashongedzerwa neinjini mbiri dzakadaro uye ina RS-25 injini, iyo yakazara iyo inosunda inenge inenge matani mana. inzwi.

Kutanga kwekutanga kweSLS rocket kunofanira kuitika muna 2018. Iyi ichava iyo payload vhezheni. OK. 70 matani. Pakupedzisira, iyo yakawedzerwa sisitimu inofanirwa kubvumira 130 toni kuchaja muNyika orbit uye mberi, kuMwedzi uye pamwe Mars.

Iyo SLS inosanganisira, kuwedzera kune chitundumuseremusere chine simba, iyo yatotaurwa Orion manned spacecraft uye mamwe akawanda matekinoroji ane hukama neanozivikanwa mhinduro. Muchidimbu, NASA inoda kudzokera kumidzi yayo uye makore ekubwinya nekuvaka roketi rakafanana neSaturn XNUMX kubva kuchirongwa cheApollo.

Makomboti haachagadzirwa nesimbi

Iko kuvandudza tekinoroji yeroketi inoenda nenzira dzakasiyana. Imwe yenzvimbo dzebudiriro ndeye zvinhu zvitsva, zviri nani uye zvakareruka zvivake. NASA yakapedza yekutanga bvunzo dzebvunzo composite zvinhuiyo mune ramangwana ichashandiswa kugadzira mota dzekutanga. Silinda yemamita matatu yakagadzirwa kubva pairi. Mamiriro acho akaiswa pasi pesimba rinoenderana nehuremu hwechinhu chinorema matani anopfuura 400 kuedza kuti chaigona kutsigira zvakawanda sei. Kuti uwane data chaiyo panguva yekuyedzwa, silinda yaive nezviuru zvema sensors, uye maitiro ese akatariswa nemakamera ekurekodha nekumhanya kwakasiyana. Iko kuvonga kwavari kuti isu tinogona kuona kuti kutsemuka kwakakura kwakafanana sei kwakaonekwa pamusoro pezvinhu pasi pesimba rehuremu.

Chinangwa chikuru cheNASA ndechekugadzira zvinhu zvakaumbwa zvinobvumira maroketi kuti avakwe akareruka uye akasimba kupfuura ayo akagadzirwa nesimbi. Motokari dzakadai dzinoita kuti mitoro yakawanda itakurwe muchadenga, kusanganisira mvura, chikafu nezvimwe. Izvi zvaizogonesa kuitwa kwehurongwa hwendege ine munhu kuenda kuMars.

Vanhu vokuRussia vakagadzirawo rudzi rutsva ceramic zvinhuizvo zvinogona kubatsira pakuvaka maroketi. Inoshingirira tembiricha munharaunda ye3 madhigirii celsius, zvakanyanya kupfuura alloys esimbi akanakisa ari kushandiswa nhasi. Tomsk University mainjiniya akakwanisa kugadzira akadaro multilayer zvinhu zvichibva pahafnium carbide, zirconium diboride uye zirconium oxide.

Kusimba kwechigadzirwa chacho kunogona kuve kwakakosha kune matombo emuchadenga, sezvo zvichizobvumira zviri nani zvivharo zvinopisa kupfuura kare kudzivirira vazivi vemuchadenga nemotokari pachadzo kubva pakupisa kwakanyanya kunoitika panguva yekupindazve mumhepo. Vagadziri vezvinyorwa zvitsva vakatozivisa kuti vachaita bvunzo dzakabatana neiyo Roskosmos agency, iyo icharatidza kana ichinyatso kurwisa tembiricha yakakwira sezvaitarisirwa.

Chii chinotevera?

Inokurumidza kupfuura zvino chave chinhu chakapinzwa muchadenga nemunhu Kurira kweVoyageriyo, nekuda kwekushandiswa kwemagetsi emagetsi eJupiter, Saturn, Uranus neNeptune, akakwanisa kukurumidza kusvika. 17 km / h. Izvi, zvechokwadi, zvichiri zvishoma zvishoma zvishoma kudarika chiedza, izvo, somuenzaniso, zvinotora makore mana kusvika pedyo nenyeredzi iri pedyo nesu, tisingaverengi Zuva, iro, sezvatakadzidza munguva pfupi yapfuura, kune nyika. zvakafanana neNyika inotenderera . Rwendo rwakadai rwaizotora nguva neVoyager. makumi ezviuru zvemakore. Izvi hazvisirizvo zvatiri kutaura nezvazvo.

Saka kana zvasvika kune tekinoroji yekufambisa, tichine basa rakawanda rekuita kana tichida kuenda kumwe kumberi kupfuura mitumbi iri padyo musolar system. Uye nzendo idzi dzinoita sedzava pedyo dzichiri dzakareba. Kuti tibhururuke kuenda kuMars nekudzoka, nekurongeka kwepuraneti kwakanaka, tinoda mazuva angangoita 1500. Hazvikurudzire zvakanyanya ...

Iye zvino tiri kuishandisa pamwero mukuru makemikari drive, kureva kuti, mvura yehydrogen neokisijeni maroketi. Iyo yakanyanya kumhanya inogona kusvikwa nayo ndeye approx. 10 km / h. Kudai munhu aigona kushandisa zvizere simba rinokwevera pasi mugadziriro yezuva, kusanganisira zuva pacharo, ngarava ine injini yeroketi yemakemikari yaigona kusvika. pamusoro pe100 km / s. Iyo inononoka kumhanya yeVoyager imhaka yekuti chinangwa chayo chaisambove chekuwana kumhanya kwakanyanya. Haanawo kushandisa "afterburner" ane injini panguva yepuraneti giravhiti vabatsiri. Asi kunyangwe tikaedza aya 100 km/s, rwendo rwedu rwaizorebesa zviuru zvakawanda zvemakore.

Inoshanda zvakapetwa kagumi kupfuura injini dzeroketi dzemakemikari. ion drive, i.e. roketi injini, umo maion akakwidziridzwa semhedzisiro yekudyidzana kwe electromagnetic ndiyo inotakura chinhu. Basa rekugadzirisa iyi rakatanga pakati pezana remakore rapfuura. Mushanduro dzekutanga, mercury vapor yakashandiswa pakutyaira. Parizvino, iyo inokudzwa gasi xenon inoshandiswa zvakanyanya.

Simba rinoburitsa gasi kubva muinjini rinobva kune kunze (solar panels, reactor rinogadzira magetsi). Maatomu egasi anoshandurwa kuita maion akanaka uye anobva akwidzwa nemagetsi kana kuti magineti, inosvika pakumhanya kusvika 36 km / h. Kumhanya kukuru kwechinhu chakadzimwa kunotungamira kune yakakwira yekusunda simba pachikamu chechikamu chechinhu chakadzingwa. Nekudaro, nekuda kwesimba rakaderera regadziriro yekugovera, kuwanda kweanotakurwa mutakuri idiki, izvo zvinoderedza kupinza kweroketi. Ngarava ine injini yakadaro inofamba nekumhanya kudiki.

Naizvozvo, basa riri kuenderera mberi pamagadzirirwo ekuwedzera simba reiyo ion propulsor. IEuropean Space Agency ESA iri kushanda HDLT - electromagnetic ion thruster. Inoshandisa maitiro echisikigo ekuitika pakati pematunhu eplasma ane maitiro akasiyana emagetsi maviri anopindirana akaturikidzana - chiitiko chinozivikanwa, semuenzaniso, kubva kumagetsi ekuchamhembe. Vanhu vekuAmerica vari kushanda Variable Pulse Plasma Thruster, VASIMR. Microwave simba uye magineti anoshandiswa mairi kupisa, kukurumidza uye kutungamira iyo inoshanda fluid uye nekudaro kugadzira kusunda.

Ion electrostatic mota yakashandiswa kusimbisa Deep Space 1998 probe yakatangwa muna 1 kuComet Borrely. Kutyaira kwakagadzirirwa kwemaawa mazana maviri ekushanda kwakatora nguva inodarika makumi mashanu kureba mukuita. horo injini zvakare (imwe yemhando dzeinjini dzeioni umo magasi ion anokwidziridzwa nemunda wemagetsi) yakashandiswa muSMART-1 probe yeEuropean Space Agency. MaIon thrust ave kushanda seinjini huru dzechitundumuseremusere cheJapan Hayabusa uye chitundumuseremusere chekuAmerica cheDawn chinotenderera Ceres.

Dawn Ion Probe - Kupa

Ellen StofanMukuru wechikwata chekutsvagisa cheNASA akabvuma mubvunzurudzo neNewScientist kuti rwendo rwekuenda kuMars rwunogoneka muma30s. Kiyi yekubudirira kwechiito chakadaro chichava chimwe chirongwa cheNASA - icho asiri munhu wese ane hukama huri pachena nerwendo rwemunhu kuenda kuRed Planet. Uye zvakadaro, maAmerican anodzokorora nekushingaira kuti zvakaoma kufungidzira kubhururuka kwemunhu kuenda kuMars pasina kubata uye kuburitsa asteroid munzira yemwedzi.

Kuburikidza nekubata kwedombo remuchadenga, tekinoroji ichaedzwa Solar Electric Propulsion (SEP). Simba rinowanikwa kubva kune solar panel rinoshandiswa kugadzira yakasimba magetsi emagetsi muinjini yeion. Iyi mhinduro inobvumira kuchengetedza kwakakosha, nekuti kana iri imwe yechinyakare yakasimba roketi injini, ngarava yaizofanira kutora yakakura kugovera nayo. Iyo nzira itsva inononoka kupfuura iyo yakabatana nemaroketi ane simba, asi zvakanyanya kushanda zvakanaka. Nekudaro, izvi zvinoda kuongororwa pamubhadharo unorema chaizvo, unogona kunge uri diki asteroid. Vagadziri veMars mission vanokurudzira kuti vatange vatumira zvinhu ikoko, uyezve vazivi vemuchadenga nekukurumidza sezvinobvira. Rwendo rwavo runofanira kunge rwupfupi sezvinobvira nekuda kwemwaranzi ine njodzi munzvimbo yepakati peplanetary.

Push-ups nelaser

Vanhu vekuAmerica vanotaura nezve ion missile. Dzimwe nzira dzakasiyana mubasa ravo rekufunga masayendisiti eRussia anoronga kuishandisa kumhanyisa maroketi uye spacecraft. high simba plasma danda. Iyo plasma ichagadzirwa nenzira inonzi laser ablation, i.e. evaporation yezvinhu kubva pamusoro pechinhu chakasimba kuenda kune gasi kana plasma state, ichipfuura iyo mamiriro emvura.

Pfungwa ndeyekushandisa pasi-based laser kunongedza kunzvimbo chaiyo muchimiro cheroketi kana ngarava (11) Ikoko, nekuda kwesimba guru, zvinhu zvakagadzirirwa zvichabviswa, uye inoguma ine simba guru re plasma ichapa simba munzira yakarurama. Vagadziri vacho vanoti izvi zvinobvumira masetiraiti madiki kuti akurumidze kusvika kagumi kumhanya kwenzwi.

Dambudziko rekuita kwekuita kweiyo tekinoroji kudiwa kwekushandisa yakanyanya simba lasers pamusoro pePasi. Uye hazvisi zvemitengo chete, zvakare nezvekuchengetedza kufunga. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti ma lasers anogona kuparadza zvese zviri munzira yavo mumhepo uye mu orbit zvinobudirira sezvavanotyaira.

Zviroto zvenyukireya

Shandisa mazano ekufambisa chitundumuseremusere nyukireya kana kunyange thermonuclear simba vakura sezera remuchadenga. Havana kumboshandiswa mukuita, izvo zvinoratidza zvakajeka mwero wezvokwadi yavo. Zvisinei, vatsvakurudzi nevagadziri havarasi tariro. Sangano rekuRussia Rosatom riri kushanda pachirongwa cheinjini yechitundumuseremusere inogona kuburitsa chitundumuseremusere mudenga. Sekureva kwebepanhau reIzvestia, Rosatom yakatogadzira dhizaini yeactor ngarava uye yakagadzira yakakosha mafuta chinhu chinobvumira injini kushanda munzvimbo yakakura yekupisa.

Iyi imhando yeinjini yeroketi umo inopisa sosi inyukireya reactor. Iyo gasi inopisa mu reactor inowedzera mumuromo uye inopa simba kune rocket. Sangano reRoskosmos rinoti kushandisa tekinoroji iyi kuchabatsira Russia kukunda nzvimbo zvakare. Ndege dzekuyedza dzichishandisa injini nyowani dzichatanga kutanga kwa2025.

IAmerican NASA iri kushandawo pachirongwa cheinjini yenyukireya sechikamu chechirongwa ichi MITI (). Chitundumuseremusere chaizosimuka pano nemafuta echitundumuseremusere echitundumuseremusere, asi mushure mekufamba kwakabudirira kutenderera, chitundumuseremusere chaizoenderera mberi nerwendo rwacho chichishandisa simba renyukireya. NASA inoti kushandisa tekinoroji iyi kunogona kuderedza zvakanyanya nguva yainotora kutanga mishoni yeMars. Ngarava ine simba renyukireya yaizofamba nekukurumidza, uye hushoma hwemafuta eroketi muchikepe hwaizobvumira vazivi vemuchadenga kuti vatakurwe.

Kune, senguva dzose, mazano ekushandura nzvimbo. Asi pari zvino, semumakumi mashoma emakore apfuura ezera remuchadenga, tichine makemikari anotenderedza maroketi atiinawo. Mumamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo uye kana uchironga mamisheni anotevera, ndiwo maroketi ane mafuta uye oxidizer mukati izvo zvinofanirwa kuverengerwa pakutanga.