Artificial elements - chikamu 1
Anenge makore maviri apfuura, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, sangano renyanzvi dzemakemikari kubva kumativi ose enyika, rakazivisa mazita ezvinhu zvina zvitsva. Nokudaro, chitsauko munhoroondo yekemisitiri chasvika kumagumo - nguva yechinomwe yetafura yeperiodic yapera, uye kubvira ipapo pane zviri pamutemo 118 zvinhu zvemakemikari.
Nekudaro, iyo IUPAC sarudzo (
Hupenyu hwehupenyu
Kufungidzira hupenyu hwezvinhu zveradioactive, mafizikisi anoshandisa pfungwa yehafu yehupenyu. Iyi ndiyo nguva kusvika hafu yehuwandu hwepakutanga hwechinhu ichisara. Zvisinei, mushure mechikamu chechipiri chenguva yakafanana, chinhu chose hachizoperi, asi hafu yehafu kana chikamu chechina chemari yekutanga icharamba iripo. Etc. Nechepfungwa, kunyangwe mushure menguva refu isingaperi, chimwe chikamu chemari yekutanga chicharamba chiripo, asi mukuita zvinofungidzirwa kuti mushure menguva gumi panenge pasina chinhu chasara.
Waya dzemagetsi, mhete nealuminium zvinonyatso kupupurira kuvepo kwemhangura, goridhe nealuminium. Sezvaunoziva kubva kuchikoro, mhepo ine nitrogen uye oksijeni. Reactive zvinhu zvakadai sodium uye chlorine inoumba tafura munyu. Isu tinewo zvinhu izvi, uye fungidziro yedu inoratidza kuti pane imwe nzvimbo pamasherufu emakemikari marabhoritari pane samples dzawo. Kana iyo pfungwa yerabhoritari ichitambanudzirwa kunzvimbo dzinochengeterwa zvakanyanya radioactive zvinhu, zvinozoitika kuti yekupedzisira pane iripo ndeye. Einstein, ine seriyoni nhamba 99. Mukutaura, kuvapo kunofanira kunzwisiswa sekuvapo kwechinhu kana musanganiswa wacho muhuwandu hunobatika. Kuti uite izvi, zvinodikanwa kuve neinenge miriyoni yegiremu, zvikasadaro kunyange makristasi madiki emushonga wemakemikari haazoumbi (mune chikamu chechikamu 100 - firm - ruzivo pamusoro pekugamuchira kwehuwandu hunodiwa hahuna kunyatsosimbiswa).
Iyo Curies inoratidza mwaranzi yeradium (kupenda naAndré Castaigne, 1903).
Aifanira kutarisana nedambudziko iri pakutanga kwezana remakore rapfuura. Mwaranzi yeradhiyamu nepolonium yakanga isina kukwana kuti vemakemikari venguva iyoyo vazive kuvepo kwezvinhu izvi - chete kuparadzaniswa kwechikamu chegiramu remakomponi avo ndiko kwakaita kuti vapokane vatende. Asi ngatisashoropodza vanotenda zvechivanhu. Iyi nzira inoshanda kwazvo: pane zvishoma zvingaitwe murabhoritari yakajairika ine chidimbu chidiki chechinhu zvekuti hachigone kuonekwa.
Chikonzero che "kusavapo" ndiko, hongu, hupenyu hwezvimwe zvinhu - ipfupi kuti irarame kusvika zvino mushure mekuumbwa kwePasi kubva kuguruva remucosmic. Supernova inoputika inoburitsa kunyange zvinhu zvinorema, izvo zvinozoparara mukati memakore akareruka enyeredzi inoputika. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akanaka, zvimedu zvinosangana kuita mapoka makuru, uye aya kuva mapuraneti. Zvakadaro, 4,5 bhiriyoni makore akanyanya kurebesa kuti zvimwe zvinhu zvirambe zviri papasi redu muhuwandu hunoyemurika (hunorema, hushoma uye hupfupi hupenyu). Naizvozvo, kuti vazviise kuongororo, zvaive zvakafanira kugadzira zvinhu zvisipo zvezvinhu. Kwete kuzarura, nokuti vakanga vasipo, vakavanzwa kubva ku "girazi nemaziso" emasayendisiti, asi kungogadzira.
Kunyange zvinhu zvinorema zvikuru zvinoumbwa mukuputika kwe supernova. Mufananidzo weHubble unoratidza Crab Nebula muboka renyeredzi reTaurus, yakasara ye supernova ya1054.
Mvere nemufananidzo waAmai franço?
Zvishoma-shoma. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti hapana anopfuura magiramu makumi mashanu efranc ari pasi pevhu panguva ipi neipi. Astatine yakatonyanya kushoma - inenge giramu! Muzviitiko zvese izvi, chikonzero chiri muhupenyu hupfupi kwazvo hwemasotopi echisikigo, uye nekuwedzera, nenzira isingashande yekuumbwa - ivo vanoumbwa mumapazi emapazi eradioactive akatevedzana ane mukana wakaderera wekuchinja kwavo pachavo. Hazvishamisi kuti kusvika pari zvino hapana munhu asarudza chikamu chinooneka chezvinhu izvi, uye hazviratidzike kuti munguva pfupi iri kutevera.
Kupatsanurana hakusi pachena sezvazvingaite pakuona kwekutanga. Isu takanaka pakuisa mumhando yezvinhu zvakagadzirwa nemaoko semabhaudhi kana nzungu. Nekudaro, kana isu tichipinda munzvimbo yechisikigo umo miganhu isina kupinza, matambudziko anomuka muchimiro chezvinhu zvinogona kuverengerwa kumapoka akasiyana.
Ndizvo zvimwe chete nezvikamu. Uranium ndiyo inonyanya kuoma, iyo nguva yehupenyu yakabvumira kuti irarame kusvika nhasi (hafu yeupenyu inofananidzwa nezera repasi redu, saka tichine inenge hafu yeuranium yaiva chikamu cheNyika duku). Zvinhu zvakakura kupfuura zvazvakasikwa nemunhu (zvimwe pane izvi gare gare munhevedzano), asi zvimwe zvacho zvakazoonekwa sezviwanikwa zveshanduko dzakakonzerwa nekuora kweuranium nuclei.
Kubiridzira kubva kumugodhi weCzech muSudetes. Uranium ores ndiko kunobva zvinhu zvakawanda zveradioactive.
Mamiriro ezvinhu akafanana anomuka nezvinhu zvisina kugadzikana zvinorema zvishoma pane uranium. Vamwe vavo vane hupenyu hupfupi kwazvo (ye ChiFrench ingori maminetsi makumi maviri chete uye nokuda astatu masekondi akawanda, kunyange zvazvo isotopu yakawanikwa yechinhu ichi ine hafu yehupenyu hwemaawa masere), uye kuvapo kwavo mumasikirwo kunongokonzerwa nekugara kwekugara kwekuora kweuranium uye thorium nuclei (ona: Radioactive series). Izvo zvinhu zviviri zviri pakati peiyo periodic tafura - technet i трафик - kunyangwe makumi emakore ekuedza kwemakemikari, haawanikwe mune zvakasikwa. Chete mushure mekunge vawanikwa, zvakava pachena kuti ivo chibereko cheashoma kwazvo, ega ega fission yeuranium nuclei uye akaonekwa mune zvidiki zvakanyanya mune ores yesimbi iyi.
Uyewo, zvimwe zvinhu zvakaitwa nevanhu zvinonzwisiswa zviri nani pane zvakagara zviripo, zvakadzika midzi. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvekugadzira kunopfuura kupihwa kwepasirese kwezvinhu zviri nyore zvinoonekwa sechisikigo (ona: Mangani mafranc uye astatine atinawo?)! Chikonzero, hongu, ndiko kushandiswa: anenge 20 matani eradioactive plutonium anoshandiswa gore negore, nepo anenge pasina munhu anoda metallic strontium uye kugadzirwa kwayo kunosvika makirogiramu. Wedzera kune izvi chokwadi chekusvibiswa kwepasi nezvigadzirwa zvemagetsi enyukireya uye kuputika kwenyukireya (zvikurukuru nuclei dzakareruka kupfuura uranium) uye thermonuclear (muchiitiko ichi zvakare inorema kupfuura uranium), uye tichava nemufananidzo wakakwana. yekuomerwa kwekuita senge nyore fission: natural or artificial element?
Zvombo zvenyukireya bvunzo "dzapfumisa" nharaunda ine akawanda radioactive zvinhu.
Kubudirira kukuru kwemakemikari muzana remakore rechi150 kwaiva kuvaka (gore rinotevera, basa raMendeleev "rinoshandura" makore XNUMX!). Hunyanzvi hwemusiki wayo hwakaratidzwa, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, mukusiya mabasa kune zvinhu zvisati zvawanikwa uye kufanotaura zvinhu zvazvo. Sezvo mapeji ari patafura akazadzwa (zvimwe zvakafanotaurwa hazvina kuitika), mubvunzo wakamuka: zvingani zvinhu zviripo chaizvo?
Henry Moseley (1887-1915) uye X-ray spectrum mifananidzo yezvinhu zvakati wandei.
Mhinduro yakapiwa nomumwe wechiduku, ari pasi pemakore 26 okukura wefizikisi yeChirungu Henry Mosley, muna 1913. Panguva yekudzidzira basa murabhoritari yeakawana nucleus yeatomu, Ernest Rutherfordakadzidza X-ray kubuda kwemaatomu ari kufara. Akakwanisa kubatanidza mawavelengths eX-rays akaburitswa nechaji yeatomic nuclei, uye iyi yaive yakasiyana kune chimwe nechimwe chinhu, ichiumba chinhu chakasiyana chinotsanangura. Zvisinei, Hondo Huru yakakurumidza kutanga, Moseley akaunganidzwa ndokuwira kuGallipoli makore maviri gare gare. Zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti inoremesa zvikuru inozivikanwa - uranium - ine mapurotoni makumi mapfumbamwe nemaviri munucleus, zvinoreva nhamba imwechete yezvinhu (panguva iyoyo). Zvairevawo kuti zvinhu zvinomwe zvakanga zvisipo patafura yeperiodic pazvinzvimbo 92, 43, 61, 72, 75, 85 uye 87. Vemakemikari nefizikisi vakaenda pakuvhima kwesainzi, zvaive nyore nekuti vaiziva pekutsvagisa. - iyo nzvimbo yezvinhu zvisingazivikanwi mutafura ye periodic yakaita kuti zvikwanisike kuona zvivakwa zvavo uye nzvimbo dzakatarisirwa.
Row yeradioactive uranium neradium (nhamba yeatomu pazasi, isotopu mass number kuruboshwe).
radioactive series - isotopes mbiri dzeuranium uye imwe yethorium ine hupenyu hurefu hwekuora nekuumbwa kweiyo radioactive nuclei. Izvi zvinobva zvawedzerawo kuora, zvichingodaro.Pashure pekuchinja kanosvika gumi nemaviri, isotopes dzechigarire dzomutobvu dzinozopedzisira dzaumbwa. Kutevedzana kweisotopes, imwe yacho inomuka kubva kune imwe, ndiyo radioactive series. Mushure mekugamuchira Neptune, zvakazoitika kuti imwe yeisotopes yayo yakatangawo nhevedzano. Zvisinei, nguva pfupi yeupenyu hwenhengo dzayo yaireva kuti nhamba iyi yakanga isingachashandi mumasikirwo, uye chakasara chayo ndiko kuvapo kwekupedzisira munhevedzano - bismuth.
Muna 1923 yakawanikwa harrow (No. 72), uye makore maviri gare gare - Ren (Nhamba. 75). Vakawana vekupedzisira vakatarisana nedambudziko rakafanana nerenyika yedu makore mashoma apfuura. Uye ivo, zvakare, vaifanira kugadzirisa huwandu hukuru hwe ore kuitira kuti vawane masampuli anooneka emakomponi echinhu chitsva. Vakashandisa nzira yeMoseley pakuzivikanwa. Vakaonawo ma frequency mu spectrum yainongedzera kune chimwe chinhu kubva muboka rimwe chete, nhamba 43, asi zvavakaona hazvina kusimbiswa. Technet, nokuti tiri kutaura pamusoro pake, yekutanga yezvinhu zvakawanikwa zvakagadzirwa (Latin = yakagadzirwa), muna 1937, semugumisiro webhomba re molybdenum (No. 42) ine nuclei yehydrogen isotope (No. 1). Ichi chinhu chine radioactive, kunyangwe hupenyu hwayo hurefu huchibvumira kushandiswa. Gare gare zvakazoitika kuti technetium inoitika mune zvakasikwa semhedzisiro yekuora kweiyo uranium nuclei.
Radiation source marking. Zviri nani kuti usaswedere midziyo ine chiratidzo ichi!
Munguva yekutsvaga, masikirwo eradioactive arrays akawanikwa protactin (Nhamba. 91) i french (Nhamba. 87). Zvisineyi, chikamu che85 chakatanga kuwanikwa zvekugadzira nekubhomba bismuth target (No. 83) nealpha particles (helium nuclei ine maproton maviri nemanyuturoni maviri). Nekuda kwehupenyu hwayo hupfupi kwazvo, chinhu chitsva chakanzi chirimo (gr. = fickle). Kuziva kwemakemikari ayo akaita kuti zvikwanisike makore mashomanana gare gare kuona astatine muuranium uye thorium ores, apo inoratidzika seimwe yezvigadzirwa zvavo zvakaora.
Wekupedzisira wevakashaikwa трафикine 61 mapurotoni munyukireya - yakaonekwa muna 1945 panguva yekuongorora yakashandiswa uranium mafuta akasara mureactor. Zita rechimwe chinhu rinobva kune ngano Prometheus, uyo, semurazvo weOlympic munguva yakapfuura, akaunza chitubu chitsva chesimba kuvanhu. Ichi chinhu chiripowo muhuwandu hwekutsvaga muuranium ores.
