Edza kutyaira mota dzemagetsi: ino nguva nekusingaperi

Kubva kuna Camilla Genasi kuburikidza neGM EV1 kuenda kuTesla Model X, kana nhoroondo yemota dzemagetsi

Iyo nyaya yemota dzemagetsi inogona kurondedzerwa senge matatu-chiito kuita. Iyo huru nyaya yenyaya kusvika nhasi inoramba iri munzvimbo yekuda kwechinhu chakakodzera chemagetsi emakemikari, ichiona simba rakaringana kune izvo zvinodiwa nemotokari yemagetsi.

Makore mashanu Karl Benz asati aunza bhasikoro rake rinozvifambisa pachayo muna 1886, murume wechiFrench Gustav Trouv akatyaira motokari yake yemagetsi ine nhamba imwechete yemavhiri kuburikidza neExposition D'Electricite muParis. Nekudaro, vanhu vekuAmerica vaizoyeuchidzwa kuti mumwe wavo Thomas Davenport akagadzira chinhu chakadaro makore makumi mana nemanomwe apfuura. Uye ichi chingave chokwadi, nekuti muna 47 mupfuri wesimbi Davenport akagadzira mota yemagetsi uye "akaityaira" panjanji, asi chokwadi ichi chinoperekedzwa nediki diki - hapana bhatiri mumotokari. Nokudaro, kunyatsotaura, munhoroondo, motokari iyi inogona kuonekwa semutungamiri we tram, uye kwete motokari yemagetsi.

Mumwe muFrench, nyanzvi yefizikisi Gaston Plante, akaita mupiro wakakura pakuzvarwa kwemotokari yemagetsi yekare: akasika bhatiri re-lead-acid uye akarizivisa muna 1859, gore rimwechete iro kugadzirwa kwemafuta ekutengesa kwakatanga muUnited States. Makore manomwe gare gare, pakati pemazita egoridhe akapa kukurudzira kwekugadzirwa kwemichina yemagetsi, zita reGermany Werner von Siemens rakanyorwa. Yaiva basa rake rebhizimisi rakakonzera kubudirira kwemotokari yemagetsi, iyo, pamwe chete nebhatiri, yakava simba rakasimba rekugadzirwa kwemotokari yemagetsi. Muna 1882, motokari yemagetsi yaigona kuonekwa mumigwagwa yeBerlin, uye chiitiko ichi chakaratidza kutanga kwekukurumidza kukura kwemotokari dzemagetsi muEurope neUnited States, uko kwakatanga kuoneka mhando itsva. Nokudaro, chidzitiro chakasimudzwa pachiito chekutanga che electromobility, remangwana rairatidzika rakajeka panguva iyoyo. Zvese zvakakosha uye zvinodiwa kune izvi zvakatogadzirwa, uye tarisiro yeinjini ine ruzha uye inonhuwa yemukati inopisa iri kuwedzera kudzima. Kunyange zvazvo pakupera kwezana remakore simba remabhatiri e-lead-asidhi raingova mawati mapfumbamwe pakirogiramu (inoda kusvika ka20 pasi pechizvarwa chazvino chemabhatiri e-lithium-ion), motokari dzemagetsi dzine mwero unogutsa unosvika makiromita makumi masere. Ichi chinhambwe chikuru munguva iyo nzendo dzezuva dzinoyerwa nekufamba, uye dzinogona kuvharika nekuda kwesimba rakaderera kwazvo remagetsi emagetsi. Muchokwadi, mashoma mashoma anorema emagetsi mota anogona kusvika kumhanya pamusoro pe80 km/h.

Kupesana neiyi kumashure, nyaya yemunhu ane hasha muBelgian anonzi Camilla Genazi anounza kukakavara kune hupenyu hwezuva nezuva hwemota yemagetsi. Muna 1898, "Dhiyabhorosi mutsvuku" akadenha French Count Gaston de Chasseloup-Laub nemotokari yake, Jeanto, kune duel inomhanya-mhanya. Mota yemagetsi yaGenasi ine zita rinonyanya kutaura "La jamais contente", kureva kuti, "Kugara usingagutsikane." Mushure memakwikwi mazhinji anoshamisa uye dzimwe nguva anoda kuziva, muna 1899 mota yakaita sefodya, iyo rotor inotenderera pa900 rpm, yakamhanyira kunopera kupera kwerimwe nhanho, ichinyora kumhanya kweanopfuura 100 km / h (chaizvo 105,88 km / h). Ipapo chete ndipo Genasi nemota yake vanofara ...

Nokudaro, pakazosvika 1900, motokari yemagetsi, kunyange yakanga isati yave yakagadzirwa zvakakwana, yaifanira kunge yakagadzirisa hukuru pamusoro pemotokari dzinoshandiswa peturu. Panguva iyoyo, somuenzaniso, muAmerica, nhamba yemotokari dzemagetsi yakanga yakapetwa kaviri kupfuura peturu. Kunewo kuedza kubatanidza zvakanakisisa zvepasi rose - semuenzaniso, muenzaniso wakagadzirwa nemuumbi weAustria wechidiki Ferdinand Porsche, achiri kuzivikanwa kuvanhu vose. Ndiye akatanga kubatanidza hub motors neinjini dzinopisa mukati, achigadzira yekutanga mota yakasanganiswa.

Iyo mota yemagetsi semuvengi wemotokari yemagetsi

Asi zvino chimwe chinhu chinonakidza uye kunyange chinopesana chinoitika, nekuti iwo magetsi anoparadza vana vawo. Muna 1912, Charles Kettering akagadzira iyo Starter starter, izvo zvakaita kuti crank michina isabatsire, kutyora mapfupa evatyairi vazhinji. Nekudaro, kumwe kwekukanganisa kukuru kwemotokari panguva iyoyo kwaive munguva yakapfuura. Mitengo yakaderera yemafuta uye Hondo Yenyika I yakanetesa mota yemagetsi, uye muna 1931 yekupedzisira yekugadzira yemagetsi modhi, iyo Type 99, yakabvisa pamutsetse wegungano muDetroit.

Imwe hafu yezana remakore gare gare yakatanga nguva yechipiri nekuvandudzwa mukugadzirwa kwemotokari dzemagetsi. Hondo yeIran-Iraq kekutanga inoratidza kusadzivirirwa kwemafuta, maguta ane miriyoni vagari vari kunyura muutsi, uye musoro wekuchengetedza nharaunda uri kuramba uchikosha. California yapasisa mutemo unoda kuti 2003 muzana yemotokari dzive dzisina kubuda mumhepo panosvika 1602. Vagadziri vemotokari, nokuda kwavo, vanoshamiswa nezvose izvi, sezvo motokari yemagetsi yakagamuchira zvishoma zvishoma kwemakumi emakore. Kuramba kuripo mumapurojekiti ebudiriro kwakawanda kwemutambo unoshamisa pane kudikanwa, uye iwo mashoma chaiwo mamodheru, seaya aishandiswa kutakura vashandi vemafirimu panguva yeOlympic marathon (BMW 1972 muna 10 muMunich), haasati aonekwa. Muenzaniso unokatyamadza weexoticism yeruzivo urwu nderwemwedzi-crossing rover ine injini dzine hub-mounted dzinodhura zvinopfuura mamiriyoni gumi emadhora.

Kunyangwe ichokwadi chekuti hapana chakaitwa kuvandudza tekinoroji yebhatiri, uye mabhatiri e-lead-asidhi anoramba ari mureza munzvimbo ino, madhipatimendi ekusimudzira emakambani ari kutanga kugadzira mota dzemagetsi dzakasiyana siyana zvakare. GM iri pamberi peichi chinogumbura, nekuyedza Sunraycer kuwana kureba kwezuva mileage rekodhi, uye 1000 mauniti eiyo yakazotevera iconic GM EV1 avant-garde ine turnover reshiyo ye0,19 yakanyoreswa kuboka rakasarudzwa revatengi. . Pakutanga yakashongedzerwa nemabhatiri emutobvu uye kubvira 1999 ine nickel-metal hydride mabhatiri, inowana risingadaviriki remakiromita 100. Nekuda kweConecta Ford studio's sodium-sarufa mabhatiri, inogona kufamba kusvika 320 km.

Europe iri zvakare magetsi. Makambani eGerman ari kushandura chitsuwa cheBaltic Sea cheRügen kuva chiedzo chemotokari dzemagetsi uye mamodheru senge VW Golf Citystromer, Mercedes 190E uye Opel Astra Impuls (ine 270-degree Zebra bhatiri) inomhanya bvunzo dzemamirioni 1,3. makiromita. Mhinduro nyowani dzehunyanzvi dziri kubuda idzo dzinongoona nekukurumidza wedenga remagetsi, rakafanana neiro rebhatiri re-sodium-sarufa rakabatidzwa neBMW E1.

Panguva iyoyo, tariro huru yekuparadzana kubva kune inorema lead-asidhi mabhatiri akaiswa panickel-metal hydride mabhatiri. Zvisinei, muna 1991, Sony yakazarura nzira itsva zvachose munzvimbo ino nekusunungura yekutanga lithium-ion bhatiri. Kamwe kamwe, kupisa kwemagetsi kuri kuwedzera zvakare—somuenzaniso, vezvematongerwe enyika veGermany vari kufanotaura nezvechikamu che2000 muzana chemusika wemotokari dzemagetsi panosvika gore ra10, uye Calstart inobva kuCalifornia inofanotaura motokari dzine magetsi ose 825 000 pakupera kwezana remakore. .

Nekudaro, uyu moto wemagetsi unopisa nekukurumidza. Zviripachena kuti mabhatiri haakwanise kuzadzikisa mashandiro anogutsa, uye chishamiso hachizoitika, uye California inomanikidzwa kugadzirisa ayo ekumesa emission zvinangwa. GM inotora ese maEV1s uye anovaparadza zvisina tsitsi. Sezvineiwo, ndipo panguva iyoyo mainjiniya eToyota pavakakwanisa kubudirira kupedza iyo yaishanda nesimba Prius hybrid modhi. Nekudaro, kusimukira kwetekinoroji kuri kutora nzira nyowani.

Chiito 3: Hapana Kutendeuka

Muna 2006, chiito chekupedzisira chemagetsi chakatanga. Zviratidzo zvinowedzera zvinoshungurudza nezve shanduko yemamiriro ekunze uye nekukwira kuri kukwira kwemitengo yemafuta zviri kupa kukurudzira kune kutanga nyowani musaga remagetsi. Ino nguva kutenderera, maAsia anopa lithiamu-ion mabhatiri anotungamira mukusimudzira tekinoroji, uye Mitsubishi iMiEV neNissan Leaf vari kupayona mwaka mutsva.

Germany ichiri kumuka kubva kuhope dzemagetsi, muUnited States, GM iri kutsvagira mapepa eEV1, uye Tesla yekuCalifornia yakazungunusa nyika dzekare yemota ne6831bhp roadster inowanzo shandiswa pamalaptop. Kufanotaura kuri kutanga kutora euphoric zviyero zvakare.

Panguva ino, Tesla anga atove akaoma pabasa dhizaini yeModel S, iyo isina kungopa chete simba rekusimudzira magetsi emota, asi zvakare yakagadzira chimiro chechiratidzo chechiratidzo, kuchiita mutungamiri mumunda.

Shure kwaizvozvo, yega yega kambani huru yemotokari ichatanga kuunza emhando dzemagetsi mune yayo lineup, uye mushure mezvakaipa zvinosangana neinjini yedhiziri, zvirongwa zvavo zvave kukurumidza kumhanya. Renault emagetsi emagetsi ari kumberi - Nissan neBMW i mamodheru, VW iri kutarisa zvakanyanya padanho iri neiyo MEB chikuva, iyo Mercedes EQ sub-brand, uye masystem mapiyona Toyota neHonda kuti vatange kusimudzira zvine mutsindo mundima yemagetsi chete. Nekudaro, iko kushingaira uye kubudirira kubudirira kwemakambani e-lithium-ion maseru, uye kunyanya Samsung SDI, iri kugadzira inochengetedza 37 Ah maseru emabhatiri kare kupfuura zvaitarisirwa, uye izvi zvakagonesa vamwe vagadziri kuwedzera makiromita akakosha emaEV avo mukati memakore maviri apfuura. Ino nguva kutenderera, makambani eChinese ari kupindawo mumutambo, uye yakawanda yekukura kodhi yemagetsi emagetsi iri kuwedzera kudaro.

Nehurombo, dambudziko nemabhatiri rakaramba riripo. Kunyangwe nenyaya yekuti vakaita shanduko dzakakosha, kunyangwe emazuva ano mabhatiriyamu eioniyamu-ion achiri anorema, anodhura uye asingakwanise kugona.

Makore anopfuura 100 apfuura, mutori wenhau dzemotokari wokuFrance, Baudrillard de Saunier, akataura kuti: “Mota yemagetsi isina kunyarara ndiyo yakachena uye isingachinjiki zvikuru yaungashuva kuita, uye kushanda kwayo kunosvika 90 muzana. Asi mabhatiri anoda shanduko huru. "

Kunyangwe nanhasi, hatigone kuwedzera chero chinhu pamusoro peizvi. Ino chete nguva ino, ivo vagadziri vari kusvika magetsi nematanho ane mwero, asi ane chivimbo, zvishoma nezvishoma achifamba kuburikidza akasiyana masystem masystem. Nekudaro, shanduko ndeyechokwadi chaizvo uye inoenderera.

Chinyorwa: Georgy Kolev, Alexander Blokh