Nature kubira

Zvisikwa pachazvo zvinogona kutidzidzisa maitiro ekubira zvisikwa, senyuchi, izvo Mark Mescher naConsuelo De Moraes veETH muZurich vakacherechedza kuti vanochera pamashizha neunyanzvi "kukurudzira" zvirimwa kuti zvitumbuke.

Sezvineiwo, kuedza kudzokorora kurapa kwezvipembenene nenzira dzedu hakuna kubudirira, uye masayendisiti iye zvino ari kunetseka kana chakavanzika chekukuvadza kwezvipembenene zvinobudirira pamashizha chiri mumhando yakasiyana-siyana yavanoshandisa, kana kuti zvichida mukuiswa kwezvimwe zvinhu nenyuchi. Pane vamwe biohacking minda zvisinei, tiri kuita zviri nani.

Somuenzaniso, mainjiniya munguva pfupi yapfuura vakawana sei shandura sipinachi kuita hurongwa hwekunzwa kwezvakatipoteredzaizvo zvinogona kukuzivisa nezvekuvapo kwezvinoputika. Muna 2016, mainjiniya wemakemikari Ming Hao Wong nechikwata chake kuMIT vakadyara kabhoni nanotubes mumashizha espinachi. Zvisaririra zvezvinoputikaiyo chirimwa chakatora nemhepo kana pasi pemvura, chakaita nanotubes buritsa chiratidzo chefluorescent. Kutora chiratidzo chakadaro kubva kufekitari, kamera diki infrared yakanongedzwa pashizha uye yakanamatira kune Raspberry Pi chip. Iyo kamera payakaona chiratidzo, yakatanga yambiro yeemail. Mushure mekugadzira nanosensors muspinachi, Wong akatanga kugadzira mamwe maapplication ehunyanzvi, kunyanya mune zvekurima kunyevera nezvekusanaya kwemvura kana zvipembenene.

chiitiko che bioluminescence, semuenzaniso. mu squid, jellyfish nezvimwe zvisikwa zvegungwa. Mugadziri wechiFrench Sandra Rey anopa bioluminescence senzira yechisikigo yekuvhenekesa, ndiko kuti, kusikwa kwemarambi "mhenyu" anoburitsa mwenje pasina magetsi (2). Ray ndiye muvambi uye CEO weGlowee, kambani inovheneka yebioluminescent. Anofanotaura kuti rimwe zuva vachakwanisa kutsiva magetsi emagetsi emumugwagwa.

2. Glowee Lighting Visualization

Nokuda kwekugadzirwa kwechiedza, Glowee technicians inosanganisira bioluminescence gene inowanwa kubva kuHawaiian cuttlefish kupinda mabhakitiriya eE. coli, uye ipapo anokura mabhakitiriya aya. Nekugadzira DNA, mainjiniya anogona kudzora ruvara rwechiedza painodzima nekubatidzwa, pamwe nekumwe kugadziridzwa kwakawanda. Aya mabhakitiriya sezviri pachena anoda kuchengetwa uye kudyiswa kuti arambe ari mupenyu uye achipenya, saka kambani iri kushanda kuchengetedza mwenje kwenguva refu. Parizvino, anodaro Rei kuWired, vane imwe system yave kushanda kwemazuva matanhatu. Ikozvino kupfupika kwehupenyu hwema luminaires zvinoreva kuti panguva ino ivo vanonyanya kukodzera kune zviitiko kana mitambo.

Zvipfuyo zvine mabhegi emagetsi

Unogona kutarisa zvipembenene uye kuedza kuzvitevedzera. Iwe unogona zvakare kuedza "kubira" ivo uye kuvashandisa se… miniature drones. Mabumblebees ane "mabhegi" ane masensa, seaya anoshandiswa nevarimi kutarisa minda yavo (3). Dambudziko rine microdrones isimba. Hapana dambudziko rakadaro nezvipembenene. Dzinobhururuka dzisinganeti. Mainjiniya akatakura "mukwende" wavo nemasensa, ndangariro yekuchengetera data, vanogamuchira nzvimbo yekutevera uye mabhatiri emagetsi emagetsi (kureva kuti, diki diki) - ese anorema 102 milligrams. Zvipembenene pazvinoita mabasa azvo ezuva nezuva, masensor anoyera tembiricha nehunyoro, uye nzvimbo yazvo inoteverwa pachishandiswa chiratidzo cheredhiyo. Mushure mekudzokera kumukoko, data inotorwa uye bhatiri rinochajwa pasina waya. Chikwata chemasayendisiti chinodaidza tekinoroji yavo Living IoT.

3. Rarama IoT, inova bumblebee ine electronic system kumusana wayo

Zoologist paMax Planck Institute yeOrnithology. Martin Wikelski akasarudza kuedza chitendero chakakurumbira chokuti mhuka dzine mano okuberekwa nawo okunzwa njodzi dziri kuuya. Wikelski inotungamira chirongwa chepasi rose chekunzwa mhuka, ICARUS. Munyori wekugadzira uye tsvagiridzo akawana mukurumbira paakabatanidza GPS mabhekoni mhuka (4), dzose huru nediki, kuti dzidzidze pesvedzero yezviitiko pamaitiro avo. Masayendisiti akaratidza, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, kuti kuwedzera kuvapo kweshuramurove chena kunogona kuratidza kurwiswa kwemhashu, uye nzvimbo uye tembiricha yemuviri yemadhadha mallard inogona kuratidza kupararira kwefuruwenza pakati pevanhu.

4. Martin Wikelski neshuramurove

Iye zvino Wikelski ari kushandisa mbudzi kuti aone kana pane chimwe chinhu mudzidziso dzekare mhuka "dzinoziva" pamusoro pekudengenyeka kwenyika uye kuputika kwemakomo. Pakarepo mushure mekudengenyeka kwenyika kukuru kwe2016 Norcia muItaly, Wikelski akabatanidza zvipfuyo pedyo ne epicenter kuti aone kana vakazvibata zvakasiyana vasati vavhunduka. Collar imwe neimwe yaiva nezvose GPS tracking mudziyokunge accelerometer.

Akazotsanangura kuti nekutarisisa kwakadai kwewachi, munhu anogona kuona maitiro "akajairika" obva atsvaga zvisirizvo. Wikelski neboka rake vakacherechedza kuti mhuka dzakawedzera kukurumidza mumaawa kudengenyeka kusati kwasvika. Akacherechedza "nguva dzekunyevera" kubva pamaawa maviri kusvika ku2, zvichienderana nechinhambwe kubva pane epicenter. Wikelski inonyorera patent yeyambiro yenjodzi inoenderana nemaitiro akaungana emhuka zvine chekuita nekutanga.

Kuvandudza photosynthesis kushanda zvakanaka

Nyika inorarama nekuti inodyara pasi rose kuburitsa okisijeni sechigadzirwa chephotosynthesisuye zvimwe zvacho zvinobva zvawedzera kudya kunovaka muviri. Zvisinei, photosynthesis haina kukwana, pasinei zvapo nemamiriyoni akawanda emakore emhindumupindu. Vatsvagiri vepaUniversity yeI Illinois vatanga basa rekugadzirisa zvakakanganisika muphotosynthesis, izvo zvavanotenda kuti zvinogona kuwedzera goho nezvikamu makumi mana kubva muzana.

Vakaisa pfungwa dzavo pana chirongwa chinonzi photorespirationiyo isiri yakanyanya chikamu chephotosynthesis semhedzisiro yayo. Kufanana nemaitiro mazhinji ezvipenyu, photosynthesis haishande zvakakwana nguva dzose. Panguva yephotosynthesis, zvirimwa zvinotora mvura necarbon dioxide zvochinja kuva shuga (chikafu) uye oxygen. Zvirimwa hazvidi okisijeni, saka inobviswa.

Vatsvakurudzi vakaparadzanisa enzyme inonzi ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO). Iyi protein complex inosunga carbon dioxide molecule kune ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBisCO). Kwemazana emakore, mhepo yepanyika yakawedzera oxidized, zvichireva kuti RuBisCO inofanirwa kubata nemamwe mamorekuru eokisijeni akasanganiswa necarbon dioxide. Mune imwe kubva mumakesi mana, RuBisCO inobata zvisizvo molecule yeokisijeni, uye izvi zvinokanganisa mashandiro.

Nekuda kwekusakwana kwemaitiro aya, zvirimwa zvinosiiwa zvine chepfu ne-zvigadzirwa zvakaita se glycolate uye ammonia. Kugadziriswa kwezvisanganiswa izvi (kuburikidza nephotorespiration) kunoda simba, iro rinowedzerwa kune kurasikirwa kunokonzerwa nekushaya simba kwephotosynthesis. Vanyori vekuongorora vanocherechedza kuti mupunga, gorosi uye soya bhinzi hazvina kukwana nekuda kweizvi, uye RuBisCO inova yakanyanya kuderera sezvo tembiricha inokwira. Izvi zvinoreva kuti sezvo kudziya kwepasi kunowedzera, panogona kuva nekuderera kwezvokudya.

Mhinduro iyi chikamu chechirongwa chinodaidzwa kuti (RIPE) uye chinosanganisira kuunza majini matsva anoita kuti photorespiration ikurumidze uye ishande nesimba. Chikwata chakagadzira nzira nhatu dzedzimwe nzira vachishandisa mitsva yekutevedzana kwemajini. Idzi nzira dzakagadziridzwa kune 1700 mhando dzemiti dzakasiyana. Kwemakore maviri, masayendisiti akaedza kutevedzana uku achishandisa fodya yakagadziridzwa. Icho chirimwa chakajairika musainzi nekuti genome yayo inonzwisiswa zvakanyanya. More nzira dzinoshanda dzephotorespiration bvumira zvinomera kuchengetedza huwandu hunokosha hwesimba hunogona kushandiswa pakukura kwavo. Danho rinotevera nderekuisa majini muzvirimwa zvekudya zvakaita sesoya bhinzi, bhinzi, mupunga nemadomasi.

Masero eropa ekugadzira uye magene clippings

Nature kubira izvi zvinotungamirira pakupedzisira kumurume pachake. Gore rakapera, masayendisiti echiJapan akashuma kuti akanga agadzira ropa rakagadzirwa iro rinogona kushandiswa pamurwere upi noupi, pasinei nerudzi rweropa, rine mashandisirwo anoverengeka eupenyu chaihwo mukurapa kwenjodzi. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, masayendisiti akaita budiriro yakatokura nekugadzira ekugadzira masero matsvuku eropa (5). Izvi masero eropa ekugadzira havangoratidzi zvinhu zvevamwe vavo vepanyama, asiwo vane unyanzvi hwepamusoro. Boka rinobva kuYunivhesiti yeNew Mexico, Sandia National Laboratory, uye South China Polytechnic University vakagadzira masero matsvuku eropa asingakwanisi kutakura okisijeni kunzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzomuviri, asiwo kuendesa zvinodhaka, chepfu, uye kuita mamwe mabasa. .

5. Synthetic sero reropa

Nzira yekugadzira masero eropa ekugadzira yakatangwa nemasero echisikigo akatanga akaputirwa nekatetepa kesilika kozoti nezvikamu zvemapolymer akanaka uye asina kunaka. Iyo silica inozoiswa uye pakupedzisira iyo yepamusoro yakafukidzwa neakasikwa erythrocyte membranes. Izvi zvakaita kuti pave nekugadzirwa kwe erythrocytes yakagadzirwa nehukuru, chimiro, kubhadharisa uye mapuroteni epamusoro akafanana neayo chaiwo.

Pamusoro pezvo, vaongorori vakaratidza kuchinjika kwemasero eropa achangobva kuumbwa nekuasundidzira nepadiki diki mumapilari emhando. Pakupedzisira, payakaedzwa mumakonzo, hapana chepfu mhedzisiro yakawanikwa kunyangwe mushure memaawa e48 ekutenderera. Iwo maedzo akatakura maseru aya aine hemoglobin, anti-cancer mishonga, toxicity sensors, kana magineti nanoparticles kuratidza kuti vaigona kutakura marudzi akasiyana emhosva. Masero ekugadzira anogonawo kuita sechirauro chezvirwere.

Nature kubira izvi zvinozotungamira kune iyo pfungwa yekugadziriswa kwemajini, kugadzirisa uye mainjiniya vanhu, uye kuvhurwa kwehuropi nzvimbo dzekutaurirana kwakananga pakati pehuropi.

Parizvino, kune kushushikana kukuru uye kunetseka nezve tarisiro yekugadziriswa kwemajini evanhu. Nharo dzinotsigira dzakasimbawo, sekuti maitiro ekugadzirisa magene anogona kubatsira kubvisa chirwere. Vanogona kubvisa marudzi akawanda emarwadzo uye kufunganya. Vanogona kuwedzera njere dzevanhu uye hupenyu hurefu. Vamwe vanhu vanotosvika pakutaura kuti vanogona kushandura mwero werufaro rwevanhu nekubudirira nemirairo yakawanda yehukuru.

Genetic Engineeringkana migumisiro yaro inotarisirwa yakatorwa zvakanyanya, inogona kuonekwa sechiitiko chekare, chakaenzana nekuputika kweCambrian, iyo yakashandura kukurumidza kwekushanduka-shanduka. Kana vanhu vazhinji vachifunga nezvemhindumupindu, vanofunga nezvemhindumupindu yezvinhu zvipenyu kupfurikidza nokusarudzwa kwechisikigo, asi sezvazvinozoitika, mamwe marudzi ayo anogona kufungidzira.

Kutanga mumaXNUMXs, vanhu vakatanga kugadzirisa DNA yezvirimwa nemhuka (onawo: ), kusikwa zvokudya zvakagadziridzwaetc. Parizvino, hafu yemiriyoni yevana inoberekwa gore negore nerubatsiro rweIVF. Zvichiwedzera, maitiro aya anosanganisirawo kutevedzanisa maembryos kuti aone zvirwere uye kuona embryo inonyanya kushanda (chimiro chemajini enjiniya, kunyangwe pasina shanduko chaiyo inoshanda kune genome).

Nekuuya kweCRISPR uye matekinoroji akafanana (6), takaona kukwira mukutsvaga mukuita shanduko chaidzo kuDNA. Muna 2018, He Jiankui akagadzira vana vekutanga genetically modified muChina, kwaakaendeswa kujeri. Nyaya iyi pari zvino ndiyo iri kunetsa panyaya dzetsika. Muna 2017, US National Academy of Sciences uye National Academy of Medicine yakabvumira pfungwa yekugadzirisa genome yevanhu, asi chete "mushure mekuwana mhinduro dzemibvunzo yekuchengeteka uye kushanda" uye "chete kana kune zvirwere zvakakomba uye pasi pekutariswa kwepedyo. "

Maonero e "mugadziri vacheche", ndiko kuti, kugadzira vanhu nekusarudza maitiro ayo mwana anofanira kuberekwa, anokonzera kukakavara. Izvi hazvidiwe nekuti zvinotendwa kuti vapfumi uye vane rombo chete ndivo vachawana nzira dzakadai. Kunyangwe kana dhizaini yakadaro isingagoneki kwenguva yakareba, ichave iri genetic manipulation maererano nekudzimwa kwemajini ehurema nezvirwere hazvina kunyatsoongororwa. Zvakare, sekutya kwakawanda, izvi zvinongowanikwa kune vashoma vakasarudzwa.

Nekudaro, izvi hazvisi nyore kucheka-kunze uye kuisirwa mabhatani sevaya vanoziva CRISPR kunyanya kubva kumifananidzo yemupepanhau fungidzira. Hunhu hwakawanda hwevanhu uye kubatwa nechirwere hazvidzorwe nejini rimwe chete kana maviri. Zvirwere zvinobva kuva nejini rimwe, kugadzira mamiriro ezviuru zvesarudzo dzenjodzi, kuwedzera kana kudzikira kukonzeresa kune zvakatipoteredza. Zvisinei, kunyange zvazvo zvirwere zvakawanda, zvakadai sokuora mwoyo uye chirwere cheshuga, zviri zvepolygenic, kunyange kungobvisa majini ega kunowanzobatsira. Somuenzaniso, Verve ari kugadzira mushonga we<em>gene unoderedza kuwanda kwehosha yemwoyo, chimwe chezvikonzero zvikuru zvorufu munyika yose. zvinyorwa zvishoma zvejenome.

Nokuda kwemabasa akaoma, uye rimwe rawo polygenic hwaro hwechirwere, kushandiswa kwehungwaru hwekugadzira kwave kuchangobva kuve nzira. Zvinobva pamakambani akaita seaya akatanga kupa vabereki polygenic njodzi yekuongorora. Pamusoro pezvo, akateedzana genomic datasets ari kuwedzera kukura uye kukura (mamwe aine anopfuura miriyoni genomes akateedzana), izvo zvichawedzera huchokwadi hwemamodhi ekudzidza emuchina nekufamba kwenguva.

network network

Mubhuku rake, Miguel Nicolelis, mumwe wemapiyona ezvino kuzivikanwa se "brain hacking," akadana kutaurirana ramangwana revanhu, nhanho inotevera mukushanduka kwemarudzi edu. Akaita tsvakiridzo umo akabatanidza huropi hwemakonzo akati wandei achishandisa sophisticated implanted electrodes anozivikanwa sebrain-brain interfaces.

Nicolelis nevamwe vake vakatsanangura kubudirira seyekutanga "organic komputa" ine mhenyu huropi hwakabatana sekunge vaive akawanda mamicroprocessors. Mhuka dziri mumambure aya dzakadzidza kuwiriranisa kushanda kwemagetsi kwemasero etsinga dzadzo nenzira imwe cheteyo muuropi hweumwe neumwe. Uropi hwetiweki hwakayedzwa kuzvinhu zvakaita sekugona kwahwo kusiyanisa pakati pemaitiro maviri akasiyana emagetsi ekusimudzira, uye kazhinji anokunda mhuka imwe neimwe. Kana huropi hwakabatana hwemakonzo "hukangwara" kupfuura hwemhuka imwe chete, fungidzira kugona kwebiological supercomputer yakabatana nehuropi hwemunhu. Kubatana kwakadaro kwaigona kubvumira vanhu kuti vashande vachipfuura zvipingamupinyi zvemutauro. Zvakare, kana mhedzisiro yechidzidzo chegonzo chiri chokwadi, kubatanidza huropi hwemunhu kunogona kuvandudza mashandiro, kana zvakadaro zvinoita.

Pakave nekuedzwa kwazvino, kunotaurwawo mumapeji eMT, ayo aisanganisira kubatanidza basa rehuropi retiweki diki yevanhu. Vanhu vatatu vakagara mumakamuri akasiyana vakashanda pamwechete kuti vatarise chivharo nenzira kwayo kuitira kuti chivhare mukaha pakati pemamwe mabhuroko mumutambo wevhidhiyo weTetris. Vanhu vaviri vaiita se "vatumiri," vane electroencephalographs (EEGs) mumisoro yavo iyo yakanyora kushanda kwemagetsi ehuropi hwavo, vakaona mukaha uye vakaziva kana chivharo chaifanira kutenderedzwa kuti chikwane. Munhu wechitatu, achiita se "mugamuchiri", akanga asingazivi mhinduro yakarurama uye aifanira kuvimba nemirayiridzo yakatumirwa zvakananga kubva kuhuropi hwevakatumira. Mapoka mashanu evanhu akaedzwa netiweki iyi, inonzi "BrainNet" (7), uye paavhareji vakawana pamusoro pe80% kunyatsoita basa.

7. Mufananidzo kubva mukuedza kweBrainNet

Kuti zvinhu zvinyanye kuoma, vaongorori dzimwe nguva vaiwedzera ruzha kune chiratidzo chinotumirwa nemumwe wevakatumira. Vakatarisana nemirairidzo inopokana kana isinganzwisisike, vagamuchiri vakakurumidza kudzidza kuziva nekutevera mirairo yeavatumira. Vatsvagiri vanocherekedza kuti uyu ndiwo mushumo wekutanga wekuti huropi hwevanhu vazhinji hwakaiswa waya nenzira isiri-inopindira. Vanopikisa kuti nhamba yevanhu vane uropi hunogona kushandiswa kunetiweki hahuna muganhu. Vanopawo pfungwa yekuti kufambiswa kweruzivo uchishandisa nzira dzisingapindire kunogona kuvandudzwa nehuropi hwekuita imaging (fMRI), sezvo izvi zvichigona kuwedzera huwandu hweruzivo rwunogona kuburitswa nenhepfenyuro. Nekudaro, fMRI haisi nzira iri nyore, uye inoomesa basa ratove rakaoma zvakanyanya. Vatsvagiri vanofungidzirawo kuti chiratidzo chinogona kunangwa kune dzakananga nzvimbo dzehuropi kukonzeresa ruzivo rwechaiwo semantic zvirimo muuropi hweanogamuchira.

Panguva imwecheteyo, maturusi ekuwedzera uye pamwe akanyanya kushanda zvakanaka huropi hwekubatanidza ari kukurumidza kubuda. Elon Musk nguva pfupi yadarika yakazivisa kugadzirwa kweBCI implant ine XNUMX maelectrodes kuti agone kugonesa kutaurirana kwakakura pakati pemakomputa nemasero etsinga muuropi. (DARPA) yakagadzira an implantable neural interface inokwanisa kupfura miriyoni tsinga maseru panguva imwe chete. Kunyangwe aya maBCI mamodule aive asina kugadzirwa kuti adyidzane uropi-uropihazvina kuoma kufungidzira kuti zvinogona kushandiswa nekuda kwezvinangwa zvakadaro.

Pamusoro pezviri pamusoro apa, kune kumwe kunzwisiswa kwe "biohacking", iyo ine fashoni kunyanya muSilicon Valley uye ine marudzi akasiyana-siyana ehutano maitiro ane dzimwe nguva anokahadzika nheyo dzesainzi. Pakati pavo pane kudya kwakasiyana-siyana uye maitiro ekurovedza muviri, pamwe nekusanganisira. kuwedzerwa kweropa rechidiki, pamwe nekuiswa kwe subcutaneous chips. Muchiitiko ichi, vapfumi vanofunga chimwe chinhu se "kubira rufu" kana kukwegura. Kusvika pari zvino, hapana humbowo hunogutsa hwekuti nzira dzavanoshandisa dzinogona kurebesa upenyu zvakanyanya, tisingarevi kusafa kunorotwa nevamwe.