EmDrive inoshanda! Paddle yakanyura muchadenga

Physics inenge iri pamucheto wegomba. Muna Mbudzi 2016, NASA yakaburitsa chirevo chesainzi nezvekuyedzwa kweEmDrive kuEagleworks Laboratories (1). Mariri, iyo agency inosimbisa kuti mudziyo unoburitsa traction, ndiko kuti, inoshanda. Dambudziko nderekuti hazvisati zvazivikanwa kuti sei zvichishanda ...

1. Murabhoritari sisitimu yekuyera injini yekusunda EmDrive

2. Kunyora tambo kuEmDrive panguva yekuedza

Masayendisiti uye mainjiniya kuNASA Eagleworks Laboratories vakaswedera kutsvagurudzo yavo nekungwarira. Vakatomboedza kutsvaga chero zvingangoitika zvekukanganisa - asi zvakashaya basa. Them injini yeEmDrive yakagadzira 1,2 ± 0,1 millinewtons yekusundira pa kilowatt yesimba (2). Ichi chigumisiro hachizivikanwi uye chine hutano hwese hunoita kakawanda pasi kudarika iyo ion tubes, semuenzaniso, Hall thrusters, asi mukana wayo mukuru wakaoma kupokana - haidi chero mafuta.Naizvozvo, hapana chikonzero chekutora newe parwendo rwunogoneka chero tangi yemafuta, "inopomerwa" nesimba rayo.

Aka hakasi kekutanga vaongorori vachiratidza kuti inoshanda. Zvisinei, hapana ati akwanisa kutsanangura chikonzero nei. Nyanzvi dzeNASA dzinotenda kuti kushanda kweinjini iyi kunogona kutsanangurwa pilot wave theory. Ehe, iyi handiyo yega fungidziro iri kuedza kutsanangura zvisinganzwisisike kunobva kutevedzana. Zvimwe zvidzidzo zvichadiwa kusimbisa fungidziro dzesainzi. Iva nemoyo murefu uye gadzirira zvirevo zvinotevera izvo EmDrive (3)… Inoshanda chaizvo.

Ndezvekumhanyisa

Mhosva yeEmDrive yanga ichikwirisa uye ichimhanyisa kunge injini yeroketi chaiyo mumwedzi mishoma yapfuura. Izvi zvinoratidzwa nekutevedzana kwezviitiko zvinotevera:

• MunaEpril 2015, José Rodal, Jeremy Mullikin, naNoel Munson vakazivisa migumisiro yekutsvakurudza kwavo pamusangano (iyi inzvimbo yekutengeserana, pasinei nezita, isingabatanidzi neNASA). Sezvazvakazoitika, vakatarisa kushanda kweinjini mune vacuum uye vakabvisa zvikanganiso zvekuyera, zvichiratidza mutemo wekushanda kweinjini ichivashandisa.
• Muna Nyamavhuvhu 2015, mhedzisiro yeongororo yakaitwa naMartin Taimar kubva kuTechnical University yeDresden yakabudiswa. Nyanzvi yefizikisi yakati injini yeEmDrive yakawana simba, asi ichi hachisi humbowo hwekushanda kwayo zvachose. Chinangwa chekuyedza kwaTaimar chaive chekuyedza mhedzisiro yenzira dzekare dzakashandiswa kuyedza injini. Zvisinei, kuedza pachayo kwakatsoropodzwa nokuda kwekuita kusina kururama, zvikanganiso zvekuyera, uye zvakaziviswa zvakanzi "kutamba pamashoko."
• Muna Chikumi 2016, musayendisiti weGerman uye injinjini Paul Kotsila akazivisa mushandirapamwe wekupa vanhu mari kuburitsa satellite inonzi PocketQube muchadenga.
• Muna Nyamavhuvhu 2016, Guido Fetta, muvambi weCannae Inc., akazivisa pfungwa yekutanga yeCubeSat, satellite diki ine Cannae Drive (4), kureva, mune yako vhezheni yeEmDrive.
• Muna Gumiguru 2016, Roger J. Scheuer, muvambi weEmDrive, akagamuchira UK nepasi rose patents echizvarwa chechipiri cheinjini yake.
• Musi waGumiguru 14, 2016, hurukuro yemufirimu naScheuer yakaburitswa kune International Business Times UK. Inomiririra, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, ramangwana uye nhoroondo yekuvandudzwa kweEmDrive, uye zvakazoitika kuti US neBritish Dhipatimendi reDziviriro, pamwe nePentagon, NASA uye Boeing, vanofarira mukugadzirwa. Scheuer akapa mamwe emasangano aya zvinyorwa zvese zvehunyanzvi zvekutyaira uye kuratidzwa kweEmDrive ichiburitsa 8g uye 18g. inogona kushandiswa mumotokari dzinenge dzose dzemazuva ano.
• Musi waNovember 17, 2016, zvakataurwa pamusoro apa tsvakurudzo yeNASA yakabudiswa, iyo yakatanga kusimbisa kushanda kwesimba remagetsi.

4. Cannae Drive mukati me satellite - kuona

17 makore uye zvichiri zvakavanzika

5. Roger Scheuer nemuenzaniso weEmDrive yake

Iro zita rakareba uye rakanyatsojeka reEmDrive ndere RF resonance resonator mota. Iyo electromagnetic drive pfungwa yakagadziridzwa muna 1999 neBritish sainzi uye mainjiniya Roger Scheuer, muvambi weSatellite Propulsion Research Ltd. Muna 2006, akaburitsa chinyorwa paEmDrive muNew Scientist (5) Rugwaro rwacho rwakashoropodzwa zvikuru nenyanzvi. Mukufunga kwavo, relativistic electromagnetic drive yakavakirwa pane yakapihwa pfungwa inotyora mutemo wekuchengetedza kukurumidza, i.e. ndiyo imwe fantasy sarudzo pamusoro.

zvisinei Mayedzo ese echiChinese makore mashoma apfuura uye ayo akaitwa neNASA mukudonha anoita seanosimbisa kuti kufamba uchishandisa electromagnetic radiation kumanikidza pamusoro uye mhedzisiro yemagetsi emagetsi kuratidzwa mune conical waveguide inotungamira kune simba mutsauko. uye kutaridzika kwekudhonza. Iri simba, zvakare, rinogona kuwanzwa ne Mirror, akaiswa pachinhambwe chakakodzera, chitsama chehafu yeurefu hwe electromagnetic wave.

Nekuburitswa kwemhedzisiro yeNASA Eagleworks Lab kuyedza, kukakavara kwamukazve pamusoro peiyi mhinduro inogona kushandura. Kusiyana pakati pezvakawanikwa pakuedzwa uye dzidziso chaiyo yesainzi nemitemo yefizikisi zvakapa maonero akawanda akanyanyisa pamusoro pebvunzo dzakaitwa. Musiyano uripo pakati pekutaura kwetarisiro kwebudiriro mukufamba muchadenga uye kurambwa pachena kwemiuyo yenzvero kwakaparira vazhinji kufunga zvakadzama pamusoro pezvimiro zvepasi rose nezvinetso zvezivo yesayenzi uye ganhuriro dzekuedza kwesayenzi.

Kunyangwe makore anopfuura gumi nemanomwe akange apfuura kubva pakaburitswa pachena naScheuer nezvechirongwa ichi, modhi yeinjiniya yeBritish haina kukwanisa kumirira kwenguva yakareba kuti iongororwe yakavimbika. Kunyangwe zviedzo nekushandiswa kwayo zvakadzokororwa nguva nenguva, hazvina kusarudzwa kuzvisimbisa nemazvo uye kuyedza nzira yacho mune imwe ongororo yesainzi. Mamiriro ezvinhu munyaya iyi akachinja mushure mekudhindwa kwataurwa pamusoro pemigumisiro yakaongororwa nevezera rekuedza muAmerican laboratory Eagleworks. Nekudaro, mukuwedzera kune iyo yakasimbiswa yechokwadi yeyakagamuchirwa nzira yekutsvagisa, kubva pakutanga chaiko, huwandu hwese hwekusahadzika hwakanga husina kubviswa, izvo zvakanyanyisa kukanganisa kuvimbika kweiyo pfungwa pachayo.

Uye Newton?

Kuenzanisira kukura kwedambudziko neinjini yeScheuer, vatsoropodzi vanowanzofananidza munyori weEmDrive pfungwa kumuridzi wemota anoda kuita kuti mota yake ifambe nekutsikirira pamhepo yake kubva mukati. Kusapindirana kunofananidzirwa nemisimboti yakakosha yeNewtonian dynamics kuchiri kutorwa sechipokiso chikuru, chisingasanganisire zvachose kuvimbika kwekugadzirwa kweinjiniya weBritish. Vanopikisa modhi yaScheuer havana kugutsikana nekuyedza kwakatevedzana kwakaratidza zvisingatarisirwi kuti injini yeEmDrive yaigona kushanda nemazvo.

Hongu, munhu anofanira kubvuma kuti mibairo yekuedza yakawanikwa kusvika parizvino inotambura nekushaikwa kwehwaro hwakajeka hwakasimba muchimiro chezvirongwa zvesainzi uye mapatani. Vese vatsvakurudzi nevanofarira vanoratidza kushanda kweinjini yemagetsi vanobvuma kuti havasati vawana musimboti wakanyatsosimbiswa wemuviri ungatsanangura kushanda kwayo sezvinonzi zvinopesana nemitemo yaNewton yemasimba.

6. Kufungidzira kugovera kwekudyidzana mavheta muEmDrive silinda

Scheuer pachake, zvisinei, anoisa kudikanwa kwekufunga nezve purojekiti yake pahwaro hwehuwandu hwemakanika, uye kwete classical, sezvazvinoita kune akajairwa madhiraivha. Mukufunga kwake, basa reEmDrive rakavakirwa pa chaiyo simba remagetsi emagetsi ( 6), ane pesvedzero isingaratidzwi zvizere mumitemo yaNewton. Zvakare, Scheuer haipe chero humbowo hwakasimbiswa nesainzi uye methodologically yakasimbiswa.

Kunyangwe zviziviso zvese zvakaitwa uye kuvimbisa tsvakiridzo mhedzisiro, mhedzisiro yeNASA Eagleworks Laboratory kuyedza ingori mavambo ehurongwa hurefu hwekuona humbowo uye kuvaka kuvimbika kwesainzi kweprojekiti yakatangwa naScheuer. Kana mhedzisiro yekutsvagisa ongororo ikava inogona kudhindwa, uye kushanda kweiyo modhi kwakasimbiswa zvakare mumamiriro emuchadenga, panoramba paine mubvunzo wakakomba wekuongorora. dambudziko rekuyananisa kuwanikwa nemisimboti yekuchinjapanguva isingabatike. Kubuda kwemamiriro ezvinhu akadaro hakufanire kungoreva kuramba dzidziso yesainzi yemazuva ano kana mitemo yakakosha yemuviri.

Theoretically, EmDrive inoshanda ichishandisa chiitiko cheradiation pressure. Iro boka velocity ye electromagnetic wave, uye nekudaro simba rinogadzirwa naro, rinogona kutsamira pane geometry yewaveguide yainoparadzira. Zvinoenderana nepfungwa yaScheuer, kana iwe ukavaka conical waveguide nenzira yekuti wave wave kune imwe mugumo wakasiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune wave wave kune imwe magumo, zvino nekuratidza wave pakati pemigumo miviri, iwe unowana mutsauko mukati. dzvinyiriro yemwaranzi, kureva simba rinokwana kuwana kudhonza. Sekureva kwaScheuer, EmDrive haityore mitemo yefizikisi, asi inoshandisa dzidziso yaEinstein - injini iri mukati. imwe chimiro chereferensi kupfuura "kushanda" masaisai mukati maro.

7. Conceptual diagram yeEmDrive operation

Zvakaoma kunzwisisa kuti EmDrive inoshanda sei, asi iwe unoziva kuti inosanganisirei (7) Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha chemudziyo microwave resonatoriyo microwave radiation yakagadzirwa microwave (microwave emitting rambi rinoshandiswa mune zvese radar uye microwave oveni). Resonator yakafanana muchimiro kune truncated simbi koni - imwe mugumo wakafara kupfuura mumwe. Nekuda kwehukuru hwakanyatsosarudzwa, mafungu emagetsi ehumwe hurefu anotenderera mairi. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti masaisai aya anomhanyisa akananga kumucheto wakafara uye anonokera kumucheto kwakatetepa. Musiyano wewave displacement velocity unofanirwa kutungamira kune mutsauko mukumanikidza kwemwaranzi kunoitwa kumativi akatarisana eresonator, uye nekudaro pakuumbwa. kufamba kwemotokari. Kutevedzana uku kuchaita kune yakafara base. Dambudziko nderekuti, maererano nevatsoropodzi vaScheuer, chiitiko ichi chinotsiva kukanganisa kwemafungu pamadziro emadziro ekoni.

8. Ion injini nozzle

Jet kana roketi injini inosundidzira mota (thrust) sezvainoburitsa gasi rinopisa rinowedzera. Iyo ion thruster inoshandiswa muchadenga probe inoburitsawo gasi (8), asi muchimiro cheiyoni inomhanyisa mumunda wemagetsi. EmDrive haiputi chero ipi zvayo kunze.

Maererano ne Mutemo wechitatu waNewton pachiito chega chega pane zvinopikisana uye zvakaenzana kuita, kureva kuti, zviito zvemiviri miviri zvinogara zvakaenzana uye zvakapesana. Kana tikazendama nemadziro, zvinotidzvanyawo, kunyangwe pasina kwainoenda. Sezvaanotaura musimboti wekuchengetedza kukurumidzaKana mauto ekunze (kudyidzana) asingaite pahurongwa hwemiviri, saka iyi system ine nguva inogara ichimhanya. Muchidimbu, EmDrive haifanire kushanda. Asi zvinoshanda. Zvirinani ndizvo zvinoratidzwa nemidziyo yekuona.

Simba reiyo prototypes rakavakwa kusvika parizvino haribvisi patsoka dzavo, kunyangwe, sezvatatotaura, mamwe einjini eioni anoshandiswa mukuita anoshanda mune aya maMicro-Newtonian. Sekureva kwaScheuer, kumhanyisa muEmDrive kunogona kuwedzerwa zvakanyanya kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwema superconductors.

Pilot Wave Theory

Iyo pilot wave theory yakapihwa nevatsvagiri veNASA sechikonzero chesainzi chinogoneka chekushanda kweEmDrive. Iyi ndiyo yekutanga inozivikanwa yakavanzika dzidziso yakasiyana-siyana inoratidzwa na Louise de Broglie muna 1927, gare gare kukanganwika, ipapo akawanazve uye kuvandudzwa David Bohm - ikozvino inonzi deBroglie-Bohm dzidziso. Iyo haina matambudziko aripo mukududzirwa kwakajairwa kwequantum mechanics, sekudonha kwepakarepo kweiyo wave basa uye dambudziko rekuyera (rinozivikanwa seSchrödinger's cat paradox).

izvozvo dzidziso isiri yenzvimboizvi zvinoreva kuti kufamba kwechikamu chakapihwa kunokanganiswa zvakananga nekufamba kwezvimwe zvikamu muhurongwa. Zvisinei, iyi isiri-nzvimbo haibvumiri mashoko kuti aendeswe nekumhanya kukuru kudarika kukurumidza kwechiedza, uye naizvozvo haapikisani nedzidziso yehukama. Iyo pilot wave theory inoramba iri imwe yedzimwe dudziro dze quantum mechanics. Parizvino, hapana misiyano yekuyedza yakawanikwa pakati pekufungidzira kweiyo pilot wave theory uye neiyo yekududzirwa kwakajairwa kwe quantum mechanics.

Mubhuku rake ra1926 Max Akazvarwa yakaratidza kuti wave function yeSchrödinger wave equation ndiyo mukana wekuwana chidimbu. Yakanga iri yeiyi pfungwa iyo de Broglie akagadzira iyo pilot wave theory uye akagadzira iyo pilot wave function. Pakutanga akaronga nzira yemhinduro mbiri umo chinhu chequantum chine masaisai emuviri (u-wave) munzvimbo chaiyo ine denderedzwa reumwe dunhu rinokonzeresa kuita senge chidimbu. Mune iyi yepakutanga chimiro chedzidziso, muongorori haana kutaura kuvepo kweiyo quantum particle. Akazogadzira dzidziso yepilot wave uye akaiisa pamusangano wakakurumbira weSolvay muna 1927. Wolfgang Pauli zvisinei, akafunga kuti muenzaniso wakadaro hauzove wakarurama kune inelastic particle kuparadzira. De Broglie haana kuwana

kune iyi mhinduro uye nekukurumidza akasiya iyo pilot wave pfungwa. Haana kubvira agadzira dzidziso yake kuti ivhare zvisina tsarukano.

zvidimbu zvakawanda.

Muna 1952, David Bohm akawanazve mutyairi wemafungu dzidziso. Iyo de Broglie-Bohm dzidziso yakazozivikanwa sekududzirwa kwayo kwe quantum mechanics uye inomiririra imwe yakakomba kune inonyanyozivikanwa dudziro yeCopenhagen kusvika parizvino. Zvakakosha, yakasununguka kubva pachiyero chekuyeresa chinokanganisa kududzira kwakajairwa kwequantum mechanics.

Izvo zvinzvimbo uye kukurumidza kwezvimedu zvinosiyana-siyana mupfungwa yekuti chidimbu chimwe nechimwe chine zvakanyatsotsanangurwa kurongeka uye kumhanya chero nguva. Nekudaro, hazvigoneke kuyera ese maviri ehuwandu panguva imwe chete, sezvo kuyerwa kwega kwega kwechimwe kunokanganisa kukosha kwechimwe - zvinoenderana ne Heisenberg kusavimbika musimboti. Iyo seti yezvimedu ine inoenderana nyaya wave inoshanduka zvichienderana neSchrödinger equation. Chikamu chega chega chinotevera deterministic trajectory inodzorwa nepilot wave. Kutorwa pamwe chete, kuwanda kwezvimedu kunoenderana nekukwirira kweamplitude yebasa remafungu. Iyo wave function yakazvimirira kubva kune zvidimbu uye inogona kuvapo se isina chinhu wave wave.

Mukududzirwa kweCopenhagen, zvimedu hazvina nzvimbo yakatarwa kudzamara zvaonekwa. Mune wave theory

nzvimbo dzemutyairi dzezvimedu dzakanyatsotsanangurwa, asi izvi zvine mhedzisiro yakakomba kune iyo yese fizikisi - saka

zvakare dzidziso iyi haina kufarirwa zvakanyanya. Nekudaro, inokutendera iwe kutsanangura kuti EmDrive inoshanda sei.

"Kana svikiro richikwanisa kutumira maacoustic vibrations, zvino zvikamu zvaro zvinogona kupindirana uye kufambisa simba," inonyora kudaro boka rekutsvagisa reNASA mubhuku raNovember 2016. kutyora mitemo yaNewton yekufamba."

Imwe yemhedzisiro yekududzira uku, sezviri pachena, ndeyekuti EmDrive ichafamba, sekunge "kusundira kure" kubva kune Universe.

 EmDrive haifanirwe kutyora mitemo yefizikisi...

Anodaro Mike McCulloch weYunivhesiti yePlymouth, achikurudzira dzidziso itsva inoratidza imwe nzira yekufunga nezvekufamba uye inertia yezvinhu zvine kumhanyisa kudiki. Dai aive akarurama, taizopedzisira tadaidza iyo isinganzwisisike drive "isina-inertial", nekuti inertia, ndiko kuti, inertia, inoshungurudza muongorori weBritish.

Inertia hunhu hwezvinhu zvese zvine huwandu, zvinobata kune shanduko munzira kana kukurumidza. Mune mamwe mazwi, huremu hunogona kufungidzirwa sechiyero che inertia. Kunyangwe izvi zvichiratidzika kwatiri pfungwa inozivikanwa kwazvo, chimiro chayo chaicho hachisi pachena. Pfungwa yaMcCulloch yakavakirwa pafungidziro yekuti inertia imhaka yemhedzisiro inofanotaurwa nehukama hwese hunonzi. Unru radiationMwaranzi weblackbody unoshanda pazvinhu zvinomhanyisa. Ukuwo, tinogona kutaura kuti inokura patino mhanyisa.

About EmDrive Pfungwa yaMcCulloch yakavakirwa papfungwa inotevera: kana mafotoni aine chero misa, anofanirwa kuona inertia kana ichiratidzwa. Nekudaro, iyo Unruh mwaranzi idiki kwazvo mune iyi kesi. Idiki zvekuti inokwanisa kudyidzana nemhoteredzo yayo yepedyo. Panyaya yeEmDrive, iyi ndiyo koni ye "injini" dhizaini. Iyo cone inobvumira Unruh mwaranzi yehurefu hwakati pamucheto wakapamhama, uye nemwaranzi yehurefu hupfupi pamagumo akamanikana. Iyo photons inoratidzwa, saka inertia yavo mukamuri inofanira kuchinja. Uye kubva pamusimboti wekuchengetedza kukurumidza, izvo, zvinopesana nezvinowanzoitika pamusoro peEmDrive, hazvina kutyorwa mukududzirwa uku, zvinotevera kuti kudhonza kunofanira kugadzirwa nenzira iyi.

Dzidziso yaMcCulloch, kune rumwe rutivi, inobvisa dambudziko rekuchengetedza simba, uye kune rumwe rutivi, iri pamativi esainzi. Kubva pakuona kwesainzi, zvinopokana kufunga kuti mafotoni ane inertial mass. Uyezve, zvine musoro, kumhanya kwechiedza kunofanira kuchinja mukati mekamuri. Izvi zvakaomera vefizikisi kugamuchira.

Chokwadi itambo here?

Kunyangwe zvambotaurwa zvakanaka mhedzisiro kubva kuEmDrive traction kudzidza, vatsoropodzi vachiri kupokana nazvo. Ivo vanocherekedza kuti, zvinopesana nemishumo yenhau, NASA haisati yaratidza kuti injini inoshanda chaizvo. Zvinogoneka, semuenzaniso, nehuchokwadi hwakakwana zvikanganiso zvekuedzainokonzerwa, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, nekubuda kwezvinhu zvinoumba zvikamu zvepropulsion system.

Vatsoropodzi vanopokana kuti simba remagetsi emagetsi mumativi ese ari maviri akaenzana. Isu tiri kutarisana nehupamhi hwakasiyana hwemudziyo, asi izvi hazvichinje chero chinhu, nokuti microwaves, inoratidzwa kubva kumucheto wakafara, inodzoka, inowira kwete chete pazasi yakamanikana, asiwo pamadziro. Vatsoropodzi vakafunga kugadzira mwenje wekusundirwa nemhepo, semuenzaniso, asi NASA yakatonga izvi mushure mebvunzo mukamuri yekutsvaira. Panguva imwecheteyo, mamwe masayendisiti akabvuma nekuzvininipisa data idzva, achitsvaga nzira yekuyananisa zvine musoro nemusimboti wekuchengetedza kukurumidza.

Vamwe vanokahadzika kuti kuyedza uku kunosiyanisa kumhanyisa kweinjini uye kupisa kweiyo system inobatwa nemagetsi ikozvino (9) Muyedzo yekumisikidza yeNASA, huwandu hwakakura kwazvo hwesimba rinopisa hunopinda muhumburumbira, hunogona kushandura kugovaniswa kwakawanda uye nzvimbo yesimba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi, zvichikonzera kuti EmDrive ionekwe mumidziyo yekuyeresa.

9. Thermal mifananidzo yegadziriro panguva yekuedzwa

EmDrive vanofarira vanodaro chakavanzika chiri, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, muchimiro checonical cylinderndosaka mutsara uchingooneka. Vatsoropodzi vanopindura kuti zvingave zvakakodzera kuyedza iyo isingagoneke actuator ine yakajairika silinda. Nekuti dai paive nekusundirwa mune yakajairika, isiri-conical dhizaini, zvinokanganisa zvimwe zve "zvisinganzwisisike" zvakataurwa pamusoro peEmDrive, uye zvaizotsigirawo fungidziro yekuti inozivikanwa kupisa kwe "injini isingagone" iri kushanda mu experimental setup.

Iko "kuita" kweinjini, sekuyerwa neNASA's Eagleworks kuyedza, zvakare haina mubvunzo. Pakushandisa 40 W, kupinza kwakayerwa pamwero we40 microns - mukati mekuwedzera kana kubvisa 20 microns. Iyi i50% kukanganisa. Mushure mekuwedzera simba kusvika ku60 watts, kuyerwa kwekuita kwakatonyanya kushomeka. Nekudaro, kunyangwe tikatora iyi data nekukosha kwechiso, rudzi rutsva rwekutyaira ruchiri kuburitsa chikamu chimwe chete mugumi chesimba pa kilowatt yemagetsi anogoneka neakakwira maion thrusters akadai seNSTAR kana NEXT.

Vatsoropodzi vari kudaidzira kuenderera mberi, kwakanyatso dzika uye, hongu, kuzviyedza kwakazvimirira. Vanoyeuka kuti tambo yeEmDrive yakaonekwa mukuedza kweChinese kumashure muna 2012, uye yakanyangarika mushure mekuvandudzwa kwenzira dzekuyedza uye dzekuyera.

Chokwadi cherekedza orbit

Yekupedzisira (?) Mhinduro kumubvunzo wekuti dhiraivha inoshanda nekamuri ine resonant inoumbwa neambotaurwa Guido Fett - muvambi wekusiyana kweiyi pfungwa inonzi. Kana Drive. Sekuona kwake, vatsoropodzi nevatsoropodzi vachavharwa miromo yavo nekutumira setiraiti inofambiswa neinjini iyi mukutenderera. Hongu ichavhara kana Cannae Drive ikanyatso kuburitsa satellite.

A probe saizi ye6 CubeSat units (kureva anenge 10 × 20 × 30 cm) inofanira kusimudzwa kune yakakwirira ye241 km, iyo ichagara kweinenge hafu yegore. Masatelliti echinyakare esaizi iyi anopera mafuta ekugadzirisa mukati memavhiki matanhatu. Solar-powered EmDrive ichabvisa ichi chinogumira.

Kugadzira chishandiso, Cannae Inc., inoshandiswa neFetta, Inc. akatanga kambani ine LAI International uye SpaceQuest Ltd, ine ruzivo semutengesi wezvinhu zvakasara, zvinosanganisira. yekugadzira ndege uye microsatellite. Kana zvose zvikafamba zvakanaka, saka Theseus, nekuti ndiro zita rebasa idzva, rinogona kuburitsa yekutanga EmDrive microsatellite muna 2017.

Havasi chimwe chinhu kunze kwemafotoni, veFinns vanodaro.

Mwedzi mishoma mhedzisiro yeNASA isati yaburitswa, magazini yakaongororwa nevezera AIP Advances yakaburitsa chinyorwa pane inopokana EmDrive injini. Vanyori varo, purofesa wefizikisi Arto Annila anobva kuYunivhesiti yeHelsinki, Dr. Erkki Kolehmainen kubva kuYunivhesiti yeJyväskylä mune organic chemistry, uye nyanzvi yefizikisi Patrick Grahn wekuComsol, vanopikisa kuti. EmDrive inowana kusundirwa nekuda kwekuburitswa kwemafotoni kubva mukamuri yakavharwa.

Purofesa Annila munzveri anozivikanwa zvikuru wemasimba echisiko. Ndiye munyori wemapepa anoda kusvika makumi mashanu akaburitswa mumapepanhau ane mukurumbira. Dzidziso dzake dzakawana mashandisirwo mukudzidza kwesimba rakasviba uye nerima, shanduko, hupfumi, uye neuroscience. Annila is categorical: EmDrive yakafanana neimwe injini. Inotora mafuta uye inogadzira kusimudzira.

Padivi pemafuta, zvese zviri nyore uye zvakajeka kune wese munhu - microwaves inotumirwa kune injini. Dambudziko nderokuti hapana chinogona kuonekwa kubva pairi, saka vanhu vanofunga kuti injini haisi kushanda. Saka chinhu chisingaonekwe chingabuda sei machiri? Mafotoni anobvongodza kumashure nekudzoka mukamuri. Vamwe vavo vanoenda nenzira imwechete uye nekumhanya kwakafanana, asi chikamu chavo chinoshandurwa ne180 degrees. Naizvozvo, kana vakafamba mune iyi gadziriso, vanodzima minda yemagetsi emumwe nemumwe. Zvakafanana nemafungu emvura anofamba pamwe chete kana rimwe richinyura kubva kune rimwe kuti riparadzane. Mvura haiperi, ichiripo. Saizvozvowo, mafotoni anotakura simba haaperi, kunyange kana asingaoneki sechiedza. Uye kana mafungu asisina magetsi emagetsi, nokuti akabviswa, saka haaratidze kubva pamadziro ekamuri uye usaisiye. Saka, isu tine drive nekuda kwe photon pairs.

Igwa rakanyudzwa mune imwe nguva-nguva

Nyanzvi yefizikisi ine mukurumbira James F. Woodward (10) inofunga, kune rumwe rutivi, kuti hwaro hwepanyama hwekushanda kwerudzi rutsva rwechigadzirwa chekufambisa ndicho chinonzi kuvandira Maha. Woodward akagadzira dzidziso yemasvomhu isiri yenzvimbo yakavakirwa panheyo yaMach. Zvakanyanya kukosha, zvisinei, dzidziso yake inotenderwa nekuti inofanotaura mhedzisiro yemuviri.

Woodward anoti kana kuwanda kwesimba remhando ipi neipi yakapihwa ikachinja nekufamba kwenguva, huremu hwehurongwa uhu hunoshanduka nehuwandu hunoenderana nechikamu chechipiri chekuchinja kwehuwandu hwehurongwa huri mubvunzo.

Kana, semuenzaniso, 1 kg ceramic capacitor inochajwa kamwe chete neine yakanaka, dzimwe nguva yakaipa voltage inoshanduka pane frequency ye10 kHz uye inotumira simba, semuenzaniso, 100 W - dzidziso yaWoodward inofanotaura kuti huwandu hwecapacitor hunofanira kuchinja ± 10 milligrams kutenderedza kukosha kwayo kwekutanga kwehuremu pane frequency ye20 kHz. Kufanotaura uku kwakasimbiswa murabhoritari uye nekudaro musimboti waMach wakasimbiswa zvine simba.

Ernst Mach aitenda kuti muviri unofamba zvakafanana kwete maererano nenzvimbo yakakwana, asi maererano nepakati pehuremu hwemamwe mitumbi ese eChisiko. Iyo inertia yemuviri mhedzisiro yekudyidzana kwayo nemimwe miviri. Maererano nenyanzvi dzefizikisi dzakawanda, kuzadzikiswa kwakazara kwenheyo yaMach kwaizoratidza kutsamira kwakazara kwejiometry yenguva-yemuchadenga pakugovaniswa kwezvinhu muChadenga, uye dzidziso inowirirana nayo ingava dzidziso yenguva inoenderana nenzvimbo.

Nekuona, iyi pfungwa yeEmDrive injini inogona kufananidzwa nekukwasva mugungwa. Uye gungwa iri ndiro Universe. Mafambiro acho achaita sechikwasvi chinonyura mumvura inoumba chadenga chozvidzinga kubva mairi. Uye chinonyanya kufadza pane izvi zvese ndechekuti fizikisi yave mumamiriro ezvinhu zvekuti madimikira akadaro haaite sengano yesainzi uye nhetembo zvachose.

Kwete chete EmDrive, kana nzvimbo madhiraivha emangwana

Kunyangwe iyo injini yeScheuer yangopa kusimudzira kushoma, inotova neramangwana rakakura mukufamba kwechadenga izvo zvinotiendesa kuMars nekupfuura. Nekudaro, iyi haisiriyo tariro yega yeinjini inokurumidza uye inoshanda yemuchadenga. Heano mamwe mazano:

•  nuclear drive. Zvaizosanganisira kupfura mabhomba eatomu uye kutungamira simba rekuputika kwavo ne "barrel" kuseri kwechikepe. Kuputika kwenyukireya kuchagadzira simba rinoita "kusundira" ngarava mberi. Chinhu chisina kuputika chingave chekushandisa munyu, senge uranium bromide, yakanyungudika mumvura. Mafuta akadaro anochengetwa mumutsara wemidziyo, yakaparadzaniswa kubva kune imwe neimwe neyakagadzika yezvinhu zvinogara, pamwe nekuwedzera boron, yakasimba.

  chibatiso chenyuturoni chinodzitadzisa kuyerera pakati pemidziyo. Patinotanga injini, zvinhu kubva mumidziyo yose zvinosanganiswa, izvo zvinokonzera ketani, uye mhinduro yemunyu mumvura inoshanduka kuva plasma, iyo, ichisiya rocket nozzle yakachengetedzwa kubva pakupisa kukuru kweplasma nemagnetic field. inopa pfungwa yenguva dzose. Inofungidzirwa kuti nzira iyi inogona kumhanyisa roketi kusvika 6 m/s uye zvakatowanda. Zvisinei, nenzira iyi, mavhoriyamu makuru emafuta enyukireya anodiwa - kune ngarava inorema matani chiuru, izvi zvingava matani zviuru gumi. matani euranium.

• Fusion injini kushandisa deuterium. Plasma ine tembiricha inosvika 500 miriyoni madhigirii Celsius, iyo inopa simba, inopa dambudziko rakakomba kune vanogadzira, semuenzaniso, mabhomba emhepo. Zvisinei, kukurumidza iyo theoretically inogona kuwanikwa munyaya iyi iri pedyo nechegumi chekukurumidza kwechiedza, i.e. kusvika ku30 XNUMX. km/s. Nekudaro, iyi sarudzo haisati yave kuita tekinoroji.
• Antimatter. Ichi chinhu chinoshamisa chiriko chaizvo - paCERN neFermilab, takakwanisa kuunganidza maantiproton anosvika trillion, kana picogram imwe yeantimatter, tichishandisa mhete dzekuunganidza. Nechepfungwa, antimatter inogona kuchengetwa mune inodaidzwa kuti Penning misungo, umo magineti inodzivirira kuti irege kudhumhana nemadziro emudziyo. Kuparadzwa kweantimatter neyakajairwa

  nechinhu, semuenzaniso, nehaidhirojeni, inopa simba guru kubva kuplasma ine simba repamusoro muteya remagineti. Tichifunga, mota inofambiswa nesimba rekutsakatisa zvinhu uye antimatter inogona kukurumidza kusvika 90% kumhanya kwechiedza. Nekudaro, mukuita, kugadzirwa kweantimatter kwakaoma zvakanyanya uye kunodhura. Batch rakapihwa rinoda simba rakapetwa kamiriyoni gumi kuti rigadzire pane rarinozogadzira gare gare.

• solar seiri. Iyi ipfungwa yekutyaira iyo yave ichizivikanwa kwemakore mazhinji, asi ichiri kumirira, zvirinani tentatively, kuzadzikiswa. Maseiri achashanda achishandisa photoelectric effect inotsanangurwa naEinstein. Zvisinei, nzvimbo yavo inofanira kuva yakakura zvikuru. Iyo seiri pachayo inofanirawo kuva yakaonda zvikuru kuitira kuti chimiro chirege kurema zvakanyanya.
• Dhiraivha . Phantomists vanoti zvakakwana ku… warp space, izvo zvinopfupisa chinhambwe chiri pakati pemotokari nenzvimbo uye inowedzera chinhambwe kuseri kwayo. Nokudaro, mutakuri pachake anongofamba zvishoma, asi mu "bubble" anokunda chinhambwe chikuru. Zvinonakidza sezvazvinonzwika, NASA masayendisiti anga achiyedza zvakanyanya.

  nemhedzisiro pamafotoni. Muna 1994, nyanzvi yefizikisi Dr. Miguel Alcubierre akaronga dzidziso yesayenzi inotsanangura kuti injini yakadaro ingashanda sei. Muchokwadi, ingave imwe mhando yemanomano - pachinzvimbo chekufamba nekukurumidza kupfuura kumhanya kwechiedza, yaizogadzirisa nzvimbo-nguva pachayo. Nehurombo, usatarisira kuwana disc chero nguva munguva pfupi. Rimwe rematambudziko mazhinji nazvo nderekuti ngarava inofambiswa nenzira iyi inoda simba rakashata kuti iite simba. Ichokwadi kuti rudzi urwu rwesimba runozivikanwa kune theoretical physics - iyo theoretical modhi yevacuum segungwa risingaperi rezvimedu zvisina simba zvakatanga kutsanangurwa neBritish physicist Paul Dirac muna 1930 kutsanangura kuvepo kwezvakafanotaurwa simba rehuwandu. inoti. maererano neDirac equation ye relativistic electrons.

  Mune classical fizikisi, inofungidzirwa kuti mhinduro chete ine simba rakanaka iripo mune zvakasikwa, uye mhinduro ine simba rakashata haina musoro. Nekudaro, iyo Dirac equation inomiririra kuvepo kwemaitiro umo mhinduro isina kunaka inogona kubuda kubva kune "yakajairika" yakanaka particles, uye saka haigone kufuratirwa. Zvisinei, hazvizivikanwi kana simba risina kunaka rinogona kugadzirwa muchokwadi chinowanikwa kwatiri.

  Kune matambudziko mazhinji nekushandiswa kwedhiraivha. Kukurukurirana kunoratidzika kuva kumwe kunokosha zvikurusa. Semuenzaniso, hazvizivikanwe kuti ngarava yaigona sei kutaurirana nenharaunda dzakatenderedza dzechadenga-nguva, ichifamba nekukurumidza kupfuura kumhanya kwechiedza? Izvi zvinodzivirirawo dhiraivha kubva pakugumburwa kana kutanga.