Mota yemagetsi nezuro, nhasi uye mangwana: Chikamu 1
Iyo yakateedzana pamatanho matsva ekufamba kwemagetsi
Kuongorora kwenhamba uye kuronga kwakasimba masainzi akaomesesa uye mamiriro azvino uno nehutano, mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika nepasirese anozviratidza. Parizvino, hapana munhu anogona kutaura kuti chii chichaitika mushure mekuguma kwedenda kubva pakuona bhizinesi remotokari, kunyanya nekuti hazvizivikanwe kuti ichave riini. Ko izvo zvinodiwa maererano nekabhoni dhayokisaidhi uye kushandiswa kwemafuta munyika uye muEurope zvichachinja zvakanyanya? Kuti izvi, zvinosanganiswa nemitengo yakaderera yemafuta uye yakaderedzwa mari yemari, zvinokanganisa kufamba kwemagetsi. Iko kuwedzera kwesabhidi yavo kuchaenderera here kana kuti zvakapesana zvichaitika? Mari yekubatsira (kana iripo) yemakambani emota ichapihwa nechinodiwa pakuisa mari mu "green" tekinoroji.
China, iyo iri kutozunza dambudziko, icharamba ichitsvaga nzira yekuve mutungamiri mukufamba kutsva, nekuti haina kuzova vanguard tekinoroji mune yekare. Vazhinji vagadziri vemotokari nhasi vachiri kutengesa dzinowanzo dziya motokari dzinopihwa simba, asi vakaisa mari kwazvo mukufamba kwemagetsi mumakore achangopfuura, saka ivo vakagadzirira zviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana zvekupokana. Ehezve, kunyangwe iwo akasviba akafanofungidzirwa mamiriro haabatanidzi chimwe chinhu chinotyisa seicho chiri kuitika. Asi sekutaura kwaNietzsche, "Izvo zvisingandiuraye zvinondisimbisa." Mashandisiro anoita makambani emota uye ma subcontractors mafirosofi avo uye kuti hutano hwavo huchave chii zvicharamba zvichionekwa. Pachave paine basa kune lithiamu-ion maseru vagadziri. Uye tisati taenderera mberi neyakagadziriswa tekinoroji mumunda wemagetsi emagetsi uye mabhatiri, isu tichakuyeuchidza nezve zvimwe zvikamu zveiyo nhoroondo uye avo epuratifomu mhinduro.
Chinhu senge sumo…
Nzira ndiyo chinangwa. Iyi pfungwa inoita senge yakapusa yeLao Tzu inozadza nezviri mukati masimba masimba anoitika muindasitiri yemotokari parizvino. Ichokwadi kuti nguva dzakasiyana munhoroondo yadzo dzakatsanangurwawo se "zvine simba" - senge matambudziko maviri emafuta, asi ichokwadi kuti nhasi kune zviitiko zvakakosha zvekushandurwa munzvimbo ino. Zvichida mufananidzo wakanakisa wekushushikana unotsanangurwa nekuronga, kusimudzira kana madhipatimendi ekubatanidza vanotengesa. Ndeapi achave mavhoriyamu uye chikamu chakaenzana chemotokari dzemagetsi mune yakazara kugadzirwa kwemotokari mumakore anotevera? Maitiro ekugadzirisa kugoverwa kwezvinhu zvakaita se lithiamu-ion maseru emabhatiri uye ndiani achave anotengesa zvinhu uye zvishandiso zvekugadzira magetsi emagetsi nemagetsi emagetsi. Kunyangwe yekudyara iwe pachako kusimudzira kana kuisa mari, tenga masheya uye upinde muzvibvumirano nevamwe vatengesi vevanogadzira magetsi emagetsi. Kana mapuratifomu emuviri matsva akagadzirwa zvinoenderana nezvakataurwa nemotokari iri kutaurwa, izvo zviripo zvinogona kuchinjika kana mapuratifomu matsva epasi rose akagadzirwa Huwandu hukuru hwemibvunzo pahwaro hwekuti sarudzo dzekukurumidza dzinofanirwa kuitwa, asi pahwaro hwekuongorora kwakakomba. Nekuti ese anosanganisira makuru emari pachikamu chemakambani uye kugadzirisa, izvo nenzira ipi zvayo isingatadzise basa rekuvandudza pane yakasarudzika propulsion neinjini dzemukati dzemoto (kusanganisira injini yedhiziri). Nekudaro, mushure mezvose, ndeavo vanounza purofiti yemakambani emota uye vanofanirwa kupa zviwanikwa zvemari zvekusimudzira uye kuunza mukugadzirwa kwemhando nyowani dzemagetsi. Ah, ikozvino kwaita dambudziko…
Moto wedhiziri
Kuongorora uye kufungidzira-kwakavakirwa kuongororwa kwakaoma basa. Zvinoenderana nezvakafungidzirwa zvakawanda kubva muna2008, mazuvano mutengo wemafuta unofanirwa kunge wakapfuura madhora mazana maviri nemazana mashanu pachigodo. Zvino kwakauya dambudziko rezvehupfumi uye zvese zvakadonha zvakadonha. Dambudziko rakapera, uye VW Bordeaux vakazivisa injini yedhiziri uye vakava mutakuri wepfungwa yedhiziri nezvirongwa zvinodaidzwa kuti "Zuva reDieseri" kana D-Day nekufananidza nezuva reNormandy kumhara. Pfungwa dzake dzakatanga kumera pazvakazoitika kuti kuvhurwa kwedhiziri hakuna kuitwa nenzira yakatendeseka uye yakachena. Statistics haina nhoroondo yezviitiko zvekare izvi, uye nehupenyu hwemaindasitiri kana hwemagariro hauna chena. Zvematongerwo enyika uye zvemagariro venhau zvakakurumidza kugadzirisa injini yedhiziri isina hwaro hwese hwetekinoroji, uye Volkswagen iyo pachayo yakadururira mafuta pamoto uye sechimiro chekuripa chakakanda padanda, uye mumirazvo yaidadisa mureza wekufambisa kwemagetsi.
Vagadziri vemotokari vazhinji vakabatwa mumusungo uyu nezviitiko zvinomhanya-mhanya. Kunamata kuri pasi peD-Day kwakakurumidza kuve kupanduka, kushandurwa kuita E-zuva, uye munhu wese nekushamisika akatanga kuzvibvunza mibvunzo iri pamusoro. Mumakore anopfuura mana chete - kubva kunyonganiso yedhiziri muna 2015 kusvika nhasi, kunyangwe iwo akasarudzika magetsi akasiyira kuramba mota dzemagetsi ndokutanga kutsvaga nzira dzekugadzira mota dzakadai. Kunyangwe Mazda, iyo yaiti "mwoyo yavo inodziya" uye Toyota, yakazvipira kunamatira kumahybrids avo zvekuti vakaunza meseji yekushambadzira isina musoro senge "vanozvitengesa vega mahybrids" vava kugadzirira neyakajairika yemagetsi chikuva.
Iye zvino vese vagadziri vemota, pasina anosara, vari kutanga kusanganisira emagetsi kana emagetsi mota munzvimbo yavo. Pano hatisi kuzopinda mune zvakadzama kuti ndiani chaizvo mangani emagetsi nemagetsi emagetsi achasuma mumakore anouya, kwete chete nekuti nhamba dzakadai dzinopfuura uye dzinoenda semashizha ematsutso, asiwo nekuti dambudziko iri richachinja akawanda maonero ekuona. Zvirongwa zvakakosha pamadhipatimendi ekuronga zvigadzirwa, asi sezvatambotaura pamusoro, "mugwagwa ndicho chinangwa". Kunge ngarava inofamba pamusoro pegungwa, kuoneka kumusoro kunochinja uye maonero matsva anovhurika kumashure kwayo. Mitengo yebheteri iri kudonha, asi ndozvakaitawo mutengo wemafuta. Vanyori vezvematongerwo enyika nhasi vanoita sarudzo, asi nekufamba kwenguva zvinotungamira pakudonhedza basa kwakanyanya uye sarudzo nyowani dzinodzokera kumamiriro ezvinhu. Uye ipapo zvese zvinongoerekana zvamira…
Nekudaro, isu tiri kure nekufunga kuti kufamba kwemagetsi hakuitike. Ehe, zviri "kuitika" uye zvimwe zvicharamba zvichiitika. Asi sekutaura kwatakaita kakawanda nezvedu mumotokari mota, mutambo ruzivo rwekutanga uye nezvakateedzana izvi tinoda kubatsira kuwedzera ruzivo urwu.
Ndiani achaita chii - munguva pfupi iri kutevera?
Elon Musk's magnetism uye iyo induction iyo Tesla (yakafanana nekambani inoshandiswa zvakanyanya asynchronous kana induction motors) inoshandisa pane indasitiri yemotokari inoshamisa. Kana isu tikasiya parutivi zvirongwa zvekuwana mari nekambani, hatigone kubatsira asi kuyemura murume akawana niche yake muindasitiri yemotokari ndokusundidzira "kutanga-kwake" pakati pemastononi. Ndinoyeuka ndichishanyira iyo Detroit show mu2010, apo padiki padiki Tesla yakaratidza chikamu chealuminium chikuva chenguva yemberi Model S. Sezviri pachena kunetsekana, injineri yekumira haina kukudzwa uye nehanya yakanyanya nevazhinji venhau. Hazvina kana imwe yevatapi venhau panguva iyoyo yaifungidzira kuti peji diki iri munhoroondo yeTesla raizove rakakosha mukusimudzira kwayo. SaToyota, iyo yaitsvaga mhando dzese dzekugadzira uye patent yekuisa hwaro hwayo tekinoroji tekinoroji, ivo vagadziri veTesla panguva iyoyo vaitsvaga nzira dzakangwara dzekugadzira mota yemagetsi pamutengo wakaringana. Sechikamu chekutsvaga uku iko kushandiswa kwemasynchronous motors, kusangana kweyekare maseru e-laptop mumabhatiri uye manejimendi manejimendi, uye kushandiswa kweLotus 'lightweight kuvaka chikuva sehwaro hweiyo yekutanga Roadster modhi. Ehe, iyo mota imwechete iyo Musk yakatumira muchadenga neFalcon Heavy.
Zvakangoitikawo, mugore rimwe chetero 2010 kubva mhiri kwemakungwa ndakave nerombo rakanaka rekuenda kune chimwe chiitiko chinonakidza chine chekuita nemotokari dzemagetsi - kuratidzwa kweBMW MegaCity Vehicle. Kunyangwe panguva yekudonha kwemitengo yemafuta uye kusafarira kwakazara mumotokari dzemagetsi, BMW yakaratidza modhi yakagadzirwa zvachose zvichienderana nezvinodiwa nemagetsi, ine aruminiyamu ine bhatiri-rinotakura furemu. Kubhadhara huremu hwemabhatiri, ayo muna 2010 aive nemasero aisangova nekwanisi kadiki asi aidhura nekashanu pane zvaari kuita iye zvino, mainjiniya eBMW uye vanoverengeka vavo vanogadzira kabhoni dhizaini iyo inogona kugadzirwa. muhuwandu hwakawanda. Mugore rimwe chete, 2010, Nissan yakatanga mutambo wayo wemagetsi neLeaf, uye GM yakaunza iyo Volt / Ampera. Idzi ndidzo dzaive shiri dzekutanga dzemagetsi matsva ekufamba…
Kudzoka munguva
Kana tikadzokera munhoroondo yemota tinozoona kuti kubva kumagumo ezana ramakore rechi19 kusvika panguva yeHondo Yenyika Yekutanga mota yemagetsi yaionekwa seinokwikwidza zvizere neiyo inopihwa neinjini yemukati yemoto. Ichokwadi kuti mabhatiri anga asingashandi panguva iyoyo, asi ichokwadiwo kuti injini yemoto yemukati yaive ichiri mudiki. Kugadzirwa kwekutanga kwemagetsi muna 1912, kuwanikwa kweminda mikuru yemafuta muTexas izvi zvisati zvaitika, uye kuvakwa kwemigwagwa yakawanda muUnited States, pamwe nekugadzirwa kwemitsetse yegungano, mota ine injini yemoto yemukati yakawana zvakwakanakira pamusoro pemagetsi. Iwo "anovimbisa" mabhatiri ealkaline aThomas Edison akazove asina kukwana uye asingavimbike uye aingodira mafuta muhuni dzemoto wemota yemagetsi. Zvese zvakanaka zvinochengetwa mukati menguva yese yezana ramakore rechi20, apo makambani emota dzemagetsi akavakwa chete kunze kwekufarira kwetekinoroji Kunyangwe panguva yematambudziko emafuta ataurwa pamusoro apa, hazvina kumbobvira zvaitika kune chero munhu kuti mota yemagetsi inogona kunge iri imwe nzira, uye kunyangwe iyo electrochemistry yema lithiamu maseru yaizivikanwa, yanga isati "yakanatswa." Kubudirira kukuru kwekutanga mukugadzirwa kwemotokari yemagetsi yemazuva ano yaive GM EV1, yakasarudzika yekugadzirwa kweinjiniya kubva kuma90, nhoroondo yayo inotsanangurwa zvakanaka mukambani "Ndiani Akauraya Magetsi Magetsi."
Kana tikadzokera kumashure kumazuva edu, tichaona kuti zvakakosha zvakatoshanduka. Mamiriro ezvinhu aripo neBMW mota dzemagetsi chiratidzo cheanokurumidza maitiro ari kupopota mumunda uye kemesitiri ndiyo yave kuita huru yekutyaira mune ino maitiro. Izvo hazvichadiwe dhizaini uye kugadzira akareruka kabhoni zvivakwa kutsiva huremu hwemabhatiri. Ikozvino ibasa re (electro) vemakemikari kubva kumakambani akadai seSamsung, LG Chem, CATL, nezvimwewo, vane madhipatimendi ekuvandudza uye ekugadzira ari kutsvaga nzira dzekushandisa zvakanyanya kushandisa lithiamu-ion maseru maitiro. Nekuti ese ari maviri anovimbisa "graphene" uye "akasimba" mabhatiri ari chaizvo marudzi e lithiamu-ion. Asi ngatiregei kuenda kumberi kwezviitiko.
Tesla nevamwe vese
Munguva pfupi yapfuura, mubvunzurudzo, Elon Musk akataura kuti angafarire kupinda kwakapararira kwemotokari dzemagetsi uye izvi zvinoreva kuti chinangwa chake sapiyona wekufurira vamwe chakazadzikiswa. Zvinonzwika sekuda, asi ndinotenda ndizvo. Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, chero zvirevo pamusoro pekusikwa kwevaurayi veTesla vakasiyana kana zvirevo zvakaita sekuti "isu tiri nani kupfuura Tesla" hazvina musoro uye hazvishandi. Izvo izvo kambani yakwanisa kuita hazvifananidzwe uye izvi ndizvo chokwadi - kunyangwe kana vagadziri vazhinji votanga kupa mhando dziri nani pane idzo dzaTesla.
Vagadziri veGerman vava padanho reshanduko diki yemagetsi, asi kukudzwa kwemupikisi wekutanga akakodzera waTesla kwakadonha kuna Jaguar neI-Pace, inova imwe yemota shoma (dzichiripo) dzakavakirwa papuratifomu yakatsaurirwa. Izvi zvinonyanya kukonzerwa nehunyanzvi hweinjiniya kubva kuJaguar / Land Rover uye kambani yemubereki Tata mumunda wealuminium alloy processing tekinoroji uye nenyaya yekuti mazhinji emakambani mamodheru akadaro, uye yakaderera mitezo kugadzirwa inobvumidza kutora mutengo wakakwira.
Hatifanire kukanganwa kuwanda kwevagadziri veChinese vanogadzira mhando dzakagadzirwa nemagetsi dzakasimudzirwa nemitero yemitero munyika ino, asi pamwe mupiro wakakosha mukugadzirwa kwemota inonyanya kufarirwa ichauya kubva ku "mota yevanhu" VW.
Sechikamu chekushandurwa kwakazara kwehupenyu hwayo huzivi uye kuzviparadzanisa kubva pamatambudziko edhiziri, VW iri kuvandudza chirongwa chayo chakakura zvichibva paMEB muviri chimiro, pane gumi nemimwe mienzaniso ichave yakavakirwa mumakore anotevera. Iwo akasimba matanho ekabhoni dhayokisaidhi anobuda muEuropean Union, ayo anoda kuti panosvika 2021 avhareji huwandu hweCO2 mune huwandu hwemugadziri wega wega kuti udzikiswe kusvika 95 g / km, uve nechikurudziro cheizvi zvese. Izvi zvinoreva kuti avhareji yekushandisa 3,6 litres yedhiziri kana 4,1 litita epeturu. Nekuderera kwekudiwa kwemotokari yedhiziri uye kuwedzera kudiwa kwemaSUV mamodheru, izvi hazvigone kuitwa pasina kuunzwa emhando dzemagetsi, idzo, kunyangwe dzisingafambiswe nemhepo yakazara zero, inoderedza zvakanyanya avhareji nhanho.
(kutevera)
Chinyorwa: Georgy Kolev
