Kwekutsvagira hupenyu uye kuti ungahuziva sei

Kana isu tichitsvaga hupenyu muchadenga, tinonzwa gangaidzo reFermi richichinjana neiyo Drake equation. Ose anotaura nezvemhando dzehupenyu hwakangwara. Asi zvakadini kana upenyu hwevatorwa husina kungwara? Mushure mezvose, izvo hazviiti kuti zvisanyanya kunakidza mune zvesainzi. Kana kuti pamwe haatombodi kutaura nesu zvachose - kana kuti ari kuvanda kana kupfuura zvatingafungidzira?

Zvese Fermi's gangaidzo ("Varipi?!" - sezvo mukana wehupenyu munzvimbo hausi muduku) uye Drake equation, vachifungidzira huwandu hwebudiriro yehunyanzvi, ishoma yembeva. Parizvino, nyaya dzakananga dzakadai sehuwandu hwemapuraneti epasi mune inonzi nzvimbo yehupenyu yakatenderedza nyeredzi.

Maererano nePlanetary Habitability Laboratory muArecibo, Puerto Rico, Parizvino, nyika dzinopfuura makumi mashanu dzinogona kugarika dzawanikwa. Kunze kwekuti isu hatizive kana vachigara munzira dzese, uye muzviitiko zvakawanda ivo vari kure zvakanyanya kuti isu tiunganidze ruzivo rwatinoda nenzira dzatinoziva. Nekudaro, nekupihwa kuti isu takangotarisa chikamu chidiki cheMilky Way kusvika parizvino, zvinoita sekunge isu tatoziva zvakawanda. Zvisinei, kushomeka kwemashoko kuchiri kutiodza mwoyo.

Kwatinofanira kutsvaga

Imwe yeidzi nyika dzine hushamwari ingangoita makore makumi maviri nemana echiedza kubva uye iri mukati boka renyeredzi scorpio, exoplanet Gliese 667 Cc orbiting red dwarf. Nehuremu hwakapetwa ka 3,7 pane hwePasi uye tembiricha yeavhareji yepasi iri pamusoro pe0°C, dai pasi riine mhepo yakakodzera, yaizova nzvimbo yakanaka yekutsvaga upenyu. Ichokwadi kuti Gliese 667 Cc pamwe haitenderere paaxis yayo sezvinoita Nyika - rimwe divi rayo rinogara rakatarisana neZuva uye rimwe riri mumumvuri, asi mhepo yakakora inogona kuendesa kupisa kwakaringana kudivi remumvuri pamwe nekuchengetedza. tembiricha yakagadzikana pamuganhu wechiedza nemumvuri.

Maererano nevesainzi, zvinokwanisika kurarama pazvinhu zvakadaro zvinotenderedza dzvuku dzvuku, marudzi akajairika enyeredzi muGalaxy yedu, asi iwe unongoda kuita fungidziro yakati siyanei nezvekushanduka-shanduka kwavo kupfuura Nyika, yatichazonyora nezvayo gare gare.

Imwe nyika yakasarudzwa, Kepler 186f (1), iri mazana mashanu emakore chiedza kubva kure. Inoratidzika kunge iine 10% chete yakakura kupfuura Earth uye inotonhora seMars. Sezvo isu takatosimbisa kuvepo kweaizi yemvura paMars uye tichiziva kuti tembiricha yaro haina kutonhora zvakanyanya kudzivirira kurarama kwebhakitiriya rakaoma kwazvo rinozivikanwa paPasi, nyika ino inogona kuve imwe yeinovimbisa zvakanyanya kune zvatinoda.

Mumwe mumiriri akasimba Kepler 442b, iri makore anopfuura 1100 chiedza kubva kuPasi, iri muboka renyeredzi Lyra. Zvisinei, iye neGliese 667 Cc yataurwa pamusoro apa inorasikirwa nemapoinzi kubva kumhepo ine simba yezuva, ine simba zvikuru kupfuura iyo inobudiswa nezuva redu pachedu. Zvechokwadi, izvi hazvirevi kusabatanidzwa kwehupenyu huripo, asi mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu aizofanira kusangana, somuenzaniso, chiito chekudzivirira magnetic field.

Imwe yevazivi venyeredzi's itsva-yakaita sePasi inowanikwa ipasi rinenge 41 light-years kubva, yakanyorwa se LHS 1140b. Pane 1,4 times saizi yePasi uye yakapetwa kaviri seyakakora, iri munzvimbo yekumba yehome star system.

"Ichi ndicho chinhu chakanakisa chandaona mumakore gumi apfuura," Jason Dittmann weHarvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics anodaro nechido mukuburitswa kwenhau nezve kuwanikwa. “Zviratidzo zvenguva yemberi zvinogona kuona mamiriro ezvinhu anogona kugarwa kekutanga. Tinoronga kutsvaga mvura ikoko, uye pakupedzisira molecular oxygen.”

Kunotova nehurongwa hwenyeredzi hwese hunoita basa rinenge renyeredzi muchikamu chezvinogoneka zvepanyika exoplanets. Iyi iTRAPPIST-1 muboka renyeredzi reAquarius, 39 light years away. Zvakaonekwa zvakaratidza kuvapo kwemapuraneti madiki manomwe anotenderera nyeredzi yepakati. Vatatu vavo vari munzvimbo inogara vanhu.

“Iyi inyika inoshamisa. Kwete chete nekuti takawana mapuraneti akawanda mairi, asi zvakare nekuti ese akafanana zvakanyanya muhukuru nePasi, "anodaro Mikael Gillon anobva kuYunivhesiti yeLiege kuBelgium, akaita ongororo yehurongwa muna 2016, mukuburitswa kwenhau. . Maviri emapuraneti aya TRAPPIST-1b Oraz TRAPPIST-1snyatsotarisisa pasi pegirazi rinokudza. Vakazove zvinhu zvine matombo seNyika, zvichiita kuti vatonyanya kukodzera hupenyu.

TRAPPIST-1 idiki dzvuku, nyeredzi isiri Zuva, uye mienzaniso yakawanda inogona kutikanganisa. Ko kana isu taitsvaga yakakosha kufanana kune nyeredzi yedu yemubereki? Ipapo nyeredzi inotenderera muboka renyeredzi Cygnus, yakafanana zvikuru neZuva. Yakakura kudarika Nyika nezvikamu makumi matanhatu kubva muzana, asi inoramba ichizivikanwa kuti inyika ine matombo here uye kuti ine mvura yemvura.

“Nyika ino yapedza makore 6 bhiriyoni iri mumusha wenyeredzi. Yakareba kupfuura Nyika, "akadaro John Jenkins weNASA's Ames Research Center mupepanhau repamutemo. "Zvinoreva mikana yakawanda yekuti hupenyu husimuke, kunyanya kana zvese zvinodiwa uye mamiriro aripo."

Chokwadi, munguva pfupi yapfuura, muna 2017, muAstronomical Journal, vaongorori vakazivisa kuwanikwa. mhepo yekutanga yakatenderedza pasi saizi yePasi. Nerubatsiro rweteresikopu yeSouthern European Observatory muChile, masayendisiti akacherechedza kuti panguva yekufamba yakachinja sei chikamu chechiedza chenyeredzi yairipo. Nyika ino inozivikanwa se GJ 1132b (2), inopeta 1,4 ukuru hwepasi redu uye iri pachinhambwe chemakore 39 echiedza.

2. Kuonekwa kwehunyanzvi hwemhepo yakatenderedza exoplanet GJ 1132b.

Zvakaonekwa zvinoratidza kuti "super-Earth" yakafukidzwa negobvu remagasi, mupfunga wemvura kana methane, kana musanganiswa wezvose. Nyeredzi iyo GJ 1132b inotenderera idiki, inotonhora uye yakasviba kupfuura Zuva redu. Zvisinei, zvinoita sezvisingabviri kuti chinhu ichi chigarike - tembiricha yaro yepasi i370°C.

Nzira yekutsvaga

Mucherechedzo mumwe chete wakapupurirwa nesainzi unogona kutibatsira mukutsvaga kwedu hupenyu kune mamwe mapuraneti (3) iPasi rose. Isu tinokwanisa kuita runyorwa rwakakura rwezvakasiyana ecosystems iyo pasi redu rinopa.kusanganisira: hydrothermal vents yakadzika pasi pegungwa, Antarctic ice caves, madziva anoputika, inotonhora methane inoputika kubva pasi pegungwa, mapako akazara ne sulfuric acid, migodhi nedzimwe nzvimbo dzakawanda kana zviitiko kubva kune stratosphere kusvika kune mantle. Zvese zvatinoziva nezvehupenyu mumamiriro ezvinhu akanyanya kudaro papasi redu zvinowedzera zvakanyanya ndima yekutsvagisa muchadenga.

3. Muono wehunyanzvi weiyo exoplanet

Nyanzvi dzimwe nguva dzinotaura nezvePasi seFr. biosphere mhando 1. Nyika yedu inoratidza zviratidzo zvakawanda zvehupenyu pamusoro payo, kunyanya kubva musimba. Panguva imwecheteyo, iripo paNyika pachayo. biosphere mhando 2zvakanyanya kuvharidzirwa. Mienzaniso yaro muchadenga inosanganisira mapuraneti akadai seMars yemazuva ano uye mwedzi ine chando yehofori yegasi, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda.

Ichangobva kutangwa Transit satellite ye exoplanet yekuongorora (TES) kuenderera mberi nekushanda, ndiko kuti, kuwana uye kuratidza mapoinzi anonakidza muChadenga. Tinovimba kuti zvimwe zvakadzama zvidzidzo zveexoplanets zvakawanikwa zvichaitwa. James Webb Space Telescope, inoshanda mu infrared range - kana ikazopinda muorbit. Mundima yebasa rekufungidzira, kwatova nemamwe mamishini - Habitable exoplanet observatory (HabEx), akawanda-siyana Yakakura UV Optical Infrared Inspector (LUVUAR) kana Origins Space Telescope infrared (OST), ine chinangwa chekupa data rakawanda pane exoplanet atmospheres uye zvikamu, ine tarisiro yekutsvaga. biosignatures yehupenyu.

4. Kusiyana-siyana kwezviratidzo zvekuvapo kwehupenyu

Yekupedzisira ndeye astrobiology. Biosignatures zvinhu, zvinhu kana chiitiko chinobva mukuvapo uye kuita kwezvipenyu. (4). Kazhinji, mamisheni anotarisa ma terrestrial biosignatures, semamwe magasi emuchadenga uye zvimedu, pamwe nemifananidzo yepasi yezvipenyu. Nekudaro, sekureva kwenyanzvi kubva kuNational Academy yeSainzi, Injiniya uye Mushonga (NASEM), ichidyidzana neNASA, zvakafanira kubva pane iyi geocentrism.

- anonyora Prof. Barbara Lollar.

Iyo generic tag inogona kuva shuga. Ongororo nyowani inoratidza kuti shuga molecule uye chikamu cheDNA 2-deoxyribose zvinogona kunge zviripo kumakona ari kure epasirese. Chikwata cheNASA astrophysicists chakakwanisa kuigadzira murabhoritari mamiriro anotevedzera interstellar space. Mubhuku rinonzi Nature Communications, masayendisiti anoratidza kuti kemikari yacho inogona kuparadzirwa zvakafara muchadenga.

Muna 2016, rimwe boka revatsvagiri muFrance rakawana zvakafanana nezve ribose, shuga yeRNA inoshandiswa nemuviri kugadzira mapuroteni uye inofungidzirwa kuti ingangove inotungamira kuDNA muhupenyu hwepakutanga paPasi. Mashuga akaomarara wedzera kune rondedzero inokura yemakomisheni anowanikwa pameteorites uye anogadzirwa murabhoritari inotevedzera nzvimbo. Izvi zvinosanganisira amino acids, zvivakwa zvemapuroteni, mabhesi enitrogen, iwo mayuniti ekutanga eiyo genetic code, uye kirasi yemamorekuru ayo hupenyu hunoshandisa kuvaka membranes dzakatenderedza masero.

Nyika yekutanga ingangove yakadururwa nezvinhu zvakadaro nema meteoroids nemakometi achikanganisa pamusoro payo. Zvigadzirwa zveshuga zvinogona kushanduka kuita shuga inoshandiswa muDNA neRNA pamberi pemvura, ichivhura mikana mitsva yekudzidza chemistry yehupenyu hwepakutanga.

"Kwemakore anopfuura makumi maviri, tave tichinetseka kana kemesitiri yatinowana muchadenga ichigona kugadzira makomisheni anodiwa muhupenyu," anonyora kudaro Scott Sandford weNASA's Ames Laboratory of Astrophysics and Astrochemistry, munyori pamwe chete wechidzidzo ichi. “Chadenga inyanzvi yemakemikari. Iine midziyo mikuru uye nguva yakawanda, uye mhedzisiro yacho yakawanda yezvinhu zvehupenyu, zvimwe zvacho zvinoramba zvichibatsira hupenyu.

Parizvino, hapana chishandiso chiri nyore chekuona hupenyu. Kusvikira kamera yatora tsika yebhakitiriya iri kukura padombo reMartian kana plankton inoshambira pasi peaizi yeEnceladus, masayendisiti anofanirwa kushandisa sutu yezvishandiso uye data kutsvaga biosignature kana zviratidzo zvehupenyu.

5. CO2-yakapfuma murabhoritari mamiriro akaiswa pasi peplasma inobuda

Kune rimwe divi, zvakakodzera kutarisa dzimwe nzira uye biosignatures. Nyanzvi dzakagara dzichiziva, semuenzaniso, kuvapo kweokisijeni mumhepo pasi sechiratidzo chechokwadi chokuti upenyu hunogona kuvapo pairi. Nekudaro, chidzidzo chitsva cheJohns Hopkins University chakaburitswa muna Zvita 2018 muACS Earth uye Space Chemistry inokurudzira kufunga zvakare maonero akafanana.

Chikwata chekutsvagisa chakaita zviedzo zvekutevedzera mukamuri yerabhoritari yakagadzirwa naSarah Hirst (5). Masayendisiti akaedza mipfumbamwe yakasiyana gasi musanganiswa waigona kufanotaurwa mumhepo yekunze, senge super-Earth uye minineptunium, marudzi akajairika emapuraneti. Milky Way. Vakaisa musanganiswa kune imwe yemhando mbiri dzesimba, zvakafanana neiyo inokonzeresa kuita kwemakemikari mumhepo yepasi. Vakawana akawanda mascenario akagadzira zvese okisijeni uye organic mamorekuru anogona kuvaka shuga nemaamino acid. 

Zvisinei, pakanga pasina kuwirirana kwepedyo pakati peokisijeni uye zvikamu zvehupenyu. Saka zvinoratidzika kuti okisijeni inogona kubudirira kuburitsa maitiro eabiotic, uye panguva imwecheteyo, zvinopesana - nyika isina detectable level yeokisijeni inokwanisa kugamuchira hupenyu, izvo chaizvo zvakaitika kunyange pa ... Earth, isati yatanga cyanobacteria. kubudisa oxygen zvakanyanya.

Maonero akarongwa, kusanganisira emuchadenga, anogona kutarisira ongororo yemapuraneti kutsvaga izvo zvataurwa pamusoro apa biosignatures. Chiedza chinoratidzwa kubva muzvinomera, kunyanya pamapuraneti ekare, anodziya, chinogona kuva chiratidzo chehupenyu chine simba, tsvakurudzo itsva kubva kumasayendisiti kuCornell University inoratidza.

Zvirimwa zvinotora chiedza chinooneka, zvichishandisa photosynthesis kuchishandura kuva simba, asi kwete kutora chikamu chegirinhi che spectrum, ndicho chikonzero tinochiona sechegirini. Kunyanya infrared mwenje inoratidzwa zvakare, asi isu hatichakwanisa kuiona. Chiyereso che infrared mwenje chinogadzira chakapinza chepamusoro mugirafu, inozivikanwa se "mupendero mutsvuku" wemuriwo. Izvo hazvisati zvanyatsojeka kuti nei zvidyarwa zvichiratidza infrared mwenje, kunyangwe kumwe kutsvagisa kunoratidza kuti izvi zvinoitirwa kudzivirira kukuvadzwa kwekupisa.

Saka zvinobvira kuti kuwanikwa kwomupendero mutsvuku wezvinomera pane mamwe mapuraneti kwaizoshanda sechibvumikiso chokuvapo kwoupenyu ikoko. Vanyori vepepa reAstrobiology Jack O'Malley-James naLisa Kaltenegger vekuCornell University vakatsanangura kuti mupendero mutsvuku wezvinomera ungave wakachinja sei mukati menhoroondo yePasi (6). Zvimera zvepasi zvakaita seumhutu zvakatanga kuonekwa paNyika pakati pemakore 725 ne500 mamiriyoni apfuura. Miti yemazuva ano yemaruva nemiti yakaonekwa makore anoda kusvika mamiriyoni 130 apfuura. Mhando dzakasiyana dzezvinomera dzinotaridza infrared mwenje zvishoma zvakasiyana, nepamusoro akasiyana uye wavelengths. Mamosi ekutanga ndiwo anopenya asina kusimba kana achienzaniswa nezvinomera zvemazuva ano. Kazhinji, chiratidzo chezvinomera mumutsara zvishoma nezvishoma chinowedzera nekufamba kwenguva.

6. Chiedza chinotaridza kubva kuPasi zvichienderana nerudzi rwezvinofukidzira zvinomera

Chimwe chidzidzo, chakaburitswa mugwaro reScience Advances muna Ndira 2018 nechikwata chaDavid Catling, nyanzvi yemakemikari yemuchadenga paYunivhesiti yeWashington muSeattle, inotarisa zvakadzama munhoroondo yepasi redu kugadzira nzira nyowani yekuona hupenyu hwesero rimwe chete muzvinhu zviri kure. munguva pfupi iri kutevera. . Pamakore mabhiriyoni mana enhorondo yePasi, maviri okutanga anogona kutsanangurwa se "nyika ine tsvina" inotongwa ne methane-based microorganismskwavari oxygen yakanga isiri gasi rinopa upenyu, asi muchetura unouraya. Kubuda kwecyanobacteria, i.e. photosynthetic green-colored cyanobacteria yakabva kuchlorophyll, yakasarudza makore bhiriyoni maviri anotevera, ichibvisa "methanogenic" microorganisms mumanooks uye crannies umo okisijeni yaisakwanisa kuwana, kureva mapako, kudengenyeka kwenyika, etc. Cyanobacteria zvishoma nezvishoma yakashandura nyika yedu yakasvibira. , kuzadza mhepo neokisijeni uye kugadzira hwaro hwenyika ino inozivikanwa.

Hazvisi zvitsva zvachose ndezvekuti hupenyu hwekutanga paPasi hungadai hwakave hwepepuru, saka fungidziro yehupenyu hwekunze pane exoplanets inogona zvakare kuve yepepuru.

Microbiologist Shiladitya Dassarma weYunivhesiti yeMaryland Chikoro cheMishonga uye mudzidzi akapedza kudzidza Edward Schwiterman weYunivhesiti yeCalifornia, Riverside ndivo vanyori veongororo pamusoro penyaya iyi, yakaburitswa muna Gumiguru 2018 muInternational Journal yeAstrobiology. Kwete Dassarma naShwiterman chete, asiwo dzimwe nyanzvi dzakawanda dzenyeredzi dzinotenda kuti mumwe wevagari vekutanga vepasi redu halobacteria. Utachiona uhu hwakatora green spectrum yemwaranzi ndokuishandura kuita simba. Vairatidza mwaranzi yeviolet yakaita kuti pasi redu ritaridzike seizvi kana raionekwa kubva muchadenga.

Kuti atore chiedza chegirinhi, halobacteria akashandisa retina, ruvara rweruvara rweruvara rwunoonekwa mumaziso emhuka dzine vertebra. Nekufamba kwenguva, mabhakitiriya akatanga kutonga pasi redu, achishandisa chlorophyll, iyo inotora chiedza cheviolet uye inoratidza chiedza chegirini. Ndiko kusaka pasi richitaridzika sezvarinoita. Nekudaro, vanoongorora nyeredzi vanofungidzira kuti halobacteria inogona kuenderera mberi mune mamwe masisitimu emapuraneti, saka vanopa pfungwa yekuvapo kwehupenyu pamapuraneti epepuru (7).

Biosignatures chinhu chimwe. Zvisinei, masayendisiti achiri kutsvaga nzira dzekuona technosignatures zvakare, i.e. zviratidzo zvekuvapo kwehupenyu hwepamusoro uye budiriro yehunyanzvi.

NASA yakazivisa muna 2018 kuti iri kuwedzera kutsvaga kwayo hupenyu hwevatorwa ichishandisa "siginecha yetekinoroji," iyo, sekunyora kunoita sangano pawebhusaiti yayo, "zviratidzo kana masaini anotibvumira kugumisa kuvepo kwehupenyu hwetekinoroji kumwe kunhu pasirese. .” . Nzira inonyanya kuzivikanwa inogona kuwanikwa ndeye masaini eredhiyo. Nekudaro, isu tinozivawo vamwe vazhinji, kunyangwe micherechedzo yekuvaka uye kushanda kweiyo hypothetical megastructures, seayo anonzi Dyson spheres (sere). Rondedzero yavo yakanyorwa panguva yemusangano wakaitirwa neNASA muna Mbudzi 8 (ona bhokisi rakatarisana).

- chirongwa chemudzidzi weUC Santa Barbara - chinoshandisa seti yeteresikopu yakanangana neAndromeda galaxy iri pedyo, pamwe nemamwe mapoka enyeredzi, kusanganisira edu, kuona matekinoroji. Vatsvagiri vechidiki vari kutsvaga budiriro yakafanana neyedu kana yakakwirira kupfuura yedu, vachiedza kuratidza kuvepo kwayo nedanda rekuona rakafanana nemalaser kana masers.

Kutsvaga kwechinyakare — semuenzaniso, nemateresikopu eredhiyo eSETI — kune zvipingaidzo zviviri. Kutanga, zvinofungidzirwa kuti vatorwa vakangwara (kana pane) vari kuedza kutaura nesu zvakananga. Chechipiri, tinozoziva mameseji aya kana tikaawana.

Kufambira mberi munguva pfupi yapfuura mu (AI) kunovhura mikana inonakidza yekuongororazve ese akaunganidzwa data kune zvidiki zvisingaenderane izvo zvave kufuratirwa. Pfungwa iyi iri pamwoyo weiyo SETI zano. tarisa kune anomaliesizvo zvisiri hazvo zviratidzo zvekutaurirana, asi kuti zvinobva-zvigadzirwa zvemhando yepamusoro yebudiriro. Chinangwa ndechekugadzira yakazara uye yakangwara "abnormal engine"inokwanisa kuona kuti ndeapi data data uye mapatani ekubatanidza asina kujairika.

Technosignature

Kubva paNovember 28, 2018 NASA workshop report, tinogona kusiyanisa akati wandei emhando dzetekinoroji.

Kukurukurirana

"Mharidzo mubhodhoro" uye zvigadzirwa zvevatorwa. Takatumira aya mashoko isu pachedu tiri muchikepe chePioneer neVoyager. Izvi zvese zvinhu zvenyama uye nemwaranzi inoperekedza.

Artificial intelligence. Sezvo isu tichidzidza kushandisa AI kuzvibatsira isu pachedu, isu tinowedzera kugona kwedu kuziva zvingangove zvisizvo zveAI zvikwangwani. Sezvineiwo, pane mukana zvakare wekuti kubatana kuchatangwa pakati pehurongwa hwepasi nehungwaru hwekugadzira uye iyo nzvimbo-yakavakirwa fomu yehungwaru hwekugadzira munguva pfupi iri kutevera. Kushandiswa kweAI mukutsvaga tekinoroji yevatorwa, pamwe nerubatsiro mukuongorora kukuru kwedata uye kucherechedzwa kwepateni, inotaridzika inovimbisa, kunyangwe hazvo isina chokwadi chekuti AI ichave yakasununguka kubva pakusarurana kwevanhu.

Atmospheric

Imwe yedzakanyanya kujeka nzira dzekugadzira dzekushandura zvinoonekwa zvePasi nevanhu kusvibiswa kwemuchadenga. Saka kunyangwe izvi zviri zvekugadzira zvinhu zvemuchadenga zvakagadzirwa sezvisingadikanwi ne-zvigadzirwa zveindasitiri kana chimiro nemaune chegeoengineering, kuona kuvepo kwehupenyu kubva muhukama hwakadaro kunogona kuve imwe yeakanyanya simba uye asina kujeka tekinoroji.

Structural

Artificial megastructures. Ivo havafanirwe kunge vari Dyson spheres dzakatenderedza nyeredzi yemubereki. Zvinogona zvakare kuve zvimiro zvidiki pane makondinendi, senge anotarisisa zvakanyanya kana zvakanyanya kutora photovoltaic zvimiro (majenareta emagetsi) ari pamusoro pepamusoro kana munzvimbo inotenderera pamusoro pemakore.

Zvitsuwa zvinopisa. Kuvapo kwavo kunobva pafungidziro yekuti budiriro dzakasimukira dziri kushingaira kubata kupisa kwemarara.

mwenje wekugadzira. Sezvo nzira dzekutarisa dzichikura, magetsi ekugadzira anofanirwa kuwanikwa padivi rehusiku reexoplanets.

Pachiyero chepuraneti

Kuparara kwesimba. Kune biosignatures, mhando dzesimba rakaburitswa nehupenyu maitiro pane exoplanets dzakagadzirwa. Iko kune humbowo hwekuvapo kwechero tekinoroji, kusikwa kwemamodheru akadaro zvichienderana nebudiriro yedu pachedu zvinogoneka, kunyangwe zvingave zvisingavimbike. 

Kugadzikana kwemamiriro ekunze kana kusagadzikana. Yakasimba technosignatures inogona kubatanidzwa zvose nekugadzikana, kana pasina zvigadziro zvayo, kana nekusagadzikana. 

Geoengineering. Vesainzi vanodavira kuti budiriro yakasimukira ingada kuumba mamiriro ezvinhu akafanana neaya anoziva panyika yayo, pamapuraneti ari kukura. Imwe yezvinogoneka tekinoroji inogona kunge iri, semuenzaniso, kuwanikwa kwemapuraneti akati wandei mune imwe system ine mamiriro ekunze anofungidzira akafanana.

Nzira yekuziva sei hupenyu?

Zvidzidzo zvemazuva ano zvetsika, i.e. zvinyorwa uye cinematic, mazano pamusoro pekuonekwa kwevatorwa ainyanya kubva kumunhu mumwe chete - Herbert George Wells. Kare kumashure sezana ramakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe, muchinyorwa chakanzi "The Million Man of the Year," akafanoona kuti makore miriyoni gare gare, muna 1895, mubhuku rake The Time Machine, akagadzira pfungwa yekushanduka-shanduka kwemunhu. Iyo prototype yevatorwa yakaunzwa nemunyori muHondo yeNyika (1898), achivandudza pfungwa yake yeSelenite pamapeji ebhuku reVarume Vekutanga muMwedzi (1901).

Nekudaro, vazhinji vezvenyeredzi vanotenda kuti huzhinji hwehupenyu hwatichazowana kubva paPasi huchava unicellular organisms. Vanofungidzira izvi kubva mukuomarara kwepasirese dzakawanda dzatakawana kusvika zvino mune dzinonzi nzvimbo dzekugara, uye chokwadi chekuti hupenyu paPasi hwakanga huri musero rimwe chete kweanenge bhiriyoni ye3 makore asati ashanduka kuita mafomu akawanda.

Gwara renzou rinogona kunge richizara nehupenyu, asi pamwe kazhinji mumadiki madiki.

Mukupera kwegore ra2017, masayendisiti kubva kuYunivhesiti yeOxford kuUK akaburitsa chinyorwa "Darwin's Aliens" muInternational Journal of Astrobiology. Mariri, vaikakavadzana kuti zvipenyu zvose zvinobvira zvechienzi zvinozviisa pasi pemitemo yakafanana inokosha yokuzvisarudzira sezvatiri.

“Muboka redu renyeredzi moga, mune zvingangoita mazana ezviuru zvemapuraneti anogarwa,” anodaro Sam Levin weOxford Department of Zoology. "Asi isu tine muenzaniso mumwe chete wechokwadi wehupenyu, pahwaro hwatinogona kuita zviratidzo zvedu uye kufanotaura - iyo kubva kuNyika."

Levin nechikwata chake vanoti zvakanaka kufanotaura kuti hupenyu hungave hwakaita sei kune mamwe mapuraneti. dzidziso yokushanduka-shanduka. Zvechokwadi anofanira kukura zvishoma nezvishoma kuitira kuti ave akasimba nekufamba kwenguva mukutarisana nematambudziko akasiyana-siyana.

"Pasina kusarudzwa kwechisikigo, hupenyu haugone kuwana mabasa ahunoda kuti urarame, senge metabolism, kugona kufamba kana kuva nenhengo dzepfungwa," chinyorwa ichi chinodaro. "Haizokwanisa kuchinjika kunharaunda yayo, ichishanduka kuita chimwe chinhu chakaoma, chinooneka uye chinonakidza."

Pese pazvinoitika izvi, hupenyu hunogara huchitarisana nezvinetso zvakafanana - kubva pakutsvaga nzira yekushandisa zvakanaka kupisa kwezuva kusvika pakudiwa kwekugadzirisa zvinhu munzvimbo yaro.

Vatsvakurudzi veOxford vanoti pakave nekuedza kwakakomba munguva yakapfuura kuwedzera nyika yedu uye ruzivo rwevanhu rwe chemistry, geology uye fizikisi kuti inofungidzirwa hupenyu hwekunze.

Levin anodaro. --.

Vaongorori veOxford vakaenda kusvika pakugadzira akati wandei ekufungidzira mienzaniso yavo. mafomu ehupenyu hwekunze kwenyika (9).

9 Vanoonekwa Vatorwa Kubva kuOxford University

Levine anotsanangura. -

Mapuraneti mazhinji anozivikanwa kwatiri nhasi anotenderedza madiki matsvuku. Vanovharwa nemafungu, ndiko kuti, rimwe divi rinogara rakatarisana nenyeredzi inodziya, uye rimwe divi rakatarisa mudenga.

anodaro Prof. Graziella Caprelli anobva kuYunivhesiti yeSouth Australia.

Zvichienderana nedzidziso iyi, maartist eAustralia akagadzira mifananidzo inonakidza yezvisikwa zvekufungidzira zvinogara munyika inotenderera dzvuku (10).

10. Kuonekwa kwechisikwa chekufungidzira chiri panyika inotenderera dzvuku dzvuku.

Mafungiro nemafungiro anotsanangurwa kuti hupenyu huchabva pane kabhoni kana silicon, inowanikwa mune zvose, uye pamitemo yepasi rose yekushanduka-shanduka, inogona, zvisinei, inopesana neanthropocentrism yedu uye kusarura kusakwanisa kuziva "imwe". Zvaifadza zvinorondedzerwa naStanislav Lem mu "Fiasco" yake, avo vanhu vanotarisa kune Vatorwa, asi mushure mechinguva vanozoona kuti ivo vatorwa. Kuratidza kushaya simba kwevanhu mukuziva chimwe chinhu chinoshamisa uye chiri "chekunze", masayendisiti echiSpanish munguva pfupi yapfuura akaita kuedza kwakafemerwa nechidzidzo chepfungwa cha1999 chakakurumbira.

Yeuka kuti mumutauro wepakutanga, masayendisiti akakumbira vatori vechikamu kuti vapedze basa vachitarisa chiitiko umo maiva nechimwe chinhu chinoshamisa - semurume akapfeka gorilla - basa (sekuverenga nhamba yekupfuura mumutambo webasketball). . Zvakazoitika kuti ruzhinji rwevacherechedzi vanofarira mabasa avo ... havana kuona gorilla.

Panguva ino, vaongorori veYunivhesiti yeCadiz vakakumbira vatori vechikamu zana nemakumi matatu nevanomwe kuti vatarise mafoto emuchadenga emifananidzo yepakati pemapuraneti uye kuwana zvimiro zvakavakwa nezvisikwa zvakangwara zvinoita sezvisiri zvakasikwa. Mune mumwe mufananidzo, vaongorori vaisanganisira mufananidzo mudiki wemurume akazvivanza kunge gorilla. Vane 137 chete kubva pavatori vechikamu 45, kana 137% yevatori vechikamu, vakacherechedza gorilla, kunyange zvazvo yaiva "mutorwa" yavakaona zvakajeka pamberi pemaziso avo.

Asi, nepo kumiririra nekuzivisa Mutorwa kunoramba kuri basa rakaoma kwatiri isu vanhu, kutenda kuti "Vari Pano" ndeyekare sebudiriro uye tsika.

Makore anopfuura 2500 apfuura, muzivi Anaxagoras aidavira kuti upenyu huripo munyika dzakawanda nekuda kwe "mbeu" dzakaiparadzira muchadenga. Anenge makore zana gare gare, Epicurus akacherechedza kuti Nyika inogona kungova imwe yenyika dzakawanda dzinogarwa, uye mazana mashanu emakore shure kwake, mumwe muongorori wechiGiriki, Plutarch, akataura kuti Mwedzi ungangodaro wakagarwa nevekunze.

Sezvauri kuona, iyo pfungwa yehupenyu hwekunze haisi yemazuva ano fadhi. Nhasi, zvisinei, isu tatova nenzvimbo mbiri dzinonakidza dzekutarisa, pamwe nekuwedzera kunakidza nzira dzekutsvaga, uye kukura kwekuda kuwana chimwe chinhu chakasiyana zvachose nezvatinoziva kare.

Zvisinei, pane tsanangudzo duku.

Kunyangwe tikakwanisa kuwana zvirambidzo zvisingarambiki zvehupenyu kune imwe nzvimbo, mwoyo yedu haizonzwe zviri nani here nekusakwanisa kukurumidza kusvika kunzvimbo iyi?

Mamiriro ehupenyu akanaka

Planet in ecosphere/ecozone/bitable zone,

ndiko kuti, munharaunda yakapoteredza nyeredzi yakafanana muchimiro nedenderedzwa. Mukati menzvimbo yakadai, mamiriro emuviri nemakemikari anogona kunge aripo anovimbisa kubuda, kuchengetedza uye kusimukira kwezvipenyu. Kuvapo kwemvura yemvura kunoonekwa kunonyanya kukosha. Mamiriro ezvinhu akanaka akatenderedza nyeredzi anozivikanwawo se "Goldilocks Zone" - kubva kungano inozivikanwa yevana munyika yeAnglo-Saxon.

Huremu hwakakwana hwepasi. Chimiro chechimwe chinhu chakafanana nehuwandu hwesimba. Huremu hahungave hwakanyanya kukura, nekuti simba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi harikodzeri iwe. Zvishoma, zvisinei, hazvizochengetedze mhepo, kuvapo kwayo, kubva pamaonero edu, chinhu chinodiwa chehupenyu.

Atmosphere + greenhouse effect. Izvi zvimwe zvinhu zvinofunga nezvemaonero atinoita hupenyu. Muchadenga unopisa sezvo magasi emuchadenga anopindirana nemwaranzi yenyeredzi. Kune hupenyu sezvatinozviziva, kuchengetwa kwesimba rekupisa mumhepo kwakakosha zvikuru. Zvakaipisisa, kana greenhouse effect yakanyanya kusimba. Kuti uve "chaizvo", unoda mamiriro e "Goldilocks" zone.

A magnetic field. Inodzivirira pasi kubva kune yakaoma ionizing mwaranzi yenyeredzi iri pedyo.