Mota yemagetsi zuro, nhasi, mangwana: chikamu 3

Izwi rekuti "lithium-ion mabhatiri" rinovanza matekinoroji akasiyana siyana.

Chinhu chimwe ndechechokwadi - chero bedzi lithium-ion electrochemistry inoramba isina kuchinjwa panyaya iyi. Hapana imwe electrochemical simba rekuchengetedza tekinoroji inogona kukwikwidza ne lithium-ion. Pfungwa, zvisinei, ndeyekuti kune akasiyana magadzirirwo anoshandisa akasiyana zvinhu zvecathode, anode uye electrolyte, imwe neimwe ine mabhenefiti akasiyana maererano nekusimba (nhamba yekuchaja uye yekuburitsa madhizaini kusvika kune inotenderwa yakasara yekugona kwemotokari dzemagetsi. ye80%), chaiyo simba kWh/kg, mutengo euro/kg kana simba kune simba reshiyo.

Kudzoka munguva

Iko mukana wekuita electrochemical maitiro mune izvo zvinonzi. Lithium-ion masero anobva pakuparadzaniswa kwe lithium protons uye ma electrons kubva pa lithium junction pa cathode panguva yekuchaja. Iyo lithiamu atomu inopa nyore nyore imwe yemaerekitironi ayo matatu, asi nechikonzero chimwe chete iyo inoshanda zvakanyanya uye inofanirwa kuparadzaniswa nemhepo nemvura. Mumagetsi emagetsi, maerekitironi anotanga kufamba pamwe chete nedunhu rawo, uye ion inotungamirirwa kune carbon-lithium anode uye, ichipfuura nepakati pe membrane, yakabatanidzwa nayo. Munguva yekubuda, kutenderera kunoitika - maion anodzokera kune cathode, uye ma electrons, zvakare, anopfuura nemutoro wekunze wemagetsi. Zvisinei, kukurumidza kuchaja kwepamusoro-soro uye kubuda kwakazara kunoguma mukuumbwa kwekubatanidza kutsva kwakasimba, izvo zvinoderedza kana kutomisa kushanda kwebhatiri. Pfungwa iri shure kwekushandisa lithium sechinhu chinopa chinobva pakuti ndiyo simbi yakareruka uye inogona kusunungura mapurotoni nemaerekitironi zviri nyore pasi pemamiriro akakodzera. Zvisinei, masayendisiti ari kukurumidza kusiya kushandiswa kwe lithiamu yakachena nekuda kwepamusoro-soro, kukwanisa kwayo kubatana nemhepo, uye nekuda kwezvikonzero zvekuchengetedza.

Yekutanga lithiamu-ion bhatiri rakagadzirwa muma1970 naMichael Whittingham, uyo akashandisa yakachena lithiamu uye titanium sulfide semagetsi. Iyi electrochemistry haichashandiswe, asi chaizvo inoteya nheyo dzeti lithiamu-ion mabhatiri. Muma1970, Samar Basu airatidzira kugona kutora lithium ions kubva ku graphite, asi nekuda kwechiitiko chenguva, mabhatiri anokurumidza kuzviparadza paanobhadhariswa uye kuburitswa. Muma1980, kusimudzira kwakanyanya kwakatanga kuwana akakodzera lithiamu makomputa eacathode uye anode yemabhatiri, uye budiriro chaiyo yakauya muna 1991.

NCA, NCM lithiamu maseru ... izvi zvinorevei chaizvo?

Mushure mekuedza neakasiyana-siyana e-lithium makomisheni muna 1991, kuedza kwesainzi kwakashongedzwa korona nekubudirira - Sony yakatanga kugadzirwa kwakawanda kwemabhatiri e-lithium-ion. Parizvino, mabhatiri erudzi urwu ane simba repamusoro rekubuda uye simba remagetsi, uye zvakanyanya kukosha, mukana wakakosha wekusimudzira. Zvichienderana nezvinodiwa nebhatiri, makambani ari kutendeukira kune akasiyana lithium makomisheni seye cathode zvinhu. Aya ndiwo anoti lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), macompounds ane nickel, cobalt uye aluminium (NCA) kana ine nickel, cobalt uye manganese (NCM), lithium iron phosphate (LFP), lithium manganese spinel (LMS), lithium titanium oxide (LTO) nevamwe. Iyo electrolyte musanganiswa welithium munyu uye organic zvinonyungudutsa uye inonyanya kukosha pa "kufamba" kwe lithium ions, uye separator, iyo ine basa rekudzivirira mapfupi maseketi nekuve permeable kune lithium ions, kazhinji polyethylene kana polypropylene.

Simba rekuburitsa, kugona, kana zvese zviri zviviri

Hunhu hwakakosha hwemabhatiri isimba rekusimba, kuvimbika uye kuchengetedzeka. Mabhatiri parizvino anogadzirwa anofukidza huwandu hwakawanda hwehunhu uhwu uye, zvinoenderana nezvinhu zvinoshandiswa, zvine simba rakatarwa kubva pa100 kusvika 265 W / kg (uye nehukuru hwemagetsi hwe400 kusvika 700 W / L). Zvakanakisa mune izvi mabhatiri eNCA uye akaipisisa LFPs. Nekudaro, izvo zvinyorwa ndeimwe divi remari. Kuti kuwedzere ese akasarudzika simba uye kusimba kwesimba, akasiyana nanostructures anoshandiswa kutora zvimwe zvinhu uye nekupa yakakwira conductivity yeion rukova. Huwandu hukuru hweiyoni, "yakachengetwa" mukomboni yakagadzikana, uye kuitisa ndizvo zvinodiwa kuti ubhadharise nekukurumidza, uye kusimudzira kunotungamirwa munzira idzi. Panguva imwecheteyo, iyo bhatiri dhizaini inofanira kupa inodiwa simba-kune-kugona chiyero zvichienderana nerudzi rwekutyaira. Semuenzaniso, plug-in mahybridi anoda kuve neakanyanya simba-kune-kugona chiyero nekuda kwezvikonzero zviri pachena. Zvakaitika nhasi zvatariswa pamabhatiri akadai seCAA (LiNiCoAlO2 ine cathode uye graphite anode) uye NMC 811 (LiNiMnCoO2 ine cathode uye graphite anode). Iyo yekutanga yaive (kunze kwe lithiamu) inenge 80% nickel, 15% cobalt uye 5% aluminium uye ine simba rakasarudzika re200-250 W / kg, zvinoreva kuti vane mashandisiro mashoma eakaomesesa cobalt uye hupenyu hwehupenyu hweanosvika mazana mashanu macircuit. Mabhatiri akadaro anozogadzirwa naTesla kuGigafactory yayo muNevada. Kana yasvika pakukwana kwayo kwakazara kwakarongeka (muna 1500 kana 2020, zvinoenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu), chirimwa chinoburitsa 2021 GWh yemabhatiri, anokwana kupa 35 mota. Izvi zvinowedzera kudzikisa mutengo wemabhatiri.

Mabhatiri eNMC 811 ane simba rakadzikira zvishoma (140-200W/kg) asi ane hupenyu hwakareba, anosvika 2000 akazara ma cycles, uye ari 80% nickel, 10% manganese uye 10% cobalt. Parizvino, vese vanogadzira mabhatiri vanoshandisa imwe yemhando mbiri idzi. Iyo chete inosarudzika ikambani yeChinese BYD, inogadzira mabhatiri eLFP. Mota dzakashongedzerwa navo dzinorema, asi hadzidi cobalt. Mabhatiri eNCA anosarudzwa kumotokari dzemagetsi uye NMC yeplug-in mahybrids nekuda kwekunakirwa kwawo maererano nekuwanda kwesimba uye kuwanda kwemagetsi. Mienzaniso ndeyemagetsi e-Gorofu ane reshiyo yesimba/ kugona ye2,8 uye plug-in hybrid Gorofu GTE ine reshiyo ye8,5. Muzita rekudzikisa mutengo, VW inoda kushandisa maseru akafanana kune ese marudzi emabhatiri. Uye chimwe chinhu - iyo yakakura kugona kwebhatiri, iyo shoma nhamba yekubuda kwakazara uye mhosva, uye izvi zvinowedzera hupenyu hwayo hwebasa, saka - iyo yakakura bhatiri, zviri nani. Yechipiri inobata mahybrids sedambudziko.

Maitiro emusika

Parizvino, kudiwa kwemabhatiri ezvinangwa zvekufambisa kwatopfuura kudiwa kwezvinhu zvemagetsi. Zvichiri kufungidzirwa kuti motokari dzemagetsi dzinosvika mamiriyoni 2020 pagore dzichatengeswa pasi rose ne1,5, izvo zvichabatsira kuderedza mutengo wemabhatiri. Muna 2010, mutengo we1 kWh we lithiamu-ion cell waive anenge 900 euros, uye ikozvino iri pasi pe200 euros. 25% yemutengo webhatiri rose ndeye cathode, 8% yeanode, separator uye electrolyte, 16% yemamwe ese masero ebhatiri uye 35% yehuwandu hwebhatiri dhizaini. Mune mamwe mazwi, masero e-lithium-ion anopa 65 muzana kumutengo webhatiri. Inofungidzirwa mitengo yeTesla ye2020 apo Gigafactory 1 inopinda sevhisi inosvika mazana matatu emadhora / kWh yemabhatiri eNCA uye mutengo unosanganisira chigadzirwa chakapedzwa neavhareji VAT uye waranti. Zvichiri mutengo wakanaka kwazvo, uyo ucharamba uchiderera nekufamba kwenguva.

Matura makuru e lithiamu anowanikwa muArgentina, Bolivia, Chile, China, USA, Australia, Canada, Russia, Congo neSerbia, nevazhinji parizvino vari kucherwa kubva kumakungwa akaoma. Sezvo mabhatiri akawanda uye akawanda anowedzera, musika wezvinhu zvakadzokororwa kubva kumabhatiri ekare unowedzera. Zvinotonyanya kukosha, zvakadaro, idambudziko recobalt, iro, kunyangwe riripo muhuwandu hwakawanda, rinocherwa sechinhu-chigadzirwa mukugadzira nickel nemhangura. Cobalt inocherwa, kunyangwe yakadzika kwazvo muvhu, muCongo (ine nzvimbo dzakachengetedzwa dzakakura kwazvo), asi pasi pemamiriro anopokana nehunhu, hunhu uye kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza.

Mhoro-tech

Izvo zvinofanirwa kutarisirwa mupfungwa kuti matekinoroji anogamuchirwa seye tarisiro yenguva yemberi iri kwete kwete nyowani, asi isarudzo dze lithiamu-ion. Aya ndiwo, semuenzaniso, solid-state mabhatiri, ayo anoshandisa solid electrolyte panzvimbo yemvura (kana gel mu lithiamu polymer mabhatiri). Iyi mhinduro inopa dhizaini yakadzikama kwazvo yemagetsi, ayo anotyora kutendeka kwavo pavanobhadhariswa neazvino magetsi, zvichiteerana. kupisa kwakanyanya uye mutoro wakakura. Izvi zvinogona kuwedzera kuchaja kwazvino, electrode density uye capacitance. Solid state mabhatiri achiri padanho rekutanga rekusimudzira uye haigone kurova kugadzirwa kwakawanda kusvika pakati pemakore gumi.

Imwe yekuhwina mubairo kutanga-ups pa2017 BMW Innovation Technology Makwikwi muAmsterdam yaive kambani ine simba-bhatiri iyo silicon anode inovandudza kuwanda kwesimba. Mainjiniya ari kushanda pane akasiyana nanotechnologies kupa hukuru hwakakura uye simba kuzvinhu zvese zviri zviviri anode uye cathode, uye imwe mhinduro ndeye kushandisa graphene. Aya ma microscopic akaturikidzana e graphite ane imwechete yeatomu ukobvu uye hexagonal maatomu mamiriro ndeimwe yezvinhu zvakavimbiswa zvikuru. Iyo "graphene mipira" yakagadzirwa nebhatiri sero inogadzira Samsung SDI, inosanganisirwa mukathodhi uye anode chimiro, inopa simba rakakwira, kukwana uye kuwanda kwechinhu uye kuwedzera kunoenderana mukwanisi ingangoita 45% uye kashanu nekukurumidza kukurumidza nguva. inogona kugamuchira simba rakasimba kubva kuFormula E mota, inogona kuve yekutanga kuve nemabhatiri akadaro.

Vatambi panguva ino

Vatambi vakuru sevatengesi veTier 123 uye Tier 2020, kureva vagadziri vemasero nemabhatiri, iJapan (Panasonic, Sony, GS Yuasa uye Hitachi Vehicle Energy), Korea (LG Chem, Samsung, Kokam uye SK Innovation), China (BYD Kambani) . , ATL uye Lishen) uye USA (Tesla, Johnson Controls, A30 Systems, EnerDel uye Valence Technology). Vatengesi vakuru vemafoni parizvino LG Chem, Panasonic, Samsung SDI (Korea), AESC (Japan), BYD (China) uye CATL (China), iyo ine chikamu chemusika chezvikamu zviviri muzvitatu. Panguva ino muEurope, vanongopikiswa neBMZ Group kubva kuGermany neNorthvolth kubva kuSweden. Nekutanga kweTesla's Gigafactory muna XNUMX, chikamu ichi chichachinja - kambani yeAmerica ichaita XNUMX% yekugadzirwa kwenyika kwemasero e-lithium-ion. Makambani akaita seDaimler neBMW akatosaina makondirakiti nemamwe emakambani aya akaita seCATL, iyo iri kuvaka fekitori kuEurope.