Egzoplanetya

Nathalie Bataglia weNASA's Ames Research Center, mumwe wevanonyanya kuvhima mapuraneti, munguva pfupi yapfuura mubvunzurudzo akataura kuti zvakawanwa ma<em>exoplanet zvakachinja maonero atinoita denga. "Tinotarisa denga uye hationi nyeredzi chete, asiwo nyeredzi, nokuti ikozvino tinoziva kuti inenge imwe pasi inotenderera nyeredzi imwe neimwe," akabvuma.

kubva mumakore achangopfuura, zvinogona kutaurwa kuti anonyatso enzanisira hunhu hwevanhu, umo kuda kuziva kunogutsa kunopa mufaro uye kugutsikana kwechinguvana. Nokuti nokukurumidza pane mibvunzo mitsva uye zvinetso zvinoda kukundwa kuti uwane mhinduro itsva. 3,5 zviuru zvemapuraneti uye kutenda kuti miviri yakadaro yakajairika muchadenga? Ko kana tikaziva izvi, kana tisingazive kuti zvinhu zviri kure izvi zvinogadzirwa nei? Dzine mhepo here, uye kana zvakadaro, unogona kufema here? Zvinogarika here, uye kana zvakadaro, mune upenyu here?

Mapuraneti manomwe ane mvura inogona kunge iri mvura

Imwe yenhau dzegore ndeye kuwanikwa kweNASA neEuropean Southern Observatory (ESO) yeTRAPPIST-1 star system, umo mapuraneti manomwe epasi akaverengerwa. Mukuwedzera, pachiyero che cosmic, hurongwa huri pedyo, makiromita makumi mana chete kubva kure.

Nhoroondo yekuwanikwa kwemapuraneti akatenderedza nyeredzi TRAPPIST-1 inotangira pakupera kwa2015. Zvadaro, nekuda kwekuona neBelgian TRAPPIST Robotic Telescope Mapuraneti matatu akawanikwa paLa Silla Observatory muChile. Izvi zvakaziviswa muna Chivabvu 2016 uye tsvakiridzo yaenderera mberi. Kurudziro yakasimba yekuwedzera kutsvaga yakapihwa nekuona mafambiro matatu emapuraneti (kureva, mafambiro awo achipesana neseri kweZuva) musi wa11 Zvita 2015, akaitwa uchishandisa. teresikopu VLT paParanal Observatory. Kutsvaga mamwe mapuraneti kwakabudirira - ichangobva kuziviswa kuti kune mapuraneti manomwe muhurongwa hwakafanana nehukuru kuPasi, uye mamwe acho anogona kunge aine makungwa emvura yemvura (1).

1. Kurekodha zvakaonekwa zveTRAPPIST-1 system kuburikidza neteresikopu yeSpitzer

Nyeredzi TRAPPIST-1 idiki pane Zuva redu - 8% chete yehuremu hwayo uye 11% yedhayamita yaro. All . Orbital nguva, maererano: 1,51 mazuva / 2,42 / 4,05 / 6,10 / 9,20 / 12,35 uye anenge 14-25 mazuva (2).

2. Manomwe exoplanets eTRAPPIST-1 system

Maverengero emhando dzemamiriro ekunze akafungidzirwa anoratidza kuti mamiriro epamusoro ekuvapo anowanikwa pamapuraneti. TRAPPIST-1 e, f Oraz g. Mapuraneti ari padyo anoita seanodziya zvakanyanya, uye mapuraneti ekunze anoita seanotonhora zvakanyanya. Nekudaro, hazvigone kutongerwa kunze kuti mune mapuraneti b, c, d, mvura inoitika pazvidimbu zvidiki zvepasi, sezvainogona kuvepo papasi h - kana paine imwe yekuwedzera yekudziya michina.

Zvingangoita kuti mapuraneti eTRAPPIST-1 achave nyaya yekutsvagisa kwakanyanya mumakore anotevera, panotanga basa, senge. James Webb Space Telescope (mutsivi Hubble Space Telescope) kana kuvakwa neESO Teresikopu yeE-ELT muhupamhi hwemamita 40. Vesainzi vachada kuongorora kana mapuraneti aya ane mhepo yakaapoteredza uye kutsvaga zviratidzo zvemvura paari.

Kunyangwe akawanda semapuraneti matatu ari munzvimbo inonzi yakapoteredza nyeredzi TRAPPIST-1, asi mikana yekuti vachave nzvimbo dzekugamuchira vaeni idiki. Izvi nzvimbo ine vanhu vakawanda. Nyika iri kuresa muhurongwa iri pedyo nenyeredzi kakapetwa katanhatu pane Mercury iri kuZuva. maererano nehukuru kupfuura quartet (Mercury, Venus, Earth uye Mars). Zvisinei, inonyanya kufadza maererano ne density.

Planet f - pakati pe ecosphere - ine density inosvika 60% chete yePasi, ukuwo planet c yakakora zvekusvika 16% pane Nyika. Vose zvavo, zvichida, mapuraneti ematombo. Panguva imwecheteyo, idzi data hazvifanirwe kuve zvakanyanya kukanganiswa mumamiriro ehupenyu-hushamwari. Tichitarisa maitiro aya, munhu anogona kufunga, semuenzaniso, kuti Venus inofanirwa kuve mumiriri ari nani wehupenyu uye colonization kupfuura Mars. Zvichakadaro, Mars iri kuvimbisa zvakanyanya nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakawanda.

Saka zvese zvatinoziva zvinokanganisa sei mikana yehupenyu paTRAPPIST-1? Zvakanaka, vanyengeri vanovati vakaremara zvakadaro.

Nyeredzi diki pane Zuva dzine hupenyu hurefu, izvo zvinopa nguva yakakwana yekuti hupenyu huvepo. Nehurombo, ivo vanonyanya kukoshesa - mhepo yezuva ine simba mumasisitimu akadaro, uye mazhenje anogona kuuraya anowanzoitika uye akawedzera.

Uyezve, inyeredzi dzinotonhorera, saka nzvimbo dzavanogara dziri padyo navo zvakanyanya. Naizvozvo, mukana wekuti nyika iri munzvimbo yakadaro inogara ichipererwa nehupenyu yakakura kwazvo. Zvichamuomerawo kuchengetedza mhepo. Nyika inochengetedza goko rayo rakatetepa nekuda kwemagnetic field, simba remagineti imhaka yekutenderera kwekufamba (kunyangwe vamwe vaine dzidziso dzakasiyana, ona pazasi). Nehurombo, sisitimu yakatenderedza TRAPPIST-1 "yakazara" zvekuti zvingangoita kuti mapuraneti ese anogara akatarisana nedivi rimwechete renyeredzi, sezvatinogara tichiona rimwe divi reMwedzi. Chokwadi, mamwe emapuraneti aya akatanga kune imwe nzvimbo kure kubva kune nyeredzi yawo, aumba mhepo yawo pachine nguva mberi achibva aswedera pedyo nenyeredzi. Kunyange zvakadaro, vangangove vasina mhepo yakapoteredza pasi munguva pfupi.

Asi zvakadini neaya madiki matsvuku?

Tisati tapenga nezve "hanzvadzi nomwe" dzeTRAPPIST-1, taipenga nezvenyika yakaita sePasi munzvimbo yepedyo yesolar. Kuyera kweradhial velocity kwakaringana kwakaita kuti zvikwanise kuona muna 2016 imwe saneti yakaita sePasi inonzi Proxima Centauri b (3), ichitenderera Proxima Centauri mumhepo.

3. Kufungidzira pamusoro penyika Proxima Centauri b

Kucherechedzwa uchishandisa midziyo yekuyeresa yakanyatsojeka, seyakarongwa James Webb Space Telescope, ingangoratidzira pasi. Zvisinei, sezvo Proxima Centauri ari nyeredzi dzvuku uye ari nyeredzi inopisa, mukana wekurarama panyika inoitenderedza unoramba uchinetsana (zvisinei nekuti iri padyo nePasi, zvakatotaurwa sechinangwa chekubhururuka pakati penyeredzi). Kunetsekana pamusoro pemoto kunotungamira kumubvunzo wekuti pasi rine simba remagineti, seNyika, rinoidzivirira. Kwemakore akawanda, masayendisiti akawanda aidavira kuti kusikwa kwemagineti akadaro kwakanga kusingabviri pamapuraneti akaita seProxima b, sezvo kutenderera kunopindirana kunodzivirira izvi. Zvaitendwa kuti iyo magnetic field yakagadzirwa nemagetsi emagetsi mukati mepakati penyika, uye kufamba kwezvimedu zvinopomerwa zvinodiwa kuti zvigadzire izvozvi zvakakonzerwa nekutenderera kwepasi. Nyika inotenderera zvishoma nezvishoma inogona kusakwanisa kutakura zvinhu zvinochajiwa nekukasira kugadzira simba remagineti rinokwanisa kudzima moto woita kuti vakwanise kuchengetedza mhepo.

zvisinei Tsvagiridzo ichangoburwa inoratidza kuti mapuraneti magineti anobatwa pamwe chete ne convection, maitiro ekuti zvinhu zvinopisa mukati mepakati zvinosimuka, zvinotonhorera, uye zvino kunyura kumashure.

Tarisiro yemamiriro ekunze pamapuraneti akaita seProxima Centauri b akabatana neazvino kuwanikwa pamusoro pepasi. Gliese 1132inotenderera dzvuku. Kunenge kusisina hupenyu ikoko. Iri igehena, fry pane tembiricha isiri yakaderera pane 260 ° C. Zvisinei, igehena nemhepo! Achiongorora mafambiro epasi pamafungu manomwe akasiyana echiedza, masayendisiti akawana kuti ine hukuru hwakasiyana. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kunze kwechimiro chechinhu pachacho, chiedza chenyeredzi chinovharidzirwa nemhepo yakapoteredza pasi, iyo inongobvumira humwe hurefu hwayo kupfuura. Uye izvi, zvakare, zvinoreva kuti Gliese 1132 b ine mhepo, kunyange zvazvo ichiita seisina kuenderana nemitemo.

Aya inhau dzakanaka nekuti dzvuku dzvuku dzinoumba pamusoro pe90% yehuwandu hwenyeredzi (yellow nyeredzi chete inosvika 4%). Zvino tine hwaro hwakasimba hwokuvimba pahuri dzinenge dzimwe dzadzo kufarikanya mhepo yakapoteredza pasi. Kunyange zvazvo isu tisingazivi nzira yaizobvumira kuti ichengetwe, kuwanikwa kwayo pachayo inofanotaura zvakanaka kune zvose TRAPPIST-1 system uye muvakidzani wedu Proxima Centauri b.

Kutanga kuwanikwa

Scientific mishumo yekuwanikwa kwemapuraneti eextrasolar yakaonekwa kutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Imwe yekutanga yaive William Jacob kubva kuMadras Observatory muna 1855, uyo akawana kuti binary star system 70 Ophiuchus muboka renyeredzi Ophiuchus aiva neanomalies airatidza kuti pane mukana mukuru we "mutumbi wepuraneti" imomo. Mushumo wacho wakatsigirwa nekucherechedza Thomas J.J. Ona kubva kuYunivhesiti yeChicago, avo vakatenderedza 1890 vakafunga kuti kusanzwisisika kwakaratidza kuvepo kwemuviri wakasviba unotenderera imwe yenyeredzi, ine orbital nguva ye36 makore. Zvisinei, gare gare zvakaonekwa kuti hurongwa hwemiviri mitatu ine maparameter akadaro yaizova isina kugadzikana.

Uyezve, muna 50-60s. Muzana remakore rechiXNUMX, imwe nyanzvi yenyeredzi yeAmerica Peter van de Kamp kuongorora nyeredzi kwakaratidza kuti mapuraneti anotenderera nyeredzi iri pedyosa Barnard (anenge makore 5,94 echiedza kubva kwatiri).

Ese aya mareport ekutanga ave kunzi haana kururama.

Kuonekwa kwekutanga kwakabudirira kweplanet ye extrasolar kwakaitwa muna 1988. Nyika yeGamma Cephei b yakawanikwa pachishandiswa nzira dzeDoppler. (kureva tsvuku / violet shift) - uye izvi zvakaitwa nevazivi venyeredzi vekuCanada B. Campbell, G. Walker naS. Young. Nekudaro, kuwanikwa kwavo kwakazosimbiswa chete muna 2002. Nyika ine nguva yekutenderera inosvika 903,3 mazuva ePasi, kana makore angangoita 2,5 ePasi, uye huremu hwayo hunofungidzirwa kunge 1,8 Jupiter masses. Inotenderera gamma-ray hofori inonzi Cepheus, inozivikanwawo seErrai (inoonekwa nemaziso enyama muboka renyeredzi reCepheus), iri chinhambwe chemakiromita anosvika mamiriyoni 310.

Nenguva isipi, mitumbi yakadaro yakawanikwa munzvimbo isina kujairika. Vaitenderera pulsar (nyeredzi inonzi neutron yakaumbwa mushure mekuputika kwe supernova). Kubvumbi 21, 1992, wePoland radio astronomer - Alexander Volshan, uye American - Dale Fryl, yakaburitsa chinyorwa chinoshuma kuwanikwa kwemapuraneti matatu ekunze mune yepuraneti system yepulsar PSR 1257 + 12.

Yekutanga extrasolar planet inotenderera yakajairwa huru yekutevedzana nyeredzi yakawanikwa muna 1995. Izvi zvakaitwa nemasayendisiti kubva kuYunivhesiti yeGeneva - Michelle Mayor i Didier Keloz, nekuda kwekucherechedza kwehuwandu hwenyeredzi 51 Pegasi, iyo iri muboka renyeredzi Pegasus. Mamiriro ekunze aive akasiyana zvakanyanya kubva. Nyika 51 Pegasi b (4) yakave chinhu chine gasi chine huremu hwe 0,47 Jupiter masses, iyo inotenderera pedyo zvakanyanya nenyeredzi yayo, chete 0,05 AU. kubva pairi (anenge mamiriyoni 3 km).

Kepler telescope inopinda mu orbit

Parizvino kune anopfuura zviuru zvitatu nemazana mashanu anozivikanwa exoplanets eese saizi, kubva kune akakura kupfuura Jupiter kusvika kudiki pane Earth. A(5) yakaunza pundutso. Yakatangwa muorbit muna Kurume 2009. Iine girazi rine dhayamita ingangoita 0,95 m uye yakakura kwazvo CCD sensor yakaunzwa muchadenga - 95 megapixels. Chinangwa chikuru chemishoni ndeye kutarisa kuwanda kwekuitika kwehurongwa hwemapuraneti munzvimbo uye kusiyana-siyana kwezvivakwa zvavo. Teresikopu inotarisisa nhamba huru yenyeredzi uye inoona mapuraneti nenzira yekufambisa. Yakanga yakanangana neboka renyeredzi Cygnus.

5. Teresikopu yeKepler inoona exoplanet iri pamberi pedisiki renyeredzi yayo.

Teresikopu payakadzima nekuda kwekutadza kushanda zvakanaka muna 2013, masayendisiti akataura nezwi guru kugutsikana nezvaakaita. Zvakazoitika, kunyanguvezvo, kuti panguva iyoyo zvaingoratidzika kwatiri kuti rwendo rwokuvhima pasi rwakanga rwapera. Kwete chete nekuti Kepler ari kutepfenyura zvakare mushure mekuzorora, asiwo nekuda kwenzira dzakawanda nyowani dzekuona zvinhu zvinofarirwa.

The telescope yekutanga kuita vhiri yakamira kushanda muna Chikunguru 2012. Zvisinei, vamwe vatatu vakasara - vakabvumira probe kufamba muchadenga. Kepler akaita seaigona kuenderera mberi nekucherechedza kwake. Zvinosuruvarisa, muna May 2013, vhiri rechipiri rakaramba kuteerera. Kuedza kwakaitwa kushandisa chivako chekuisa panzvimbo kugadzirisa motazvisinei, mafuta akakurumidza kupera. Pakati paGumiguru 2013, NASA yakazivisa kuti Kepler aisazotsvaga mapuraneti.

Uye zvakadaro, kubva muna May 2014, basa idzva remunhu anoremekedzwa rave richiitika. vavhimi ve exoplanet, inonzi neNASA seK2. Izvi zvakaitwa kuti zvikwanisike kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwemaitiro mashoma echinyakare. Sezvo teresikopu yaisazokwanisa kushanda nemavhiri maviri anoshanda zvakanaka (angangoita matatu), masayendisiti eNASA akafunga kushandisa kumanikidza. mwaranzi yezuva se "virtual reaction vhiri". Uyu mutoo wakabvumikisa kuva unobudirira mukudzora teresikopu. Sechikamu chechinangwa cheK2, zvakacherechedzwa zvakatoitwa makumi ezviuru zvenyeredzi.

Kepler anga ari mubasa kwenguva yakareba kupfuura yakarongwa (kusvika 2016), asi mishoni mitsva yemhando yakafanana yakarongwa kwemakore.

IEuropean Space Agency (ESA) iri kushanda pane satellite iyo basa richave rekunyatsoona uye kudzidza chimiro cheanotozivikanwa exoplanets (CHEOPS). Kuvhurwa kwemisheni kwakaziviswa kwe2017. NASA, zvakare, inoda kutumira TESS satellite munzvimbo gore rino, iyo ichave yakatarisana nekutsvaga mapuraneti epasi., dzinenge nyeredzi 500 dziri pedyo nesu. Chirongwa ndechekutsvaga mapuraneti angangoita mazana matatu e "second Earth".

Mamisheni ese ari maviri anoenderana nenzira yekufambisa. Handizvo zvoga. Muna February 2014, European Space Agency yakabvumira PLATEAU basa. Zvinoenderana nehurongwa hwazvino, inofanirwa kusimuka muna 2024 uye kushandisa teresikopu yezita rimwe chete kutsvaga mapuraneti ane matombo ane mvura. Izvi zvinoonekwa zvinogonawo kuita kuti zvikwanise kutsvaga maexomoons, akafanana nemashandisirwo akaitwa data raKepler kuita izvi. Kunzwa kwePLATO kuchaenzaniswa ne Teresikopu yeKepler.

KuNASA, zvikwata zvakasiyana-siyana zviri kushanda mukumwe tsvagiridzo munzvimbo iyi. Imwe yevadiki inozivikanwa uye ichiri padanho rekutanga mapurojekiti ndeye nyeredzi mumvuri. Wakanga uri mubvunzo wokuvharidzira chiedza chenyeredzi nechimwe chinhu chakaita seamburera, kuitira kuti mapuraneti ari nechokunze kwayo aonekwe. Kushandisa wavelength kuongororwa, zvikamu zvemhepo yazvo zvichange zvakatemwa. NASA ichaongorora chirongwa ichi gore rino kana rinotevera uye sarudza kana chakakodzera kuita. Kana iyo Starshade mishoni yakatangwa, saka muna 2022 ichaita

Nzira shoma dzechivanhu dziri kushandiswawo kutsvaga mapuraneti eextrasolar. Muna 2017, EVE Online vatambi vanozokwanisa kutsvaga exoplanets chaiwo munyika chaiyo. - sechikamu chepurojekiti ichaitwa nevagadziri vemitambo, Massively Multiplayer Online Science (MMOS) chikuva, Yunivhesiti yeReykjavik neYunivhesiti yeGeneva.

Vatori vechikamu cheprojekiti vachafanira kuvhima mapuraneti eextrasolar kuburikidza nemini-mutambo unonzi Kuvhura chirongwa. Munguva yendege dzemuchadenga, dzinogona kusvika kumaminetsi akati wandei, zvichienderana nedaro riri pakati pezviteshi zvemuchadenga, vanoongorora data chairo remuchadenga. Kana vatambi vakakwana vakabvumirana pane yakakodzera kurongeka kweruzivo, inodzoserwa kuYunivhesiti yeGeneva kuti ibatsire kuvandudza chidzidzo. Michelle Mayor, akahwina mubairo we 2017 Wolf muFizikisi uye ambotaurwa anoona nezve exoplanet muna 1995, acharatidza chirongwa ichi paEVE Fanfest yegore rino muReykjavik, Iceland.

Dzidza Zvimwe

Vazivi venyeredzi vanofungidzira kuti kune mapuraneti akakura mabhiriyoni gumi nemanomwe mugwara redu renzou. Huwandu uhu hwakaziviswa makore mashoma apfuura nemasayendisiti paHarvard Astrophysical Center, zvichibva pakuona kwakaitwa netelescope yeKepler.

François Fressen weCentre anosimbisa kuti idzi data, hongu, hazvifanirwe kunzwisiswa mupfungwa yekuti imwe neimwe yemabhiriyoni emapuraneti ine mamiriro akanaka ehupenyu. Ndega zera handizvo zvoga. Zvakakoshawo chinhambwe kubva kunyeredzipanotenderera pasi. Ramba uchifunga kuti kunyange zvazvo zvizhinji zvezvinhu izvi zvakaita seNyika zvinofamba mumikoto yakamanikana yakafanana neiyo yeMercury, zvinotenderera pane zvimwe.

nyeredzi, dzimwe dzacho iduku zvakajeka pane zuva redu. Masayendisiti anokarakadzawo kuti kuti tirarame, sekuziva kwedu, zvinokosha mvura yemvura.

Nzira yekufambisa inotaura zvishoma nezvepasi pacharo. Unogona kuishandisa kuona ukuru hwayo uye chinhambwe kubva kunyeredzi. Technics radial velocity kuyerwa inogona kubatsira kuziva kuwanda kwayo. Iko kusanganiswa kwenzira mbiri kunoita kuti zvikwanise kuverenga density. Zvinoita here kuti utarise zvakanyanya kune exoplanet?

Zvinoratidza kuti ndizvo. NASA inotoziva nzira yekuona mapuraneti senge Kepler-7 piyo yakagadzirirwa neTelescope yeKepler neSpitzer mepu yemakore mumhepo. Zvakazoitika kuti pasi rino rinopisa zvakanyanya kune mafomu ehupenyu anozivikanwa kwatiri - ari kupisa kubva 816 kusvika 982 ° C. Zvisinei, idi chairo retsanangudzo yakadzama yakadaro idanho guru rokufambira mberi, tichipiwa kuti tiri kutaura pamusoro penyika iri kure nechiedza makore zana kubva kwatiri. Nekudaro, kuvepo kwegore gobvu rinofukidza rakatenderedza exoplanets GJ 436b uye GJ 1214b zvakatorwa kubva mukuongororwa kwechiedza kubva kunyeredzi dzevabereki.

Mapuraneti ose ari maviri anosanganisirwa mune inonzi super-Earth. GJ 436b (6) iri 36 light years away muboka renyeredzi Leo. GJ 1214b iri muboka renyeredzi Ophiuchus, 40 chiedza makore kubva Panyika. Yekutanga yakafanana muhukuru neNeptune, asi iri padyo nenyeredzi yayo kupfuura "prototype" inozivikanwa kubva kune solar system. Yechipiri idiki pane Neptune, asi yakakura kudarika Earth.

6. Cloud layer yakatenderedza GJ 436b - kuona

Inouyawo ne adaptive optics, inoshandiswa mukuongorora nyeredzi kubvisa kuvhiringika kunokonzerwa nekudengenyeka kwemhepo. Kushandiswa kwaro kudzora teresikopu nekombuta kuitira kudzivirira kukanganisa kwenzvimbo kwegirazi (pahurongwa hwema micrometer mashoma), nekudaro kugadzirisa zvikanganiso mumufananidzo unoguma. Aya ndiwo mashandiro anoita Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) yakavakirwa kuChile. Chigadzirwa ichi chakatanga kushandiswa munaNovember 2013.

Iko kushandiswa kweGPI kune simba zvekuti inokwanisa kuona mwenje wezvinhu zvakasviba uye zviri kure senge exoplanets. Nekuda kweizvi, zvinokwanisika kudzidza zvakawanda nezve kuumbwa kwavo. Nyika yakasarudzwa seimwe yekutanga yekutarisa zvinangwa. Beta Painter b. Mune ino kesi, iyo GPI inoshanda senge solar coronagraph, ndiko kuti, inovhara dhisiki renyeredzi iri kure kuratidza kupenya kwepasi riri pedyo. 

Chinokosha pakucherechedza “zviratidzo zvoupenyu” chiedza chinobva kunyeredzi inotenderera pasi. Chiedza chinopfuura nemumhepo ye exoplanet chinosiya imwe nzira inogona kuyerwa kubva kuNyika. kushandisa spectroscopic nzira, i.e. ongororo yemwaranzi inoburitswa, kutorwa kana kuparadzirwa nechinhu chinobatika. Nzira yakafanana inogona kushandiswa kudzidza nzvimbo dze exoplanets. Zvisinei, pane chinhu chimwe chete. Kumusoro kwepasi kunofanirwa kutora kana kuparadzira chiedza zvakakwana. Mapuraneti ari kubuda mumhepo, zvichireva mapuraneti ane mativi ekunze anoyangarara mukati megore guru reguruva, vanhu vakanaka. 

Nezviridzwa zvatatova nazvo, pasina kuvaka kana kutumira nzvimbo itsva dzekuona muchadenga, tinokwanisa kuona mvura iri panyika iri kure nechiedza chemakore gumi nemaviri. Masayendisiti uyo - nerubatsiro Teresikopu Yakakura Kwazvo muChile - vakaona mitsetse yemvura mumhepo yepasi 51 Pegasi b; vaisada mafambiro epasi pakati penyeredzi nePasi. Zvakanga zvakakwana kuona shanduko dzisinganzwisisiki mukudyidzana pakati peexoplanet nenyeredzi. Maererano nemasayendisiti, zviyero zvekuchinja kwechiedza chinoratidza kuti mumhepo yepasi kure kune 1/10 zviuru zvemvura, pamwe chete nemararamiro. kabhoni diamoni i methane. Izvo hazvisati zvave kugona kusimbisa izvi zvakaonekwa ipapo ... 

Imwe nzira yekutarisa yakananga uye kudzidza exoplanets kwete kubva muchadenga, asi kubva kuPasi inokurudzirwa nemasayendisiti kubva kuPrinceton University. Vakagadzira hurongwa hweCHARIS, rudzi rwe yakanyanya kutonhorera spectrographiyo inokwanisa kuona chiedza chinoratidzwa nehombe, yakakura kudarika Jupiter, exoplanets. Nekuda kweizvi, iwe unogona kuziva huremu hwavo uye tembiricha, uye, nekudaro, zera ravo. Chishandiso ichi chakaiswa paSubaru Observatory muHawaii.

MunaSeptember 2016, hofori yakaiswa mukushanda. Chinese radio telescope FAST (), iro basa richava rekutsvaga zviratidzo zvehupenyu kune mamwe mapuraneti. Masayendisiti pasi rose ane tariro huru nokuda kwahwo. Uyu mukana wekutarisa nekukurumidza uye kure kupfuura nakare kose munhoroondo yekuongorora kune dzimwe nyika. Munda waro wekuona uchave wakapetwa kaviri we Teresikopu yeArecibo muPuerto Rico, iyo yave iri pamberi kwemakore 53 apfuura.

FAST canopy ine dhayamita yemamita 500. Inosanganisira 4450 triangular aluminium panels. Inotora nzvimbo inofananidzwa nenhandare dzenhabvu makumi matatu. Nokuda kwebasa, ndinoda ... kunyarara kwakakwana mukati memakiromita mashanu, uye naizvozvo inenge 5 zviuru. vanhu vanogara ikoko vakadzingwa. Teresikopu yeredhiyo iri mudziva rechisikigo pakati penzvimbo dzakanaka dzegirinhi karst maumbirwo kumaodzanyemba kweGuizhou Province.

Munguva pfupi yapfuura, zvakare zvave zvichikwanisika kutora zvakananga exoplanet iri chinhambwe che1200 light years. Izvi zvakaitwa pamwe chete nevazivi venyeredzi kubva kuSouth European Observatory (ESO) neChile. Kutsvaga nyika yakamaka CVSO 30c (7) haisati yasimbiswa zviri pamutemo.

7. Nyeredzi CVSO 30c - mufananidzo kubva kuVLT

Kune chaizvoizvo upenyu hwokudenga here?

Kare, zvakange zvisingagamuchirwi nesainzi kufungidzira nezvehupenyu hwakangwara uye budiriro yevatorwa. Bold pfungwa dzakaedzwa nevanozviti. Yakanga iri nyanzvi huru yefizikisi, mubairo weNobel, ndiye akatanga kuona izvozvo Pane kupokanidzana kwakajeka pakati pefungidziro dzakakwirira dzekubvira kwekuvapo kwechivanhu chekunze kwenyika uye kusavapo kwezvimwe zvinoonekwa zvekuvapo kwavo. "Varipi?" musayendisiti aifanira kubvunza, achiteverwa nevamwe vakawanda vasina chokwadi, achinongedzera kuzera rechisiko chapose pose uye nhamba yenyeredzi.. Iye zvino aigona kuwedzera kune gangaidzo rake "mapuraneti akafanana nePasi" akawanikwa neteresikopu yeKepler. Muchokwadi, kuwanda kwavo kunongowedzera hunhu hwekangaidzo hwemifungo yaFermi, asi mamiriro akatekeshera echido anosundira kusava nechokwadi uku mumumvuri.

Izvo zvakawanikwa exoplanet chinhu chakakosha chekuwedzera kune imwe theoretical system inoedza kuronga kuedza kwedu mukutsvaga budiriro yekunze - Drake Equations. Musiki weSETI chirongwa, Frank DrakeNdakadzidza izvozvo nhamba yebudiriro iyo vanhu vanogona kutaurirana nayo, ndiko kuti, zvichibva pafungidziro yebudiriro yetekinoroji, inogona kutorwa nekuwedzera nguva yekuvapo kweaya budiriro nenhamba yavo. Iyo yekupedzisira inogona kuzivikanwa kana kufungidzirwa zvichibva, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, chikamu chenyeredzi dzine mapuraneti, avhareji yenhamba yemapuraneti, uye muzana yemapuraneti ari munzvimbo inogarwa.. Iri ndiro data ratachangobva kugamuchira, uye tinogona kuzadza zvishoma zvishoma equation (8) nenhamba.

Iyo Fermi Paradox inoisa mubvunzo wakaoma watingangopindura kana tazosangana neimwe budiriro. Kuna Drake, zvakare, zvese zvakarurama, iwe unongoda kuita nhevedzano yefungidziro pahwaro hwekuita fungidziro nyowani. Zvichakadaro Amir Axel, prof. Bentley College nhamba mubhuku ravo "Probability = 1" vakaverenga mukana wehupenyu hwekunze ingangoita 100%.

Akazviita sei? Akataura kuti chikamu chenyeredzi dzine nyika i50% (mushure memhedzisiro yetelescope yeKepler, zvinoita sekunge zvimwe). Akabva afunga kuti imwe yemapuraneti mapfumbamwe ine mamiriro akakodzera ekubuda kwehupenyu, uye mukana weDNA molecule ndeye 1 muna 1015. Akataura kuti nhamba yenyeredzi dziri muchadenga i3 × 1022 (mugumisiro we kuwedzera nhamba yemapoka enyeredzi neavhareji yenhamba yenyeredzi mune rimwe boka). Prof. Akzel anotungamira kumhedziso yekuti pane imwe nzvimbo muchadenga hupenyu hunofanira kunge hwakamuka. Zvisinei, zvingava kure nesu zvokuti hatizivani.

Nekudaro, idzi fungidziro dzenhamba pamusoro pekwakabva hupenyu uye budiriro yehunyanzvi kwetekinoroji inorangarira zvimwe. Semuenzaniso, yekufungidzira budiriro yevatorwa. haazvifariri batana nesu. Vanogonawo kuva budiriro. hazvibviri kutibata, nokuda kwounyanzvi kana zvimwe zvikonzero zvatisingagoni kunyange kufungidzira. Pamwe ndizvo hatinzwisisi uye hatitombooni zviratidzo uye nzira dzekutaurirana dzatinogamuchira kubva kune "vatorwa".

"Asipo" mapuraneti

Kune misungo yakawanda mukuvhima kusingadzorwi kwemapuraneti, sezvinoratidzwa nekusangana Gliese 581 d. Zvinyorwa zvepaIndaneti zvinonyora pamusoro pechinhu ichi: "Nyika haipo chaizvoizvo, data iri muchikamu chino inotsanangura chete maitiro ezvinyorwa zvepasi rino kana zvingave zviripo."

Nyaya yacho inonakidza seyambiro kune avo vanorasikirwa nekuchenjerera kwesayenzi mukufarira kwepuraneti. Kubva "kuwanikwa" kwayo muna 2007, pasi rekunyepedzera rave chidimbu chechero kuunganidzwa kwe "pedyo exoplanets kuPasi" mumakore mashoma apfuura. Zvakakwana kuisa iro kiyi izwi rekuti "Gliese 581 d" mune graphical Internet yekutsvaga injini kuti uwane yakanakisa yekuona nyika inosiyana nePasi chete muchimiro chemakondinendi...

Mutambo wekufungidzira wakavhiringidzwa zvine utsinye nekuongorora kutsva kwenyeredzi yeGliese 581. Vakaratidza kuti humbowo hwekuvapo kwepasi pamberi peiyo stellar disk hwakatorwa panzvimbo semavara anooneka pamusoro penyeredzi, sesuwo. kuziva kubva kuzuva redu. Chokwadi chitsva chakabatidza mwenje wenyevero kune vanoongorora nyeredzi munyika yesainzi.

Gliese 581 d haisiriyo yega inogoneka yekunyepedzera exoplanet. Hypothetical hombe gasi pasi Fomalhaut b (9), iyo yaifanirwa kunge iri mugore rinozivikanwa se "Ziso reSauron", pamwe ingori gasi guru, uye haisi kure nesu. Alpha Centauri BB inogona kungove kukanganisa mu data yekutarisa.

9. Hypothetical exoplanet Fomalhaut b

Pasinei nekukanganisa, kusanzwisisa uye kusava nechokwadi, zvakawanikwa zvakakura zvemapuraneti eextrasolar zvatove chokwadi. Ichi chokwadi chinokanganisa zvakanyanya iyo yaimbozivikanwa thesis pamusoro pekusiyana kwesolar system nemapuraneti sezvatinoaziva, kusanganisira Nyika. - zvese zvinoratidza kuti tiri kutenderera munzvimbo imwechete yehupenyu semamiriyoni edzimwe nyeredzi (10). Zvinoitawo sekuti kutaura nezvekusiyana kwehupenyu nezvisikwa zvakaita sevanhu dzingave dzisina hwaro zvakaenzana. Asi—sezvinoita ma<em>exoplanets, ayo takambodavira bedzi kuti “anofanira kuvapo”—ufakazi hwesayenzi hwokuti upenyu “huripo” huchiri kudikanwa.

10. Nzvimbo yehupenyu muhurongwa hwemapuraneti zvichienderana nekupisa kwenyeredzi