F / A-18 Hornet

F/A-18C kubva kuVFA-34 "Blue Blaster" squadron. Iyo ndege ine chaiyo livery yakagadzirirwa maererano neyokupedzisira kurwisa ndege munhoroondo yeUS Navy Hornets, iyo yakaitika muchikepe chekutakura ndege USS Carl Vinson kubva Ndira kusvika Kubvumbi 2018.

Muna Kubvumbi wegore rino, US Navy (USN) yakamisa zviri pamutemo kushandiswa kweF / A-18 Hornet airborne homing fighters muzvikwata zvekurwa, uye muna Gumiguru, varwi verudzi urwu vakabviswa kubva kumapoka ekudzidzira eNavy. Iwo "classic" F/A-18 Hornet fighters vachiri kushanda nemauto eUnited States Marine Corps (USMC), ayo anoda kuvashandisa kusvika 2030-2032. Pamusoro peUnited States, nyika nomwe dzine varwi veF / A-18 Hornet: Australia, Finland, Spain, Canada, Kuwait, Malaysia neSwitzerland. Vakawanda vanoda kuvachengeta vari mubasa kwemamwe makore gumi. Mushandisi wekutanga kuvabvisa angangove ari Kuwait, uye wekupedzisira kuve Spain.

Iyo Hornet airborne fighter yakagadziridzwa yeUS Navy yakabatana naMcDonnel Douglas neNorthrop (ikozvino Boeing neNorthrop Grumman). Kubhururuka kwendege kwakaitika musi waNovember 18, 1978. Ndege pfumbamwe dzechigaro chimwe chete, dzakasarudzwa seF-9A, uye 18 ndege dzine zvigaro zviviri, dzakasarudzwa seTF-2A, dzakabatanidzwa mukuedzwa. Miedzo yekutanga pabhodhi mutakuri wendege - USS America - yakatanga muna Gumiguru 18 wegore. Panguva ino yepurogiramu, USN yakasarudza kuti yaisada kuchinjwa kwendege mbiri - murwi uye kurohwa. Saka iyo yakati wandei zita rekuti "F / A" rakaunzwa. Chigaro chimwe chete chakasiyana chakasarudzwa F/A-1979A uye chigaro chechipiri F/A-18B. Zvikwata zvaifanira kugamuchira varwi vatsva vakachinja zita ravo retsamba kubva kuVF (Fighter Squadron) uye VA (Strike Squadron) kuti: VFA (Strike Fighter Squadron), i.e. fighter-bomber squadron.

F/A-18A/B Hornet yakaunzwa kumauto eUS Navy muna Kukadzi 1981. Zvikwata zveMarine zveUS zvakatanga kuvagamuchira muna 1983. Vakatsiva McDonnel Douglas A-4 Skyhawk kurwisa ndege uye LTV A-7 Corsair II mabhomba. , McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II varwi uye yavo reconnaissance shanduro - RF-4B. Kusvika 1987, 371 F / A-18As yakagadzirwa (mumabhuroki ekugadzira 4 kusvika 22), mushure mezvo kugadzirwa kwakachinjika kune iyo F / A-18C musiyano. Musiyano wezvigaro zviviri, F/A-18B, waive wakaitirwa kudzidziswa, asi ndege idzi dzakachengeta kugona kwakazara kwehondo kweiyo chigaro chimwe chete. Nekombi refu, B vhezheni inogona kubata 6 muzana yematangi emukati. mafuta mashoma pane imwe chigaro shanduro. 39 F/A-18Bs akavakwa mumabhururu ekugadzira 4 kusvika 21.

Kubhururuka kweF/A-18 Hornet multirole homing fighter kwakaitika musi waNovember 18, 1978. Kusvikira muna 2000, ndege 1488 dzerudzi urwu dzakavakwa.

Mukutanga kwema80, Northrop yakagadzira vhezheni-yakavakirwa pasi yeHornet, yakadoma F-18L. Murwi uyu akaitirwa misika yepasirese - kune vanogashira vaida kuvashandisa chete kubva pazvigadziko zvepasi. Iyo F-18L yaive isina "pa-bhodhi" zvikamu - hoko yekumhara, gomo rematepi uye mapapiro ekupeta michina. Murwi akatambirawo chassis yakareruka. Iyo F-18L yaive yakareruka kupfuura iyo F/A-18A, ichiita kuti ikwanise kuchinjika, kuenzaniswa neF-16 murwi. Zvichakadaro, mumwe weNorthrop McDonnel Douglas akapa murwi weF/A-18L kumisika yepasi rose. Kwaingove kwakasiyana zvishoma kweiyo F/A-18A. Chikumbiro ichi chaive mumakwikwi akananga neF-18L, zvichikonzera kuti Northrop amhan'are McDonnell Douglas. Kunetsana kwakapera McDonnell Douglas achitenga F/A-50L kubva kuNorthrop nemadhora makumi mashanu emamiriyoni emadhora uye nekuivimbisa basa remukontrakta mukuru. Nekudaro, pakupedzisira, iyo yekutanga vhezheni yeF / A-18A / B yaive yakagadzirirwa kutengeswa kunze kwenyika, iyo, pakukumbira kwemutengi, inogona kubviswa kubva kune-bhodhi masisitimu. Zvisinei, vatengesi veHornet vakatengesa kunze kwenyika vakanga vasina maitiro e "specialized" land version, iyo yaiva F-18L.

Pakati pe-80s, shanduro yakagadziridzwa yeHornet yakagadzirwa, yakasarudzwa F / A-18C / D. Yekutanga F/A-18C (BuNo 163427) yakabhururuka musi waSeptember 3, 1987. Kunze, F/A-18C/D yakanga isina kusiyana neF/A-18A/B. Pakutanga, Hornets F/A-18C/D yakashandisa injini dzakafanana neshanduro yeA/B, i.e. General Electric F404-GE-400. Izvo zvakakosha zvikuru zvikamu zvitsva zvinoshandiswa mushanduro yeC zvaive, pakati pezvimwe, Martin-Baker SJU-17 NACES Ejection Seats (Common Navy Crew Ejection Seat), makomputa matsva emishoni, masisitimu emagetsi ejamming, uye marekodha asingakuvadzi endege. Iwo varwi vakagadziridzwa kune mitsva yeAIM-120 AMRAAM air-to-air missile, AGM-65F Maverick thermal imaging guided makomba uye AGM-84 Harpoon anti-ship missile.

Kubva mugore rezvemari 1988, iyo F/A-18C yakagadzirwa muNight Attack configuration, ichibvumira mhepo-pasi-kushanda usiku uye mumamiriro ekunze akaoma. Varwi vakagadziridzwa kutakura midziyo miviri: Hughes AN / AAR-50 NAVFLIR (infrared navigation system) uye Loral AN / AAS-38 Nite HAWK (infrared kutungamira system). Iyo cockpit ine AV/AVQ-28 head-up display (HUD) (raster graphics), maviri 127 x 127 mm color multifunctional displays (MFD) kubva kuKaiser (inotsiva monochrome displays) uye yekufambisa inoratidzira inoratidza dhijitari, ruvara. , kufambisa Smith Srs mepu 2100 (TAMMAC - Tactical Aircraft Moving Map Capability). Iyo cockpit inogadzirirwa kushandiswa kweGEC Cat's Eyes (NVG) magirazi ekuona husiku. Kubva muna Ndira 1993, iyo yazvino vhezheni yeAN / AAS-38 mudziyo, ine laser target dhizaini uye renji yekutsvaga, yakawedzerwa kumidziyo yeHornets, nekuda kwekuti vatyairi veHornets vaigona kuratidza vakazvimirira zvinangwa zvelaser kutungamira. . zvombo (zvake kana kutakurwa nedzimwe ndege). Iyo prototype F / A-18C Night Hawk yakatanga muna Chivabvu 6, 1988. Kugadzirwa kwe "husiku" Hornets kwakatanga muna Mbudzi 1989 sechikamu che29th yekugadzira block (kunze kweiyo 138 kopi).

Muna Ndira 1991, kuiswa kweinjini itsva yeGeneral Electric F36-GE-404 EPE (Enhanced Performance Engine) yakatanga sechikamu chekugadzira block 402 muHornety. Idzi injini dzinogadzira inenge 10 muzana. simba rakawanda richienzaniswa ne "-400" series. Muna 1992, kuiswa kweazvino uye ane simba Hughes (ikozvino Raytheon) mhando AN / APG-18 airborne radar yakatanga paF / A-73C / D. Yakatsiva iyo yakatanga kuiswa Hughes AN/APG-65 radar. Kubhururuka kweF / A-18C ine radar itsva kwakaitika musi waApril 15, 1992. Kubva ipapo, simiti yakatanga kuisa radar AN / APG-73. Muzvikamu zvakabudiswa kubva 1993, kuiswa kwemakamuri mana ekudzivirira-radiation launchers uye AN / ALE-47 thermal jamming cassettes, iyo yakatsiva yekare AN / ALE-39, uye yakakwidziridzwa AN / ALR-67 radiation yambiro system, yatanga. . .

Pakutanga, kukwidziridzwa kweNight Hawk kwaisabatanidza zvigaro zviviri F/A-18D. Makopi makumi maviri nemapfumbamwe ekutanga akagadzirwa mugadziriro yekudzidzira kurwa nehunyanzvi hwekurwa hweModel C. Muna 29, nehurongwa hunokosha hweUS Marine Corps, shanduro yekurwisa yeF / A-1988D yakaburitswa, inokwanisa kushanda mukati. mamiriro okunze ose. yakagadzirwa. Iyo yekumashure cockpit, isina tsvimbo yekudzora, yakagadziridzwa kurwisa system operators (WSO - Weapons Systems Officer). Iyo ine maviri mativi akawanda-anoshanda majombo ekudzora zvombo uye ari-bhodhi masisitimu, pamwe neinofambiswa mepu inoratidzwa iri pamusoro pane control panel. Iyo F / A-18D yakagamuchira yakakwana Night Hawk modhi C package. Yakagadziridzwa F/A-18D (BuNo 18) yakabhururuka muSt. Louis 163434 Chivabvu 6 Yekutanga kugadzira F/A-1988D Night Hawk (BuNo 18) yaive yekutanga D modhi yakavakirwa paBlock 163986.

Hondo yeUS Navy yakaraira 96 ​​F / A-18D Night Hawks, mazhinji ayo ave chikamu chese-mamiriro ekunze Marine Corps.

Zvikwata izvi zvakanzi VMA (AW), apo mavara AW anomirira All-Weather, zvichireva mamiriro ekunze ese. Iyo F/A-18D yakatsiva zvakanyanya iyo Grumman A-6E Intruder kurwisa ndege. Vakazotangawo kuita basa rekunzi. mhepo inotsigira vatongi vekukurumidza uye nehunyanzvi kutsigira mhepo - FAC (A) / TAC (A). Vakatsiva McDonnell Douglas OA-4M Skyhawk uye North American Rockwell OV-10A/D Bronco ndege mune iri basa. Kubva 1999, iyo F/A-18D yakatorawo tactical aerial reconnaissance misheni yakamboitwa neRF-4B Phantom II varwi. Izvi zvakaitwa nekuda kwekuiswa kweMartin Marietta ATARS (Advanced Tactical Airborne Reconnaissance System) tactical reconnaissance system. Iyo "palletized" ATARS system inoiswa mukamuri yeM61A1 Vulcan 20 mm yakawanda-bharel pfuti, iyo inobviswa panguva yekushandiswa kweATARS.

Ndege ine ATARS system inosiyaniswa nehunhu hwekuita nemahwindo akabudikira pasi pemhino yendege. Iko kushanda kwekuisa kana kubvisa ATARS kunogona kupedzwa mumaawa mashoma mumunda. VeMarine Corps vakagovera ok.48 F / A-18D yemabasa ekucherekedza. Ndege idzi dzakagamuchira zita risingazivikanwe F/A-18D (RC). Parizvino, reconnaissance Hornets inokwanisa kutumira mafoto uye mifananidzo inofamba kubva kuATARS system munguva chaiyo kusvika pasi vanogamuchira. Iyo F/A-18D(RC) yakagadziridzwawo kuti itakure Loral AN/UPD-8 midziyo ine mhepo inotarisa padivi radar (SLAR) pacentre fuselage pylon.

Musi waNyamavhuvhu 1, 1997, McDonnell Douglas akatorwa neBoeing, iyo yave "muridzi wemhando". Nzvimbo yekugadzira yeHornets, uye gare gare Super Hornets, ichiri muSt. Louis. Huwandu hwe466 F/A-18Cs uye 161 F/A-18Ds dzakavakirwa US Navy. Kugadzirwa kweiyo C/D modhi kwakapera muna 2000. Yekupedzisira nhepfenyuro yeF / A-18C yakaunganidzwa muFinland. Muna Nyamavhuvhu 2000, yakapihwa kuFinnish Air Force. Hornet yekupedzisira yakagadzirwa yaive F/A-18D, yakagamuchirwa neUS Marine Corps muna Nyamavhuvhu 2000.

Kuvandudza "A+" uye "A++"

Yekutanga Hornet yemazuva ano chirongwa chakatangwa pakati pe-90s uye chaisanganisira iyo F / A-18A chete. Varwi vakagadziridzwa neAN / APG-65 radars, izvo zvakaita kuti zvikwanise kutakura AIM-120 AMRAAM air-to-air missile. Iyo F/A-18A yakagadziridzwa zvakare kuti itakure iyo AN/AAQ-28(V) Litening yekutarisa uye yakananga modules.

Nhanho yaitevera yaive yekusarudzwa kwe80 F / A-18A iine kureba sosi uye maairframes akasara ari nani. Vaive vakashongedzerwa neAN / APG-73 radar uye ega ega zvinhu zveC avionics. Aya makopi aive akaiswa chiratidzo cheA +. Mushure mezvo, 54 A + zvikamu zvakagamuchira zvakafanana avionics package sezvakaiswa mumuenzaniso weC. Dzakabva dzamakwa F/A-18A ++. Hornets F / A-18A + / A ++ yaifanirwa kuenderana nezvikepe zveF / A-18C / D. Sezvo varwi vatsva veF / A-18E / F Super Hornet vakapinda musevhisi, vamwe A + uye vese A ++ vakatamiswa neUS Navy kuenda kuMarine Corps.

VeUS Marines vakaisawo yavo F/A-18A kuburikidza nehurongwa hwematanho maviri echizvino-zvino, izvo, zvisinei, zvakati siyanei neUS Navy's. Kukwidziridza kusvika kuA + chiyero chaisanganisira, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, kuiswa kweAN/APG-73 radars, GPS/INS yakasanganiswa satellite-inertial navigation systems, uye itsva AN/ARC-111 Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) system. Mhuka dzegungwa dzakashongedzerwa nadzo dzinosiyaniswa nehunhu hweantennae iri pamhino pamberi peiyo fairing (inonzi "shiri dzinocheka").

Pachikamu chechipiri chemazuva ano - kune A ++ chiyero - iyo USMC Hornet yakanga yakashongedzerwa, kusanganisira muruvara rwemvura yekristaro inoratidzira (LCD), JHMCS ngowani inoratidza, SJU-17 NACES ejection zvigaro uye AN / ALE-47 inovharira cartridge ejectors. Iwo ekurwisa masimba eF / A-18A ++ Hornet anenge asiri akaderera kune F / A-18C, uye zvinoenderana nevatyairi vazhinji vanotovapfuura, sezvo vakashongedzerwa neazvino uye akareruka avionics zvikamu.