Injini inoshandisa mafuta - ruzivo. Kudaidza Dhimoni kubva 150 Makore Apfuura

Mashoko angava manyuko esimba here? Vatsvagiri veSimon Fraser University muCanada vakagadzira injini yekukurumidza-inokurumidza yavanoti "inoita pane ruzivo." Mukuona kwavo, uku ndiko kubudirira mukutsvaga mhando itsva dzemafuta.

Mhedzisiro yekutsvagisa nezvenyaya iyi yakaburitswa muProceedings yeNational Academy yeSainzi (PNAS). Munyaya ino tichadzidza kuti sei masayendisiti akashandura kufamba kwemamorekuru kuita simba rakachengetwayobva yashandiswa kudzora mudziyo.

Pfungwa yehurongwa hwakadaro, iyo yekutanga inoita seinotyora mitemo yefizikisi, yakatanga kutaurwa nemusayendisiti wekuScotland muna 1867. Kuedza kwepfungwa kunozivikanwa se "dhimoni raMaxwell" muchina wekufungidzira uyo vamwe vanofunga kuti unogona kugonesa chimwe chinhu chakaita semuchina unogara uchifamba, kana nemamwe mazwi, kuratidza chinogona kuputswa. mutemo wechipiri we thermodynamics taura nezvekuwedzera kwe entropy mune zvakasikwa.

iyo inodzora kuvhurwa nekuvharwa kwegonhi diki pakati pemakamuri maviri egasi. Chinangwa chedhimoni chichava chekutumira mamorekuru egasi anofamba anokurumidza kupinda mune imwe kamuri uye anonoke achifamba mune imwe. Nokudaro, imwe kamuri ichadziya (ine zvidimbu zvinokurumidza) uye imwe inotonhora. Dhimoni richagadzira sisitimu ine kurongeka kwakawanda uye simba rakaunganidzirwa kupfuura iro rayakatanga nayo pasina kushandisa chero simba, i.e. ringangosangana nekudzikira kweentropy.

1. Chirongwa cheinjini yeruzivo

Zvisinei, basa reHungarian physics Leo Sillard kubva 1929 kusvika dhimoni Maxwell yakaratidza kuti kuedza kwekufunga hakuna kutyora mutemo wechipiri we thermodynamics. Dhimoni racho, Szilard akaita nharo, rinofanira kudaidza imwe chiyero chesimba kuti rione kuti mamorekuru ari kupisa here kana kutonhora.

Iye zvino masayendisiti kubva kuyunivhesiti yeCanada akavaka sisitimu inoshanda pane iyo pfungwa yekuedza kufunga kwaMaxwell, kushandura ruzivo kuita "basa". Magadzirirwo avo anosanganisira muenzaniso wechidimbu chakanyura mumvura uye chakabatanidzwa kune chitubu, icho chinozobatanidzwa pachikuva, chinogona kutamiswa.

Vesainzi vanoita basa dhimoni Maxwell, tarisa chidimbu chinofamba chichikwira kana kudzika nekuda kwekudziya kwekufamba, uye wobva wafambisa chiitiko kumusoro kana chidimbu chikakwira kumusoro zvisina tsarukano. Kana ikadonhera pasi, vanenge vakamirira. Semumwe wevatsvakurudzi, Tushar Saha, anotsanangura mubhuku racho, "izvi zvinopedzisira zvichisimudza hurongwa hwose (kureva, kuwedzera kwesimba rinokwevera - ed. note) uchishandisa ruzivo chete pamusoro pechinzvimbo chechikamu" (1).

2. Muchina weruzivo murabhoritari

Zviripachena, chekutanga chidimbu chidiki kunamatira kuchitubu, saka iyo chaiyo system (2) inoshandisa chishandiso chinozivikanwa se optical trap - ine laser kuisa simba kune chidimbu chinoteedzera simba rinoshanda pachitubu.

Nokudzokorora nzira yacho pasina kukwevera zvakananga chikamu, chikamu chakasimuka kusvika ku "kureba kukuru", kuunganidza simba guru regiravhiti. Zvirinani, ndizvo zvinotaurwa nevanyori vekuyedza. Huwandu hwesimba rinogadzirwa nehurongwa uhu "hunofananidzwa nemishini yemamorekuru mumasero mapenyu" uye "inofananidzwa nehutachiona hunofamba nekukurumidza," imwe nhengo yechikwata inotsanangura. Yannick Erich.