Ndekupi mune solar system kutsvaga hupenyu?
Mumusoro, mubvunzo hausi "kana?", asi "kupi?". Saka tiri kufungidzira kuti hupenyu hunogona kunge huri kunze uko kumwe, izvo zvanga zvisiri pachena makumi mashoma emakore apfuura. Ndekupi kwekutanga kuenda uye ndeapi mamishini anofanirwa kugoverwa kune mashoma nzvimbo bhajeti? Mushure mezvichangobva kuwanikwa, manzwi akaonekwa mumhepo yeVenus kuti anange maroketi edu uye probes ipapo, kunyanya padyo nePasi.
1. DAVINCI basa - kuona
Muna Kukadzi 2020, NASA yakapa $XNUMX miriyoni kuzvikwata zvina zvepurojekiti. Zviviri zvacho zvakanangana nekugadzirira mishoni. Venus, imwe inotarisa mwedzi unoputika weJupiter Io, uye yechina inotarisa mwedzi weNeptune weTriton. Zvikwata izvi ndizvo zvakafaina hurongwa hwekukwikwidza NASA Discovery kirasi basa. Aya anonzi mamishini madiki ane bhajeti rinofungidzirwa risingapfuure mazana mana nemakumi mashanu emamiriyoni emadhora, kuwedzera kune makuru makuru eNASA. Pamapurojekiti mana akasarudzwa, maviri anokwana achapihwa mari yakakwana. Mari yavanenge vapihwa ichashandiswa kugadzira hurongwa hwemishini nemaconcepts ane chekuita nebasa ravo mukati memwedzi mipfumbamwe.
Imwe yemamishinari eVenusian anozivikanwa se DAVINCHI + () inopa, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, nekutumira probe yakadzika mumhepo yeVenus (Poshi). Kunyangwe kutsvaga kwehupenyu kwanga kusati kwave kunze kwemubvunzo, ndiani anoziva kana zvakazarurwa zvaGunyana nezve chinogoneka chinobva kuhupenyu, phosphine mumakore epasi, ichakanganisa chirongwa chemishini. Basa rekuenda kuTriton rinosanganisira kutsvaga kwegungwa repasi pemvura, uye mhedzisiro yeongororo yeEnceladus neCassini spacecraft inogara ichinhuwa mararamiro ehupenyu.
yekupedzisira kuwanikwa mumakore eVenus izvi zvakakuchidzira fungidziro yevatsvakurudzi nechishuwo, uye naizvozvo pashure pezviwanwa zvemakore achangobva kupfuura. Saka ndedzipi dzimwe nzvimbo dzine tariro zvikuru dzezvipenyu zviri kunze kwenyika? Unofanira kuenda kupi? Ndeapi macache eSystem, kunze kweVenus yakataurwa, akakodzera kuongorora. Heano mazano anonyanya kuvimbisa.
march
Mars ndeimwe yenyika dzakanyanya kufanana nePasi mumhepo yezuva. Iine wachi yeawa 24,5, mazaya echando anowedzera uye anobvumirana nemwaka, uye nhamba huru yezvimiro zvakavezwa nekuyerera uye kusamira kwemvura munhoroondo yepasi. Munguva pfupi yapfuura kuwanikwa kwegungwa rakadzika (2) pasi south polar ice cap i methane mumhepo yeMartian (zviri mukati mazvo zvinosiyana zvichienderana nenguva yegore uye kunyangwe nguva yezuva) ita Mars ive inonyanya kunakidza mumiriri.
2. Chiratidzo chemvura pasi pepamusoro peMars
methane izvi zvakakosha mune iyi cocktail nekuti inogona kugadzirwa nebiological process. Zvisinei, kunobva methane kuMars hakusati kwazivikanwa. Zvichida upenyu paMars hwaimbova mumamiriro ezvinhu ari nani, zvichipiwa uchapupu hwokuti pasi raimbova nemhoteredzo yakanaka zvikuru. Nhasi, Mars ine mhepo yakatetepa zvikuru, yakaoma, inenge yakaumbwa zvachose necarbon dioxide, iyo inopa dziviriro shoma kubva kumwaranzi yezuva necosmic. Kana Mars yakakwanisa kuchengeta zvishoma pazasi pepamusoro matura emvuraZvinokwanisika kuti hupenyu huchiripo.
Europe
Galileo akawana Europe anopfuura mazana mana emakore apfuura, pamwe nemamwe matatu makuru Mwedzi weJupiter. Idiki zvishoma pane Mwedzi Wepasi uye inotenderera hofori yegasi mukufamba kwemazuva matatu nehafu pachinhambwe chingangoita mazana matanhatu nemakumi manomwe ezviuru. km (3,5). Inogara ichitsikirirwa nekutambanudzwa nemasimba egiravhiti eJupiter nemamwe masatellite. Inoonekwa senyika ine geologically inoshanda, kufanana nePasi, nekuti mukati mayo ane matombo uye simbi inopiswa nemasimba esimba regiravhiti, ichiichengeta yakanyungudutswa.
3. Chiono chehunyanzvi chepamusoro peEurope
Europe Square inzvimbo yakakura yechando chemvura. Masayendisiti akawanda anotenda izvozvo pasi pepasi pechando kune mutsetse wemvura yakasviba, gungwa repasi rose, iro rinodziirwa nekupisa kwaro uye rinogona kudzika kudarika 100 km. Humbowo hwekuvapo kwegungwa iri, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, magiya kuputika kuburikidza nekutsemuka kweaizi, simba remagineti risina simba, uye mhirizhonga yepasi petani inogona kukanganiswa nekutenderera kwepasi. mafungu egungwa. Iri ice sheet rinodzivirira pasi pegungwa kubva pakutonhora kwakanyanya uye nzvimbo vacuumpamwe chete nemwaranzi yeJupiter. Iwe unogona kufungidzira hydrothermal vents uye makomo anoputika pazasi pegungwa iri. PaPasi, zvinhu zvakadaro zvinowanzotsigira zvakapfuma uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvipenyu.
Enceladus
Kufanana neEurope, Enceladus mwedzi wakafukidzwa neaizi une pasi pegungwa remvura ine mvura. Enceladus inotenderera Saturn uye yakatanga kucherechedzwa nemasayendisiti senyika inobvira ingagarwa pashure pokuwanwa kwemadziva makuru ari pedyo nedanda rokumaodzanyemba romwedzi.(4) Aya majeti emvura anobuda mumitsero mikuru iri pamusoro uye anopfachukira muchadenga. Uchapupu hwakajeka pasi pevhu mvura yekuchengetedza mvura.
4. Kuonekwa kwemukati weEnceladus
Mumagiza aya, kwete mvura chete yakawanikwa, asiwo zvidimbu zvidiki uye zviyo zvidiki zvematombo silicate zvimedu zvinoitika panguva yekusangana kwemvura yepasi pegungwa neine matombo pasi pegungwa patembiricha inosvika 90 ° C. Uhwu humbowo hwakasimba kwazvo hwekuvepo kwemhepo dzinopisa mvura pasi pegungwa.
titanium
Titan ndiwo mwedzi mukuru weSaturn i mwedzi mumwe chete munzvimbo yezuva nemhepo yakakora uye yakaoma. Iyo yakafukidzwa nemhute yeorenji inogadzirwa nema organic molecules. Izvi zvakaonekwawo mumhepo iyi. weather systemumo methane inoratidzika kunge ichiita basa rakafanana neremvura paNyika. Kune kunaya kwemvura (5), nguva dzekusanaya kwemvura, uye madutu epamusoro anogadzirwa nemhepo. Kucherechedzwa kweRadar kwakaratidza kuvepo kwenzizi nemadziva emvura methane uye ethane, uye pamwe kuvepo kwe cryovolcanoes, maumbirwo emakomo anoburitsa mvura yemvura kwete bota. Izvi zvinoreva kuti Titan, seEuropa neEnceladus, ine dura repasi pevhu remvura yemvura.. Mhepo inoumbwa zvakanyanya nenitrogen, inova chinhu chakakosha mukuvaka mapuroteni mumhando dzese dzehupenyu dzinozivikanwa.
5. Chiratidzo chemvura yemethane paTitan
Pachinhambwe chakakura kudaro kubva kuZuva, tembiricha yeTitan iri kure nekugadzikana -180˚C, saka mvura yemumvura haisi mubvunzo. Nekudaro, makemikari anowanikwa paTitan akasimudza fungidziro yekuti panogona kunge paine mafomu ehupenyu ane makemikari anoumbwa akasiyana zvachose neanozivikanwa chemistry yehupenyu.
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