Iyo horizon yeiyo yekare - uye kupfuura ...

Kune rimwe divi, ivo vanofanirwa kutibatsira kukunda cancer, kunyatsofanotaura mamiriro ekunze, uye kugona nyukireya fusion. Ukuwo, pane kutya kuti vachakonzera kuparadzwa kwenyika yose kana kuita kuti vanhu vave varanda. Parizvino, zvakadaro, mamonsters e computational achiri kutadza kuita zvakanaka zvikuru uye zvakaipa zvepasirese panguva imwe chete.

Mumakore ekuma60, makombiyuta anonyanya kushanda aiva nesimba megaflops (mamiriyoni eanoyangarara enzvimbo pasekondi). Kutanga komputa ine simba rekugadzirisa yepamusorosoro 1 GFLOPS (gigaflops) yaive Cray 2, yakagadzirwa neCray Research muna 1985. Muenzaniso wekutanga une simba rekugadzirisa pamusoro pe1 TFLOPS (teraflops) yaive ASCI Tsvuku, yakagadzirwa naIntel muna 1997. Simba 1 PFLOPS (petaflops) rasvika Mugwagwagwa, yakaburitswa neIBM muna 2008.

Iyo yazvino komputa rekodhi rekodhi ndeyeChinese Sunway TaihuLight uye iri 9 PFLOPS.

Kunyangwe, sezvauri kuona, michina ine simba kwazvo haisati yasvika mazana epetaflops, yakawanda uye yakawanda exascale systemsumo simba rinofanira kuverengwa exaflopsach (EFLOPS), i.e. anenge anopfuura 1018 mashandiro pasekondi. Nekudaro, magadzirirwo akadaro achiri chete padanho remapurojekiti emhando dzakasiyana dzehunyoro.

DZUKO (, floating point operations per sekondi) iyuniti yesimba rekombuta rinoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukushandiswa kwesainzi. Iyo inoshanda zvakasiyana-siyana kupfuura yakamboshandiswa MIP block, zvinoreva nhamba yemirairo ye processor pasekondi. Flop haisi SI, asi inogona kududzirwa sechikamu che1/s.

Unoda exascale yegomarara

An exaflops, kana churu chepetaflops, inopfuura ese epamusoro zana epamusoro macomputer asanganiswa. Masayendisiti anotarisira kuti chizvarwa chitsva chemichina ine simba rakadaro ichaunza kubudirira mune zvakasiyana-siyana.

Exascale yekugadzirisa simba rakasanganiswa nekukurumidza kufambira mberi muchina tekinoroji yekudzidza inofanira kubatsira, semuenzaniso, pakupedzisira. pwanya kodhi yekenza. Huwandu hwedata hunofanirwa kuve nanachiremba kuti vatarise nekurapa gomarara hwakakura zvekuti zvinonetsa kumakomputa akajairwa kuita basa iri. Mune yakajairwa imwechete bundu biopsy kudzidza, anopfuura mamirioni masere zviyero zvinotorwa, panguva iyo vanachiremba vanoongorora maitiro ebundu, mhinduro yaro pakurapwa kwemishonga, uye mhedzisiro pamuviri wemurwere. Iri igungwa chairo re data.

akadaro Rick Stevens weUS Department of Energy (DOE) Argonne Laboratory. -

Kubatanidza tsvakurudzo yezvokurapa nesimba rekombiyuta, masayendisiti ari kushanda kuti CANDLE neural network system (). Izvi zvinokutendera kufanotaura uye kugadzira chirongwa chekurapa chakaenderana nezvinodiwa zveumwe neumwe murwere. Izvi zvichabatsira masayendisiti kunzwisisa hwaro hwemamorekuru ekudyidzana kwakakosha kweprotein, kugadzira mamodheru ekupindura zvinodhaka, uye kupa mazano akanakisa ekurapa. Argonne anotenda kuti exascale masisitimu achakwanisa kumhanyisa CANDLE application 50 kusvika 100 times nekukurumidza kupfuura ma supermachine ane simba anozivikanwa nhasi.

Naizvozvo, isu tiri kutarisira kutaridzika kwe exascale supercomputers. Nekudaro, mavhezheni ekutanga haafanire kuoneka muUS. Ehe, iyo US iri munhangemutange yekuvagadzira, uye hurumende yemuno mune chirongwa chinozivikanwa se Aurora inoshanda pamwe ne AMD, IBM, Intel uye Nvidia, ichiedza kukwira pamberi pevakwikwidzi vekunze. Nekudaro, izvi hazvitarisirwe kuti zviitike pamberi pa2021. Zvichakadaro, muna Ndira 2017, nyanzvi dzeChinese dzakazivisa kusikwa kweiyo exascale prototype. Modhi inoshanda zvizere yerudzi urwu rwecomputational unit ndeye - tianhe-3 - zvisinei, hazvigoneki kuti ichave yakagadzirira mumakore mashomanana anotevera.

MaChina bata zvakasimba

Chokwadi ndechekuti kubvira 2013, kusimukira kweChinese kwave pamusoro pemakomputa ane simba kwazvo pasi rose. Akatonga kwemakore tianhe-2uye zvino muchanza ndechezvataurwa Sunway Taihu Chiedza. Zvinotendwa kuti michina miviri iyi ine simba zvakanyanya muMiddle Kingdom ine simba zvakanyanya kudarika ese makuru makumi maviri nerimwe ari muUS Department of Energy.

Masayendisiti eAmerica, hongu, anoda kudzoreredza chinzvimbo chekutungamira chavakabata makore mashanu apfuura, uye vari kushanda pahurongwa huchavabvumira kuita izvi. Iri kuvakwa paOak Ridge National Laboratory muTennessee. Summit (2), supercomputer yakarongerwa kutumirwa gare gare gore rino. Iyo inodarika simba reSunway TaihuLight. Ichashandiswa kuyedza nekugadzira zvinhu zvitsva zvine simba uye zvakareruka, kutevedzera mukati mePasi uchishandisa acoustic waves, uye kutsigira mapurojekiti eastrophysics anoongorora kwakabva denga.

2. Chirongwa cheSpatial cheSummit supercomputer

PaArgonne National Laboratory yataurwa, masayendisiti anoronga kugadzira mudziyo unokurumidza kukurumidza. Anozivikanwa se A21Kuita kunotarisirwa kusvika ku200 petaflops.

Japan iri kutorawo chikamu mujaho remakomputa makuru. Kunyangwe zvakambofukidzwa nguva pfupi yadarika nekukwikwidzana kweUS-China, inyika iyi inoronga kutanga. ABKI system (), kupa 130 petaflops yesimba. MaJapan anotarisira kuti supercomputer yakadaro inogona kushandiswa kugadzira AI (artificial intelligence) kana kudzidza kwakadzama.

Zvichakadaro, Paramende yeEuropean ichangofunga kuvaka bhiriyoni reEU supercomputer. Ichi chikara chekombuta chinotanga basa rayo kunzvimbo dzekutsvagisa dzekondinendi yedu mukupera kwa2022 na2023. Muchina uchagadzirwa mukati EuroGPC chirongwauye kuvakwa kwayo kuchapihwa mari neNhengo dzeNyika - saka Poland ichatorawo chikamu muchirongwa ichi. Simba rayo rakafanotaurwa rinowanzo kunzi "pre-exascale".

Kusvika pari zvino, maererano ne2017 ranking, yemazana mashanu emagetsi epamusoro-soro munyika yose, China ine 202 michina yakadaro (40%), asi America inodzora 144 (29%).

China inoshandisawo 35% yesimba remakomputa pasi rose zvichienzaniswa ne30% muUS. Nyika dzinotevera dzine macomputer epamusoro pane rondedzero iJapan (35 system), Germany (20), France (18) neUK (15). Zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti, zvisinei nenyika yekwakabva, ese mazana mashanu emakomputa ane simba zvakanyanya anoshandisa shanduro dzakasiyana dzeLinux ...

Vanozvigadzira ivo pachavo

Supercomputers dzatove chishandiso chakakosha chinotsigira sainzi uye tekinoroji maindasitiri. Vanogonesa vaongorori nemainjiniya kuti vafambire mberi (uye dzimwe nguva kunyange kusvetuka kukuru kumberi) munzvimbo dzakaita sebiology, mamiriro ekunze uye kufanotaura kwemamiriro ekunze, astrophysics, uye zvombo zvenyukireya.

Zvimwe zvacho zvinoenderana nesimba ravo. Mumakumi emakore anotevera, kushandiswa kwemakomputa makuru kunogona kushandura zvakanyanya mamiriro ehupfumi, mauto uye geopolitical yenyika idzo dzinokwanisa kuwana rudzi urwu rwekuchera-kumucheto zvivakwa.

Kufambira mberi mundima iyi kunokurumidza zvekuti dhizaini yezvizvarwa zvitsva zve microprocessors yatove yakaoma zvakanyanya kunyangwe kune akawanda zviwanikwa zvevanhu. Nechikonzero ichi, advanced komputa software uye supercomputers vari kuwedzera kutamba basa rinotungamira mukuvandudza makomputa, kusanganisira iwo ane prefix "super".

3. Japanese supercomputer

Makambani emishonga achakurumidza kukwanisa kushanda zvizere nekuda kwemakomputa masimba makuru kugadzirisa huwandu hukuru hwema genome evanhu, mhuka nezvinomera zvichabatsira kugadzira mishonga mitsva nemishonga yezvirwere zvakasiyana siyana.

Chimwe chikonzero (chaizvoizvo chimwe chezvikuru) nei hurumende dziri kuisa mari yakawanda mukugadzirwa kwemakomputa makuru. Mota dzakanyanya kushanda zvakanaka dzichabatsira vatungamiri vemauto venguva yemberi kugadzira nzira dzekurwisa dzakajeka mune chero mamiriro ekurwa, kubvumira kuvandudzwa kwehurongwa hwezvombo hunoshanda, uye kutsigira vanochengetedza mutemo nevehungwaru mukuziva zvinogona kutyisidzira pachine nguva.

Hapana simba rakakwana rekufananidza uropi

Makombiyuta matsva anofanira kubatsira kutsanangura iyo chaiyo supercomputer inozivikanwa kwatiri kwenguva yakareba - uropi hwemunhu.

Chikwata chepasi rese chemasaenzi chachangobva kugadzira algorithm inomiririra nhanho nyowani yakakosha mukuenzanisira kubatanidzwa kweuropi. New HAPANA algorithm, inotsanangurwa mubepa rakavhurika rekupinda rakabudiswa muFrontiers muNeuroinformatics, inotarisirwa kutevedzera 100 bhiriyoni yakabatana uropi hwemunhu neuroni pamakomputa makuru. Masayendisiti kubva kuGerman Research Center Jülich, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, University of Aachen, Japanese RIKEN Institute uye KTH Royal Institute of Technology muStockholm vakabatanidzwa mubasa.

Kubva 2014, mahombe-scale neural network simulations anga achimhanya paRIKEN uye JUQUEEN supercomputers paJülich Supercomputing Center kuGermany, ichiteedzera kubatana kweinenge 1% yemaneuroni muuropi hwemunhu. Nei vakawanda kudaro? Makombiyuta makuru anogona kutevedzera uropi hwose here?

Susanne Kunkel anobva kuSweden kambani KTH anotsanangura.

Munguva yekuenzanisa, neuron chiito chinogona (mapfupi emagetsi emagetsi) anofanira kutumirwa kune vangangoita 100 vanhu vese. makombiyuta maduku, anonzi nodes, imwe neimwe yakashongedzerwa nehuwandu hwemapurosesa anoita masvomhu chaiwo. Imwe neimwe node inotarisa kuti ndeipi yemafungiro aya ane hukama neiyo virtual neurons iripo munzvimbo iyi.

4. Kufananidza kubatanidzwa kwehuropi hweeuroni, i.e. isu tiri chete pakutanga kwerwendo (1%)

Zviripachena, huwandu hwemukombuta ndangariro inodiwa nema processors kune aya ekuwedzera mabhiti pane neuron inowedzera nehukuru hweneural network. Kuti uende mhiri kwe1% simulation yehuropi hwese hwemunhu (4) zvingada XNUMX times more memory kupfuura zviri kuwanikwa mumakombuta makuru nhasi. Naizvozvo, zvinogoneka kutaura nezve kuwana simulation yehuropi hwese chete mumamiriro ezvinhu emangwana exascale supercomputers. Apa ndipo panofanira kushanda chizvarwa chinotevera NEST algorithm.

TOP-5 supercomputers dzepasirese

1. Sanway TaihuLight -A 93 PFLOPS supercomputer yakatangwa muna 2016 muWuxi, China. Kubva muna Chikumi 2016, yakawedzera iyo TOP500 runyorwa rwemakomputa makuru ane simba repamusoro remakomputa munyika.

2. Tianhe-2 (Milky Way-2) is a supercomputer ine simba recomputing re33,86 PFLOPS yakavakwa neNUDT () kuChina. Kubva munaJune 2013

kusvika munaJune 2016, yaive yakanyanya kukurumidza komputa munyika.

3. Pease Dynt - dhizaini yakagadzirwa naCray, yakaiswa kuSwitzerland National Supercomputing Center (). Yakanga ichangobva kukwidziridzwa - Nvidia Tesla K20X accelerators yakatsiviwa neitsva, Tesla P100, iyo yakaita kuti ikwanise kuwedzera komputa simba kubva 2017 kusvika 9,8 PFLOPS muzhizha ra19,6.

4. Gyokou ndeye supercomputer yakagadziriswa neExaScaler uye PEZY Computing. Inowanikwa kuJapan Agency yeMarine Science uye Technology (JAMSTEC) yeYokohama Institute of Geoscience; pauriri hwakafanana nePasi simulator. Simba: 19,14 PFLOPs.

5. Titanium ndeye 17,59 PFLOPS supercomputer yakagadzirwa naCray Inc. uye yakatangwa muna Gumiguru 2012 paOak Ridge National Laboratory muUnited States. Kubva muna Mbudzi 2012 kusvika Chikumi 2013, Titan yaive supercomputer inokurumidza kupfuura pasirese. Parizvino iri pachinzvimbo chechishanu, asi ichiri kukurumidza kukurumidza komputa muUS.

Vanokwikwidzawo hukuru muhuwandu

IBM inotenda kuti mumakore mashanu anotevera, kwete supercomputers yakavakirwa pachinyakare silicon chips, asi ichatanga kutepfenyura. Iyo indasitiri ichangotanga kunzwisisa mashandisirwo emakomputa equantum, sekureva kwevaongorori vekambani. Mainjiniya anotarisirwa kuwana ekutanga mashandisirwo makuru emichina iyi mumakore mashanu chete.

Quantum makomputa anoshandisa computing unit inonzi kubatem. Ordinary semiconductors inomiririra ruzivo muchimiro chekutevedzana kwe1 uye 0, nepo qubits inoratidzira quantum properties uye inogona panguva imwe chete kuita masvomhu se 1 na 0. Izvi zvinoreva kuti qubits mbiri dzinogona panguva imwe chete kumiririra kutevedzana kwe1-0, 1-1, 0-1. . ., 0-0. Simba remakomputa rinokura zvakanyanya nequbit yega yega, saka zvinoti kombuta yehuwandu inongova ne50 qubits inogona kuve nesimba rekugadzirisa kupfuura makomputa makuru epasirese ane simba.

D-Wave Systems iri kutotengesa quantum komputa, iyo inonzi ine 2. qubits. Zvisinei D-Wav makopie(5) zvinogoneka. Kunyangwe vamwe vaongorori vakaashandisa zvakanaka, havasati vapfuura macomputer emhando yepamusoro uye vanongobatsira kune mamwe makirasi ekugadzirisa matambudziko.

5. D-Wave quantum makomputa

Mwedzi mishoma yapfuura, Google Quantum AI Lab yakaratidza itsva 72-qubit quantum processor inonzi. bristle cones (6). Inogona kukurumidza kuwana "quantum supremacy" nekupfuura classical supercomputer, zvirinani kana zvasvika pakugadzirisa mamwe matambudziko. Kana quantum processor ikaratidza yakaderera zvakaringana kukanganisa mwero mukushanda, inogona kushanda zvakanyanya kupfuura yekirasi supercomputer ine yakanyatsotsanangurwa IT basa.

6. Bristlecone 72 qubit quantum processor

Inotevera mumutsara yaive Google processor, nekuti muna Ndira, semuenzaniso, Intel yakazivisa yayo 49-qubit quantum system, uye kare IBM yakaunza 50-qubit vhezheni. Intel chip, Loihi, hutsva mune dzimwe nzira zvakare. Ndiyo yekutanga "neuromorphic" yakabatanidzwa dunhu rakagadzirirwa kutevedzera madzidzire uye kunzwisisa kunoita uropi hwemunhu. Iyo "inoshanda zvizere" uye ichave iripo kune vanotsvaga vanobatana gare gare gore rino.

Zvisinei, izvi zvinongova kutanga, nokuti kuti ugone kubata nesilicon monsters, unoda z mamiriyoni emari. Boka revasayendisiti paDutch Technical University muDelft vanotarisira kuti nzira yekuwana chiyero chakadaro ndeye kushandisa silicon mumakomputa ehuwandu, nekuti nhengo dzavo dzakawana mhinduro yekushandisa silicon kugadzira programmable quantum processor.

Muchidzidzo chavo, chakaburitswa mujenari Nature, chikwata cheDutch chaidzora kutenderera kweerekitironi rimwe chete vachishandisa simba remicrowave. Musilicon, erekitironi yaitenderera ichikwira nekudzika panguva imwe chete, ichinyatsoibata panzvimbo. Kana izvo zvangoitwa, timu yakabatanidza maerekitironi maviri pamwechete ndokuaronga kuti amhanye quantum algorithms.

Zvaikwanisika kugadzira pahwaro hwesilicon maviri-bit quantum processor.

Dr Tom Watson, mumwe wevanyori vechidzidzo ichi, vakatsanangurira BBC. Kana Watson nechikwata chake vakakwanisa kusanganisa mamwe maerekitironi, zvinogona kukonzera kupandukira. qubit processorsizvi zvichatiunzira nhanho imwe padyo nemakomputa ehuwandu hwemangwana.

- Ani nani anovaka inoshanda zvizere quantum komputa inotonga nyika Manas Mukherjee weNational University yeSingapore uye mukuru anoferefeta paNational Center yeQuantum Technology nguva pfupi yadarika akadaro mubvunzurudzo. Mujaho uripo pakati pemakambani makuru etekinoroji nemalebhu ekutsvagisa parizvino wakatarisana nezvinonzi quantum supremacy, iyo iyo quantum komputa inogona kuita masvomhu kupfuura chero chinhu chepamusoro-soro chemazuva ano makomputa anogona kupa.

Mienzaniso iri pamusoro pezvakaitwa neGoogle, IBM neIntel inoratidza kuti makambani anobva kuUnited States (uye nokudaro nyika) anotonga munzvimbo iyi. Nekudaro, China's Alibaba Cloud nguva pfupi yadarika yakaburitsa 11-qubit processor-yakavakirwa gore computing papuratifomu inobvumira masayendisiti kuyedza quantum algorithms. Izvi zvinoreva kuti China mumunda we quantum computing blocks zvakare haifukidze mapeya nemadota.

Nekudaro, kuedza kugadzira quantum supercomputers hakusi kungofarira nezvemikana mitsva, asi zvakare kukonzeresa kukakavara.

Mwedzi mishomanana yapfuura, panguva yeInternational Conference pamusoro peQuantum Technologies muMoscow, Alexander Lvovsky (7) kubva kuRussia Quantum Center, uyo ariwo purofesa wefizikiki paYunivhesiti yeCalgary muCanada, akati quantum makombiyuta. mudziyo wokuparadzapasina kugadzira.

7. Purofesa Alexander Lvovsky

Airevei? Chokutanga pane zvose, kuchengetedzwa kwedhijitari. Parizvino, ruzivo rwese rwakadzama rwedhijitari rwunofambiswa paInternet rwakavharirwa kuchengetedza kuvanzika kwemapato anofarira. Isu takatoona zviitiko apo matsotsi anogona kubata iyi data nekutyora iyo encryption.

Maererano naLvov, kuonekwa kwekombuta ye quantum kunongoita kuti zvive nyore kune cybercriminals. Hapana encryption chishandiso chinozivikanwa nhasi chinogona kuzvidzivirira kubva kusimba rekugadzirisa reiyo chaiyo quantum komputa.

Zvinyorwa zvezvokurapa, ruzivo rwezvemari, uye kunyange zvakavanzika zvehurumende nemasangano ehondo zvaizowanikwa mupani, izvo zvinoreva, sezvakataurwa naLvovsky, kuti teknolojia itsva inogona kutyisidzira nyika yose. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotenda kuti kutya kwevaRussia hakuna chikonzero, sezvo kusikwa kweiyo chaiyo quantum supercomputer kuchabvumirawo. tanga quantum cryptography, inonzi haiparadziki.

Imwe nzira

Pamusoro pechinyakare matekinoroji emakomputa uye kuvandudzwa kwehuwandu hwemasisitimu, nzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana dziri kushanda pane dzimwe nzira dzekuvaka supercomputer dzeramangwana.

Sangano reAmerica DARPA rinopa mari nzvimbo nhanhatu dzemamwe magadzirirwo emakombuta. Iyo dhizaini inoshandiswa mumichina yemazuva ano inowanzonzi von Neumann architectureOo, atova nemakore makumi manomwe. Tsigiro yesangano redziviriro yevaongorori veyunivhesiti ine chinangwa chekugadzira nzira ine hungwaru yekubata huwandu hukuru hwe data kupfuura nakare kose.

Buffering uye parallel computing Heino mimwe mienzaniso yenzira itsva dziri kushanda nezvikwata izvi. Imwe ADA (), izvo zvinoita kuti zvive nyore kugadzira maapplication nekushandura iyo CPU uye ndangariro zvikamu nemamodule kuita musangano mumwe, pane kubata nenyaya dzekubatana kwavo pabhodhi reamai.

Gore rakapera, boka revatsvakurudzi vanobva kuUK neRussia vakabudirira kuratidza kuti rudzi "Magic Dust"izvo zvinoumbwa nazvo chiedza uye nyaya - pakupedzisira yepamusoro mu "performance" kune kunyange yakanyanya simba macomputer.

Masayendisiti kubva kumayunivhesiti eBritish eCambridge, Southampton neCardiff uye yeRussia Skolkovo Institute vakashandisa quantum particles inozivikanwa se. polaritoniiyo inogona kutsanangurwa sechinhu chiri pakati pechiedza nechinhu. Iyi inzira nyowani yekombuta komputa. Maererano nemasayendisiti, inogona kuumba hwaro hwemhando itsva yekombuta inokwanisa kugadzirisa mibvunzo isingagadzirisike parizvino - mune dzakasiyana siyana, senge biology, mari uye nzvimbo yekufamba. Mhedzisiro yechidzidzo ichi inoburitswa mujenari Nature Materials.

Rangarira kuti macomputer emazuva ano anogona kungobata chikamu chidiki chematambudziko. Kunyangwe iyo yekufungidzira quantum komputa, kana ikazovakwa pakupedzisira, inozopa yakanakisa quadratic speedup yekugadzirisa matambudziko akaomarara. Zvichakadaro, mapolaritons anogadzira "guruva" anogadzirwa nekumisikidza zvikamu zve gallium, arsenic, indium, uye maatomu ealuminium ane laser matanda.

Maerekitironi ari muzvikamu izvi anotora uye anoburitsa chiedza cheimwe ruvara. Mapolaritoni akareruka zvakapetwa zviuru gumi pane maerekitironi uye anogona kusvika pakusimba zvakakwana kuti ape chimiro chitsva chechinhu chinozivikanwa se. Bose-Einstein condensate (sere). Iyo quantum nhanho dzepolaritoni mairi inowiriraniswa uye inoumba imwechete macroscopic quantum chinhu, iyo inogona kuwonekwa ne photoluminescence kuyerwa.

8. Plot inoratidza Bose-Einstein condensate

Zvinoitika kuti mune ino chaiyo mamiriro, polariton condensate inogona kugadzirisa dambudziko rekugadzirisa ratakataura kana tichitsanangura quantum makomputa zvakanyanya zvakanyanya kupfuura qubit-based processors. Vanyori vezvidzidzo zveBritish-Russian vakaratidza kuti semapolaritons condense, zvikamu zvadzo zvehuwandu zvakarongwa mukugadzirisa kunoenderana nehushoma hwakakwana hwebasa rakaoma.

"Isu tiri pakutanga kwekuongorora kugona kweplariton zvirongwa zvekugadzirisa matambudziko akaomarara," anonyora kudaro Nature Materials munyori-munyori Prof. Pavlos Lagoudakis, Musoro weHybrid Photonics Laboratory paYunivhesiti yeSouthampton. "Parizvino tiri kukwidza mudziyo wedu kumazana emanodhi tichiyedza simba rekugadzirisa."

Mune izvi zviedzo kubva munyika yezvisinganzwisisike quantum zvikamu zvechiedza uye nyaya, kunyangwe quantum processors inoita sechinhu chakaomarara uye chakabatana zvakasimba nechokwadi. Sezvauri kuona, masayendisiti haasi kungoshanda pamakomputa makuru emangwana nemichina yezuva rinotevera, asi vari kutoronga zvichaitika muzuva rinotevera.

Panguva ino kusvika pakukwirira kuchave kwakaoma, ipapo iwe unozofunga nezve anotevera mitsetse pachiyero cheflop (9). Sezvaungave wakafungidzira, kungowedzera processors uye ndangariro kune izvo hazvina kukwana. Kana masayendisiti achizodavirwa, kuwana simba rakadaro remakomputa kunotibvumira kugadzirisa matambudziko makuru anozivikanwa kwatiri, akadai sekuziva kenza kana kuongorora data yezvemuchadenga.

9. Remangwana re supercomputing

Batanidza mubvunzo nemhinduro

Chii chinotevera?

Zvakanaka, kana iri quantum makomputa, mibvunzo inomuka yekuti inofanira kushandiswa sei. Maererano nechirevo chekare, makombiyuta anogadzirisa matambudziko angadai asina kuvapo pasina iwo. Saka isu tinofanirwa kunge tichivaka aya emangwana supermachines kutanga. Ipapo matambudziko achamuka ega.

Ndedzipi nzvimbo dzinogona kubatsira makomputa equantum?

Artificial intelligence. AI () inoshanda pamusimboti wekudzidza kuburikidza neruzivo, iyo inova yakawanda uye yakanyatsojeka sezvo mhinduro inogamuchirwa uye kusvikira purogiramu yekombiyuta yava "smart". Mhinduro yacho inobva pazviverengero zvezvingabvira zvezvinoverengeka zvingasarudzwa. Isu tinotoziva kuti Lockheed Martin, semuenzaniso, anoronga kushandisa yayo D-Wave quantum komputa kuyedza autopilot software iyo parizvino yakanyanya kuomarara kumakomputa ekare, uye Google iri kushandisa komputa yehuwandu kugadzira software inogona kusiyanisa mota kubva kune dzinokosha. .

Molecular modelling. Kutenda kune quantum makomputa, zvinogoneka kuenzanisira nenzira kwayo kupindirana kwema molecular, uchitsvaga iyo yakakwana magadzirirwo ekuita kwemakemikari. Quantum chemistry yakaoma zvekuti makomputa emazuva ano edhijitari anogona kungoongorora mamorekuru akareruka. Kemikari maitiro ndeye quantum mumasikirwo nekuti inogadzira yakabatikana zvakanyanya quantum inoti inopindirana, saka akagadziridzwa zvizere quantum makomputa anogona kuongorora zviri nyore kunyangwe maitiro akaomarara. Google yatove nebudiriro munzvimbo ino - ivo vakatevedzera iyo hydrogen molecule. Mhedzisiro ichava zvigadzirwa zvinobudirira, kubva kune solar panels kusvika kumishonga.

Cryptography. Chengetedzo masisitimu nhasi anoenderana neanoshanda ekutanga chizvarwa. Izvi zvinogona kuwanikwa nemakomputa edhijitari nekutarisa pane zvese zvinogoneka, asi iyo yakawanda yenguva inodiwa kuita kudaro inoita "kutyora kodhi" kudhura uye kusashanda. Zvichakadaro, quantum makomputa anogona kuita izvi exponentially, zvakanyanya kupfuura michina yedhijitari, zvichireva kuti nzira dzekuchengetedza dzanhasi dzichakurumidza kupera. Kune zvakare anovimbisa quantum encryption nzira dziri kugadzirwa kuti dzitore mukana weiyo unidirectional hunhu hwekupinzwa kwehuwandu. Manetiweki emuguta rose akatoratidzwa munyika dzinoverengeka, uye masayendisiti echiChinese nguva pfupi yadarika akazivisa kuti vari kubudirira kutumira mafoto akabatikidzwa kubva kune inotenderera "quantum" setiraiti kune zviteshi zvitatu zvakasiyana kudzoka kuNyika.

Mari yekuenzanisira. Misika yemazuva ano iri pakati pehurongwa hwakaoma zvikuru huripo. Kunyange zvazvo michina yesainzi neyemasvomhu yekutsanangura nekudzora kwayo yakagadziridzwa, kushanda kwezviitwa zvakadaro kuchiri kusakwana nekuda kwemusiyano uripo pakati pezvidzidzo zvesainzi: hapana nharaunda inodzorwa umo kuedza kunogona kuitwa. Kuti vagadzirise dambudziko iri, vanoisa mari nevanoongorora vakashandura kuita quantum computing. Imwe mukana wepakarepo ndeyekuti iyo randomness inowanikwa mumakomputa ehuwandu inopindirana neiyo stochastic chimiro chemisika yemari. Vagadziri vemari vanowanzoda kuongorora kugovaniswa kwemhedzisiro muhuwandu hukuru hwezviitiko zvinogadzirwa zvisina tsarukano.

Mamiriro ekunze. NOAA Chief Economist Rodney F. Weiher anoti ingangoita 30% yeUS GDP ($6 trillion) inotsamira zvakananga kana zvisina kunanga mamiriro ekunze. yekugadzira chikafu, chekufambisa nekutengesa. Nokudaro, kukwanisa kufanotaura zviri nani aura kwaizobatsira zvikuru munzvimbo dzakawanda, tisingatauri nguva yakareba yakagoverwa kudzivirira njodzi dzinongoitika dzoga. The UK's national meteorological arm, iyo Met Hofisi, yakatotanga kudyara mune zvitsva zvakadaro kuti zvizadzise simba uye scalability zvidikanwi zvazvichafanira kubata nazvo kubva muna 2020 zvichienda mberi, uye yakaburitsa mushumo pamusoro pezvainoda exascale computing.

Particle Fizikisi. Solid particle fizikisi modhi dzinowanzoomesesa, dzakaomarara mhinduro dzinoda nguva yakawanda yecomputing yekufananidza nhamba. Izvi zvinovaita vakanaka kune quantum computing, uye masayendisiti akatotora mari pane izvi. Vatsvagiri vepaYunivhesiti yeInnsbruck uye Institute for Quantum Optics uye Quantum Information (IQOQI) nguva pfupi yadarika vakashandisa programmable quantum system kuita iyi simulation. Maererano nerimwe bhuku mu<em>Nature, boka racho rakashandisa shanduro iri nyore yekombuta ye<em>quantum umo maion aiita mavhisi ane musoro, matanho anokosha ekuverenga kupi nokupi kwekombiyuta. Kufananidza kwakaratidza kubvumirana kwakakwana nekuedza chaiko kweiyo yakatsanangurwa fizikisi. anodaro nyanzvi yefizikisi Peter Zoller. -