makemikari hourglass
Hourly reactions ishanduko dzine mhedzisiro (semuenzaniso, shanduko yeruvara) isingaoneke nekukurumidza, asi mushure menguva yakati mushure mekusanganisa reagents. Kune zvakare maitiro anotendera iwe kuti uone mhedzisiro kakawanda. Nekufananidza ne "chemical clock" vanogona kunzi "chemical hourglass". Reagents yeimwe yekuedza haina kunetsa kuwana.
Pakuedzwa tichashandisa magnesium oxide, MgO, 3-4% hydrochloric acid, HClaq (yakanyanyisa asidhi, yakasvibiswa nemvura 1: 9) kana vhiniga yezvokudya (6-10% mhinduro yeacetic acid CH3COOH). Kana isu tisina magnesium oxide, mishonga yekurwisa acidity uye chirungurira ichabudirira kuitsiva - chimwe chezviyo magnesium hydroxide (MgO inoshanduka kuita iyi komputa pasi pemamiriro ekuita).
Inotarisira kuchinja kwemavara panguva yekuita bromthymol yebhuruu - iyo chiratidzo inoshanduka yero mune acidic mhinduro uye inenge yebhuruu.
Kwegirazi 100 cm3 Dururira mashupuni 1-2 e magnesium oxide (mufananidzo 1) kana kudira anenge masendimita gumi3 kugadzirira ine magnesium hydroxide. Zvadaro wedzera 20-30 cm.3 mvura (mufananidzo 2) uye wedzera madonhwe mashoma echiratidzo (mufananidzo 3) Sanganisa zviri mukati megirazi reruvara rwebhuruu (mufananidzo 4) wobva wadira masendimita mashoma3 acid solution (mufananidzo 5) Musanganiswa mugirazi unoshanduka yero (mufananidzo 6), asi mushure mechinguva inoshanduka kuva bhuruu zvakare (mufananidzo 7) Kuwedzera chimwe chikamu chemhinduro yeasidhi, tinoona zvakare shanduko yemavara (Mufananidzo 8 ne9) Kutenderera kunogona kudzokororwa kakawanda.
Izvi zvinotevera zvakaitwa mubeaker:
1. Magnesium oxide inopindirana nemvura kuita haidroksidi yesimbi iyi:
MgO + N2O → Mg(OH)2
Mushonga unoguma haunyanyi kunyungudika mumvura (inenge 0,01 g pa 1 dm3), asi ihwo hwaro hwakasimba uye huwandu hweiyo hydroxide ions hwakakwana kupendesa chiratidzo.
2. Kuita kwe magnesium hydroxide nekuwedzera kwe hydrochloric acid:
Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl → MgCl2 + 2H2O
inotungamirira kune neutralization yezvose Mg (OH) yakanyungudutswa mumvura2. Yakawandisa HClaq inoshandura nharaunda kuita acidic, iyo yatinogona kuona nekushandura ruvara rwechiratidzo kuita yero.
3. Chimwe chikamu che magnesium oxide chinopindirana nemvura (equation 1.uye inoderedza asidi yakawandisa (equation 2.) Mhinduro inova alkaline zvakare uye chiratidzo chinoshanduka bhuruu. Kutenderera kunodzokororwa.
Chiitiko chekugadzirisa ndechekushandura chiratidzo chinoshandiswa, chinotungamira kune akasiyana mavara maitiro. Mukuedza kwechipiri, panzvimbo yebromthymol yebhuruu, tichashandisa phenolphthalein (isina ruvara muine acid solution, raspberry mune alkaline solution). Isu tinogadzirira kumiswa kwe magnesium oxide mumvura (iyo inonzi mukaka we magnesia), semuyedzo yapfuura. Wedzera madonhwe mashoma ephenolphthalein solution (mufananidzo 10) uye simbisa zviri mukati megirazi. Mushure mekuwedzera mashoma3 hydrochloric asidhi (mufananidzo 11) musanganiswa unova usina ruvara (mufananidzo 12) Nekukurudzira zviri mukati nguva dzose, munhu anogona kutarisa zvakasiyana: kuchinja kwemuvara kune pink, uye mushure mekuwedzera chikamu cheasidhi, kushanduka kwezviri mukati memudziyo.Mufananidzo 13, 14, 15).
Maitiro acho anoenderera nenzira imwechete seyekutanga kuedza. Kune rumwe rutivi, kushandisa chiratidzo chakasiyana kunoguma nemhedzisiro yemavara akasiyana. Inenge chero pH chiratidzo chinogona kushandiswa mukuyedza.
Chemical Hourglass Chikamu I:
Chemical Hourglass Chikamu I
Chemical Hourglass Chikamu II:
Chemical Hourglass Chikamu XNUMX
