Eli Whitney - The Cotton Revolution

Uri kushamisika kuti sei uye rinhi kugadzirwa kwehuwandu kwakatanga? Henry Ford asati atanga kuunganidza mota, mumwe munhu akange atouya nepfungwa yekumisikidza zvikamu uye kugadzirisa. Izvi zvisati zvaitika, mumwe munhu akanga agadzira muchina waibvumira vanhu vokuAmerica kugadzira donje pamwero mukuru. Mumwe munhu aive Eli Whitney, mukomana wekuAmerica anobva kuMassachusetts.

Eli akanga ari mwana mukuru wemurimi akapfuma Eli Whitney Sr. nemudzimai wake Elizabeth Fay. Akazvarwa musi waZvita 8, 1765 muWestboro, Massachusetts, kwaibva vabereki vake. Nekuda kwebhizimisi nemakanika, akakurumidza kutanga kuita mari ari ega.

Akaita bhiza rake rekutanga rine pundutso mushopu yababa vake mupfuri - chaive chigadziro chekugadzira zvipikiri zvekutengesa. Nenguva isipi uyu mukomana murefu, mutete, akapfava akavawo mugadziri wemapini evhudzi evakadzi munzvimbo iyi.

Eli aive gumi nemana panguva iyoyo uye aida kudzidza, zviri nani kuYale. Zvisinei, mhuri yaipikisa pfungwa iyi, maererano neiyo mukomana aifanira kutarisira imba, iyo, pakupedzisira, yakaunza mari yakawanda. Saka zvakashanda sekudaro mushandi Oraz mudzidzisi kuchikoro. Pakupedzisira, mari yakachengetwa yakamubvumira kuti atange kosi kuLeicester Academyy (ikozvino Becker College) uye gadzirira kutanga chikoro chezviroto zvako. Muna 1792 engineering degree kubva kuYale University akasiya nyika yake ndokuenda kuGeorgia, South Carolina, kwaaifanira kushanda mudzidzisi.

Basa racho rakanga rakamirira mudzidzisi wechidiki, asi zvimwe zvakasara zvakazove zvechitsotsi. Akabatsirwa naKatherine Green, chirikadzi yeAmerican Revolutionary General Nathaniel Green, waakasangana naye parwendo rwokuGeorgia. Mai Green vakakoka Whitney kumunda kwavo kuRhode Island, izvo zvakaratidza shanduko pabasa ravo remangwana semuvambi. Akatamba munda muRhode Island. Phineas Miller, Yale akapedza kudzidza makore mashoma kupfuura Whitney. Miller akashamwaridzana nemutsetse wemutsetse mutsva uye gare gare akatozova shamwari yake yebhizinesi.

Rwira kodzero dzako nemari

Katherine Green aiva neimwe pfungwa yekushandisa unyanzvi hwokugadzira mushanyi. Akamuzivisa kune vamwe varimi uye akamunyengetedza, achivimba nepfungwa yake yekunzwisisa, kutarisa basa rekuparadzanisa fiber yekotoni kubva muzviyo. Nemitoo yaivepo panguva iyoyo, hapana inopfuura 0,5 kg yekotoni yaigona kuwanikwa kwemaawa gumi ekushanda, izvo zvakaita kuti minda isaite purofiti. Pakukumbira kwatenzikadzi, Whitney akashanyira mapurazi uye akaona kucheneswa kwedonje.

Akacherechedza kuti varanda vaishanda nekotoni vakakurumidza kuita mafambiro akafanana: neruoko rumwe vakabata zviyo, uye nerumwe rutivi vakabvarura tambo pfupi dzekotoni nyoro. Whitney dhizaini odziarniarka bawełny aingotevedzera basa remawoko. Panzvimbo peruoko rwakabata chirimwa chacho, mugadziri wacho akagadzira sefa newaya yewaya yakatenderera kuti ibate mhodzi. Pedyo nesefa paive nedhiramu rine zvikorekedzo zvidiki izvo, semuzinga, zvaidambura shinda dzedonje.

Bharashi rinotenderera, rinofamba zvakapetwa kana kupfuura dhiramu, rakachenesa donje kubva muzvikorekedzo, uye zviyo zvakawira mumudziyo wakasiyana kune rumwe rutivi rwemuchina. Panyaya iyi Panzvimbo pehafu yekirogiramu yedonje pazuva, gini yedonje yaWhitney yakagadziridzwa kusvika makirogiramu makumi maviri nematatu, nekukurumidza ikava chidimbu chinodiwa chemidziyo pane chero chirimwa, ichiwedzera kugadzirwa uye purofiti kakawanda.

Pamberi peEli Whitney patent yekugadzirwa kwake muna 1794 (2), makopi asina rezenisi ejini yedonje akanga ari mupaki yemichina yemapurazi akawanda. Uye varidzi vadzo vaisazobhadhara kana dime pane zano raWhitney, vachipokana kuti mudziyo uyu waive wakashata uye uri nyore kushandisa zvekuti vakagadzira mota ivo pachavo. Zvechokwadi, zvimwe zvezvigadziri izvi zvakave zvakagadziridzwa zvakanyanya kana zvichienzaniswa nepakutanga zvakaitwa nemuumbi, kunyange zvazvo nheyo yekushanda yakaramba isina kuchinja.

Mikaha mumutemo wepatent yakaita kuti zviome kuti Whitney adzivirire kodzero dzake semuvambi, uye matare aiwanzotongwa nevagadziri ivo pachavo - sezvaungafungidzira, kusava nehanya zvachose nekubhadhara mari yakakwirira yekushandisa patent. Pundutso kubva mukutengeswa kwemadonje gins anogadzirwa mukati fekitori yakavambwa naWhitney naMiller, dzakanyanya kutorwa nemitengo yemaitiro nevagadziri.

2. Patent yekudhirowa yemuchina wekutenderera wekotoni.

Vadyidzani vacho vaive nechido chekutengesa kodzero dzezvakagadzirwa kuhurumende dzenyika uko donje rairimwa. Nokudaro, ivo vachabhadharwa, uye ginner achava pfuma yehurumende yenyika. Asi vagadziri vanga vasingade kubhadhara kune izvozvo zvakare. Nekudaro, iyo nyika yeNorth Carolina yakaisa mutero pane yega donje gin munharaunda yayo. Iyi pfungwa yakaunzwa mune dzakawanda dzimwe nyika, iyo yakaunza muvambi nemumwe wake vanenge zviuru makumi mapfumbamwe. madhora, zvichiita kuti vave vanhu vakapfuma panguva iyoyo, kunyange dai kodzero dzepatent dzairemekedzwa, upfumi hungadai hwakakura zvikuru. Nenguva isipi, zvisinei, varimi vaisafanira kunetseka pamusoro pezvaitaurwa nomugadziri wacho. Patent yaWhitney yapera.

Pazere, iyo donje gin yakave yakakosha zvakanyanya, kunyange shanduko yekugadzira, iyo yakasimbisa chinzvimbo cheUnited States semutengesi mukuru wedonje kuEngland. Ipo muna 1792 United States yakatumira kunze 138 mapaundi edonje, makore maviri gare gare yakanga yatova 1 mapaundi. Hazvina kumbobvira zvave nekugadzirwa kwakave nemhedzisiro yakakura kudaro pakugadzirwa kwekotoni. Eli Whitney ainyatsoziva kukosha kwehupfumi hwekotoni gin uye chiyero chepurojekiti. Mutsamba yaakanyorera mumwe muvambi Robert Fulton, akarondedzera mugariro wake: “Handisati ndaizova nechinetso chokusimbisa maruramiro angu kudai akanga asingakoshi uye achishandiswa bedzi nechikamu chiduku chenzanga.”

Muskets uye spare parts

Aodzwa mwoyo nematare uye kushaikwa kwetarisiro yemubairo wakaringana wemudziyo une patent, Eri akaenda kuNew Haven kuti ashande pazvigadzirwa zvitsva izvo zvaipa mari yakawanda uye, zvakanyanya kuoma, kukopa.

Zvakazove kurudziro yezvirongwa zvitsva Alexander Hamilton's Manufactory Report. Akagadzira dhora rekuAmerica akapikisa ipapo kuti hwaro hwehupfumi hweAmerica iindasitiri, kwete zvekurima kana kutengeserana. Mugwaro iri, vakataurawo nezvekugadzirwa kwezvombo zvemauto eUS. Paive pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX apo Whitney, afadzwa nezviri mushumo weHamilton, paakapa tafura yaOliver Wolcott, Secretary of Treasury,  zvehondo. Aiva nemakore makumi mana ekuberekwa, asina simba uye achiri akazara nemazano.

Panguva ino, tichifunga nezvechiitiko cheSouth, muvambi akatanga nhaurirano nekubatana kwenyaya dzemari. Mushure memitambo yakawanda, akasaina chibvumirano. Uye kondirakiti yakanga iri yekugovera zviuru gumi. muskets ye $10 imwe neimwe.

Chombo chaifanira kuendeswa mukati memakore maviri, uye mugadziri akatanga kupa mamwe kupembedza zvikamu. Kwenguva yokutanga, hurumende yakapinda muchibvumirano chinobvumira kuti kugadzirwa kutange pahwaro hwezvikamu zveyunifomu zvinokwana pamwe chete uye zvinogona kutsiviwa nyore nyore nezvitsva kana zvichidiwa. Kusvika zvino, pfuti imwe neimwe yakanga yakagadzirwa nemaoko, kubva kuchitoro kuenda kubhomba, uye zvikamu zvayo zvaive zvakasiyana uye zvisingaenderane nezvimwe zvombo zvemuenzaniso wakafanana. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, vakaratidza kuti zvakaoma kururamisa. Kune rimwe divi, masikiti aWhitney anogona kugadziriswa nekukurumidza uye chero kupi.

3. Whitney Gun Factory muna 1827

akapfuurira kuzadzisa kurongeka nenzira huru. Mushure mekudzoka kubva kuWashington kuenda kuNew Haven, shamwari dzakamubatsira mune zvemari nekupa mabhondi anokosha $30. madhora. Whitney akatorawo chikwereti che $10. madhora. Akanga asina matambudziko makuru nazvo, se kurongeka kwehurumende muhuwandu hwe134 zviuru zvemadhora panguva iyoyo kwaiva kushanda kukuru kwezvemari pamwero wenyika. Nemari muhomwe yake, mugadziri akaronga maitiro ekugadzira, akagadzira uye akavaka michina inodiwa.

Pakati pezvigadzirwa zvinodiwa, yakashaya nzira yekucheka simbi, iyo yaizoita kuti basa revashandi rikurumidze uye rinovimbisa kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakakwana maererano nemuenzaniso. Saka akatanga uye akavaka muchina wekugaya (1818). Yakagadzirwa naWhitney yakashanda isina kushanduka kwezana ramakore nehafu. Mukuwedzera pakutenderedza mucheki, muchina wacho wakafambisa chishandiso pamwe chete netafura.

Whitney Factory yakanyatsofungwa uye yakaitwa, asi kugadzirwa pachako hakuna kuenda maererano nehurongwa. Pakupera kwegore, mugadziri aingova nemazana mashanu emuskets panzvimbo pezviuru zvina. zvidimbu zvinovimbiswa muhurongwa hwehurongwa. Sokunge izvo zvanga zvisina kukwana, Oliver Walcott akatsiviwa neMunyori mutsva wePfuma Samuel Dexter, gweta reMassachusetts raipokana nezvehupi hutsva hwehunyanzvi, uye Whitney akange achiri kunonoka pachibvumirano chake (3).

Kondirakiti yakaponesa purezidhendi Thomas jefferson. Pfungwa yezvipenga aive akajaira kwaari. Akakwanisa kukoshesa kuvandudzwa kwechiratidzo ichi. Eli Whitney akawana mamwe vimbiso yehurumende uye aigona kuramba achigadzira maskets ake. Chokwadi, zvakamutorera makore kuti azadzise kondirakiti yacho zvizere, uye kakawanda aifanira kururamisa kana kuti kuvandudza zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana mufekitari yake. Nokuda kweizvi, imwe hurongwa hwehurumende, ye15 zviuru. akanga aendesa mhashu panguva chaiyo.

Itsva yekugadzira tekinoroji yaWhitney yakatanga kushandiswa kwete mumafekitari ezvombo chete, asiwo mune mamwe maindasitiri. Kutevera zano rekushandisa zvikamu zvinochinjika, wachi, michina yekusona uye michina yekurima yakagadziridzwa. Eli Whitney akashandura nzira yekugadzira yakaitwa muUnited States, uye michina inoshanda yakagadzirisa kushomeka kwenyanzvi dzemhizha. Whitney's system yakavimbisa kuti chinhu chinogadzirwa nemushandi asina hunyanzvi, asi kushandisa michina, yaizove yakanaka sechinhu chakagadzirwa neane ruzivo makanika.

Koshesa vashandi

Mugadziri akafa muna 1825 aine makore 59 (4) Kunyangwe hazvo pfungwa dzake dzaive dzekusimudzira hunyanzvi uye maindasitiri, akazvisimbisawo semukurumbira. Kugadzira muskets, Whitney akavaka dhorobha reWhitneyville, riri muHamden yanhasi, Connecticut. Kukwezva uye kuchengetedza tarenda repamusoro, Whitneyville yakapa, mukuwedzera kubasa, mamiriro asina kumbonzwika panguva yevashandi, senge dzimba dzemahara uye dzidzo yevana.

4. Eli Whitney Memorial paNew Haven Cemetery.