Artificial Intelligence

Parizvino, yakadzika neural network inogadzirisa cube yeRubik mumasekondi 1,2. Kuti uwane chigumisiro ichi, pakutanga kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX nerechina, michina inonzwisisika yeRamon Lull yakagadzirwa. Muchinyorwa chino, iwe uchadzidza danho nedanho zvakaitika mumazana emakore.

XIII-IV mazana emakore Muzivi wechiSpanish Ramon Lully (1) inokura logic machines. Akarondedzera michina yake sezvinhu zvinogadzirwa zvinogona kubatanidza chokwadi chinokosha uye chisingarambiki kuburikidza nokuvhiya kuri nyore kunonzwisisika kunoitwa nomuchina une zviratidzo zvinogadzirwa.

30-50 makore. zana remakore rechimakumi maviri Izvi zvakaratidzwa netsvakiridzo mumunda weurouroscience. Norbert Wiener inotsanangura cybernetic control uye kusimba mumambure emagetsi. Claude Shannon inogadzira dzidziso ye "ruzivo rwakatsanangurwa nemasaini edhijitari".

1936 , avo vavariro yavo yaive yekugadzirisa dambudziko rekugadzirisa rakaunzwa na David Hilbert muna 1928, ndizvo zvaakapinza mairi abstract motainokwanisa kuita chirongwa chesvomhu chakarongwa, i.e. algorithm.

Muchina uyu waingokwanisa kuita imwe algorithm, senge squaring nhamba, kupatsanura, kuwedzera, kubvisa. Mubasa rangu Turing akatsanangura michina yakadaro yakawanda, iyo yakawana zita rinozivikanwa Turing michina. Kuwedzerwa kweiyi pfungwa ndiyo inonzi universal Turing machine, iyo, zvichienderana nemirayiridzo yakanyorwa patepi, yaifanira kuita chero basa (2).

2. Imwe yemhando dzeTuring muchina

1943 Warren McCulloch i Walter Pitts zviratidze artificial neuron inogona kutevedzera mashandiro ari nyore nekugadzira modhi neural network. Modhi yavo yaive yakavakirwa pasvomhu uye algorithms uye yaisakwanisa kuyedzwa nekuda kwekushaikwa kwezviwanikwa zvekombuta.

1950 Muchinyorwa chake chakanzi "Computer Science and Intelligence", chakaburitswa mupepanhau Mind, Alan M. Turing kekutanga inopa bvunzo, yozonzi "Turing bvunzo". Iyi ndiyo nzira yekutsanangura kugona kwemuchina kushandisa mutauro wechisikigo uye nenzira isina kunanga aireva kuratidza kuti akanga ava kugona kufunga nenzira imwe cheteyo somunhu.

1951 Marvin Minsky Oraz Dean Edmonds vanovaka SNARK (Chirungu), yekutanga artificial neural network ine zviuru zvitatu zvevacuum chubhu. Muchina uyu waiita segonzo, iro riri kutsvaga nzira yekubuda nayo mugonzo kuti riwane chikafu. Iyo sisitimu yakaita kuti ikwanise kuteedzera mafambiro ese e "gonzo" mune maze. Chikanganiso chekugadzira chakabvumira kuti "rat" inopfuura imwe iunzwe ipapo, uye "makonzo" akatanga kudyidzana. Kuedza kwakawanda kwavakaita kwakavabvumira kutanga "kufunga" zvine musoro, uye izvi zvakabatsira kusimbisa sarudzo yakanaka. Mamwe "makonzo" epamusoro akateverwa nemamwe "makonzo".

1955 Allen Newell uye (mubairo weNobel weramangwana) Herbert A. Simon nyora Theorist yeLogic. Pakupedzisira, chirongwa ichi chinoratidza makumi matatu nemasere ekutanga makumi mashanu neshanu zvirevo zvePrincipia Mathematica. Russell i whitehead, kutsvaga humbowo hutsva uye hunoyevedza kune vamwe.

1956 Izwi rokuti "" rinozvarwa. Yakatanga kushandiswa pamusangano wakarongwa neDartmouth College muNew Hampshire (3). Pfungwa itsva iyi yakatsanangurwa se "hurongwa hunoziva uye hunopindura kune nharaunda yayo kuitira kuti iwedzere mikana yayo yekubudirira". Pakati pevakaronga chiitiko ichi vaive, kusanganisira Marvin Minsky, John McCarthy uye masayendisiti maviri makuru: Claude Shannon i Nathan Rochester z IBM.

. Nhengo dze1956 Dartmouth Musangano Kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi: Marvin Minsky naClaude Shannon.

1960 kuvaka electrochemical network mazita ekudzidza zvinhu Adaline. yakavakwa Bernard Vidrou kubva kuStanford University, network yaisanganisira zvinhu zveAdaline, izvo, kana zvaburitswa uye zvakabatanidzwa, zvakakonzera Akadaro Madalin (Eng. Mazhinji Adalines). Yakanga iri yekutanga neurocomputer zvinopihwa zvekutengesa. Iyo Madaline network inoshandiswa neradar, sonars, modem uye mitsara yefoni.

1966 inomuka ELIZA chirongwa, chatbot prototype yakaedzwa kuMIT. Yakagadzirwa nenzira iri nyore: yakashandura mitsara yekuzivisa yakapihwa nemushandisi kuita mibvunzo uye ikavakurudzira kuti vawane zvimwe zvirevo. Somuenzaniso, apo mushandisi akati, "Ndine musoro," purogiramu yakabvunza, "Sei musoro wako uchirwadza?" ELIZA yakashandiswa zvinobudirira mukurapa vanhu vane dambudziko repfungwa..

1967 MuJapan, Waseda University yakatanga VABOT chirongwa (4) muna 1967 kekutanga munyika saizi yakazara yakangwara humanoid robhoti. Sistimu yake yekudzora mitezo yaimubvumira kufamba nemakumbo ake ezasi, pamwe chete nekubata uye kufambisa zvinhu nemaoko ake achishandisa ma sensors. Maonero ake aimubvumira kuyera madaro uye nzira kune zvinhu achishandisa kunze zvinogamuchira, maziso ekugadzira uye nzeve. Uye gadziriro yekurukurirano yaimubvumira kukurukura nomunhu muchiJapanese achishandisa miromo yakagadzirwa.

1969 Marvin Minsky i Seymour Pepa ratidza perceptron constraints. Bhuku ravo raive nehumbowo hwechokwadi hwekuti single-layer network yaive neyakaganhurwa huwandu hwemashandisirwo, izvo zvakakonzera kusamira munzvimbo iyi yetsvagiridzo. Mamiriro ezvinhu aya akaenderera mberi kweanenge makore gumi nemashanu kusvika nhevedzano yezvinyorwa yadhindwa umo zvinonyatso kuratidzwa kuti nonlinear network yakasununguka kubva pamipimo yakaratidzwa mubasa rekutanga. Zvakaziviswa panguva iyoyo nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekudzidza muchina kune multilayer network.

1973 Edward Shortliff, chiremba uye nyanzvi yekombiyuta, akasika MAISIN chirongwa, imwe yekutanga nyanzvi yehurongwa hwekuongorora kurapwa kwehutachiona hwehutachiona, zvichienderana nekuongororwa kwezvirwere zveropa zvichienderana nemigumisiro yekuongororwa uye kuverenga kwemaitiro akakodzera emishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya.

Mumakore ekuma70, vanachiremba vakawanda vaida mazano enyanzvi vasati vanyorera murwere mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya. Imwe neimwe inorwisa mabhakitiriya yakabata rimwe boka rehutachiona, asi zvakare yakakonzera mamwe maside effects. Zvisinei, kuziva nezvenyaya iyi pakati pavanachirembawo zvavo kwakanga kusiri kukuru. Ndosaka Stanford University Chikoro cheMishonga, nzvimbo ine mukurumbira pasi rose mundima yemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya, yakatendeukira kunyanzvi dzeIT kuti vabatsirwe. Saka, hurongwa hwekuraira hwakagadzirwa, hwaive nedatabase yakakura uye 500 misimboti yekubatsira vanachiremba nemazvo kushandisa mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya.

1975 Paul Werbos invents backpropagation iyo yakagadzirisa dambudziko uye zvipimo zveimwe layer network uye kazhinji inogadzirwa dzidzisa neural network zvakanyanya.

80's inozivikanwa se "nyanzvi masisitimu", uye ruzivo rwave chinangwa chekutsvagisa kweAI. Panzvimbo pekutarisisa hungwaru hwakazara, masisitimu enyanzvi akatarisana nekushandisa seti yemisimboti kuita otomatiki mabasa uye kuita sarudzo dzakanangana munyika chaiyo.

Mhinduro yekutanga yakabudirira, inozivikanwa seRI, yakaunzwa neDigital Equipment Corporation kugadzirisa maodha ekambani uye kugadzirisa huchokwadi. Nekudaro, Apple neIBM munguva pfupi yakaunza mainframe makomputa ane simba rekugadzirisa kupfuura aya anoshandiswa kugadzirisa. Artificial Intelligence, kukanganisa indasitiri yeAI. Izvi zvakare zvakamisa mari muAI.

1988 Vatsvagiri paIBM vakaburitsa bepa rinoratidza misimboti yekugona kududzira otomatiki kubva kuFrench kuenda kuChirungu. Iyi nzira, padhuze neiyo, yakateya nheyo dzemazuva ano tekinoroji yekudzidza muchina.

1989 Inoonekwa ELVINN (), yakave mhedzisiro yemakore masere ekutsvagisa mari yemauto kuCMU Robotics Institute (5). Inogona kunzi tateguru wanhasi. Iyo ALVINN kuita yakagadziridzwa data kubva kune maviri masosi: vhidhiyo kamera uye laser rangefinder. Yakanga iri nzira yekuziva yakadzidza kudzora motokari nekucherechedza mutyairi. akaishandisa neural network uye kuita sarudzo pasina mepu.

5. Motokari ine ALVINN Autonomous System

Ma90. Munyika yeAI, paradigm itsva inonzi "intelligent agents" iri kutorwa. Judhiya Parera, Allen Newell, Leslie P. Kelbling uye vamwe vafunga kushandisa sarudzo dzidziso uye hupfumi kutsvagiridzo yehungwaru.

1997 Deep Blue yakagadzirwa neIBM inokunda sekuru na Garrim Kasparov (6). Iyo supercomputer yaive yakasarudzika vhezheni yepuratifomu yakagadzirwa neIBM uye yaigona kubata zvakapetwa kaviri mafambiro pasekondi sepamutambo wekutanga (wakarasikirwa nemuchina), zvinonzi mamirioni mazana maviri ekufamba pasekondi.

6. Match Garry Kasparov vs. Deep Blue

1998 Mamiriyoni mana anoenda kumiti yeKisimusi Furby nzeve marobhotiuyo anozopedzisira adzidza Chirungu.

2002-09 Muna 2002, DARPA yakadenha pasi rose. smart matekinoroji: $140 miriyoni yevavaki kutyaira 18 mamaira mhiri kweMojave Desert. 2005 May 7 Stanley (XNUMX) akatora chikamu muGrand Challenge, ane lasers, radar, video kamera, GPS receiver, matanhatu processors uye yakabatanidzwa software architecture, uye akakunda. Motokari iyi yave ichiratidzwa paSmithsonian's National Museum yeAmerican History. Pamwe chete naStanley munhoroondo Artificial Intelligence Stanford University dhizaini timu inotungamirwa naProf. Sebastian Thrun, aimbova mukuru wemotokari yeGoogle, yakagadzirwa muna 2009.

2005 Honda inosuma Asimo robot humanoid kufamba nemakumbo maviri (8). Munguva yekuvandudzwa kwayo, data yakawanikwa iyo yakashandiswa, semuenzaniso, mukugadzirwa kweprostheses inobvumira vanhu vakwegura kufamba.

2011 Iyo Watson supercomputer kubva kuIBM, iyo muna 2011 yakarova vatenzi panguva iyoyo mumutambo we "Jeopardy" (yakatepfenyurwa muPoland pasi pezita rekuti "Va Banque").

2016 Purogiramu yepakombiyuta AlphaGo yakagadzirwa neimwe yemakambani eGoogle, inodarika Lee Sedol, 18-nguva yepasirese shasha muGo (9).

9. Mutambo pakati peGo Li Sedol neAlphaGo

2018 Google neAllen Institute for Artificial Intelligence vanogadzira BERT, "yekutanga isingatarisirwe inomiririra bidirectional mitauro inomiririra iyo inogona kushandiswa kune akasiyana siyana echisikigo mabasa uchishandisa kufambisa ruzivo." BERT huchenjeri hwekugadzira hunogona kupedzisa zvikamu zvisipo zvemitsara nenzira yakafanana neyemunhu. BERT ndechimwe chezvinonyanya kunakidza zviri kuitika mumunda we Natural language processing (NLP), inzvimbo yehungwaru hwekugadzira iyo yanga ichikura zvakanyanya nekukurumidza mumakore achangopfuura. Kutenda kwaari, zuva ratinogona kutaura nemuchina rave pedyo zvakanyanya.

2019 Iyo yakadzika neural network inopihwa zita , yakagadzirwa nemasayendisiti paYunivhesiti yeCalifornia, Akagadzirisa Rubik's Cube mumasekonzi 1,2, nokukurumidza zvakapetwa katatu kupfuura munhu ane unyanzvi zvikuru. Paavhareji, anoda anenge makumi maviri nemasere mafambiro, nepo munhu achiita avhareji ye28 mafambiro.

Kuronga uye kushandiswa kwehungwaru hwekugadzira

I. Artificial intelligence ine zvirevo zvikuru zviviri:

• ihuchenjeri hwekufungidzira hunoonekwa kuburikidza neainjiniya maitiro, kwete echisikigo;
• izita retekinoroji uye ndima yekutsvagisa musainzi yekombuta iyo zvakare yakavakirwa pakufambira mberi mune neuroscience, masvomhu, psychology, cognitive sainzi, uye uzivi.

II. Muzvinyorwa zvenyaya iyi, kune matatu madhigirii makuru eAI:

1. Narrow artificial intelligence (, ANI) inoshanda munzvimbo imwe chete, senge AlphaGo, inova AI inokwanisa kukunda shasha mumutambo weGo. Zvisinei, ichi ndicho chinhu bedzi chaanogona kuita.
2. General artificial intelligence (, AGI) - inozivikanwa sehungwaru hwekugadzira hwakasimba, zvichireva komputa yehungwaru hwemwero wepakati - inokwanisa kuita chero mabasa ainoita. Maererano nenyanzvi dzakawanda, tiri munzira yekugadzira AGI inoshanda.
3. artificial superintelligence (, AS I). Oxford AI theorist Nick Bostrom anotsanangura kungwara se "njere dzakanyanya kungwara kupfuura pfungwa dzevanhu dzakangwara muzvinhu zvese, kusanganisira kugona kwesainzi, ruzivo rwese, uye hunyanzvi hwemagariro."

III. Mazuva ano anoshanda mashandisirwo eAI:

• Matekinoroji akavakirwa pane zvakapusa logic - inowanzoshandiswa, semuenzaniso, kudzora kufambira mberi kwemaitiro ehunyanzvi mumafekitari mu "kusavapo kwe data yese" mamiriro.
• Nyanzvi masisitimu - masisitimu anoshandisa hwaro hweruzivo uye nzira dzekufungidzira kugadzirisa matambudziko.
• Shanduro yemuchina yezvinyorwa - masisitimu eshanduro haana kuchinjirwa kuvanhu, akagadziridzwa zvakanyanya uye anonyanya kukodzera kushandura zvinyorwa zvehunyanzvi.
• Neural network - yakabudirira kushandiswa mune zvakawanda zvikumbiro, kusanganisira hurongwa hwe "vapikisi vakangwara" mumitambo yemakomputa.
• Machine kudzidza Bazi rehungwaru hwekugadzira rinobata nemaalgorithms anogona kudzidza kuita sarudzo kana kuwana ruzivo.
• Data collection - Inokurukura nzvimbo, hukama nezvinodiwa zveruzivo, kuwanikwa kweruzivo, nzira dzekuongorora dzakashandiswa, zvinotarisirwa mhedzisiro.
• Kuzivikanwa kwemufananidzo -zvirongwa zvave kutoshandiswa zvinoziva vanhu kubva pamufananidzo wechiso kana otomatiki zvinhu zvakasarudzwa mumafoto esatellite.
• Kuzivikanwa kwekutaura uye kuzivikanwa kwemutauri inotoshandiswa zvakanyanya pakutengeserana.
• Kuzivikanwa kwekunyora (OCR) - yakatoshandiswa pachiyero chikuru, semuenzaniso, kurongedza otomatiki mavara uye mumanotepadhi emagetsi.
• kugadzira kugadzira - kune zvirongwa zvinogadzira otomatiki mafomu enhetembo mapfupi, anonyora, kuronga uye kududzira mabasa emimhanzi anogona "kuvhiringa" kunyangwe nyanzvi dzenyanzvi kuti vasatarise mabasa akagadzirwa.
• Inowanzoshandiswa mune zvehupfumi masisitimu otomatiki kuongorora, kusanganisira kukweretwa, chimiro chevatengi vakanyanya kana kuronga kwekushambadzira mishandirapamwe. Aya masisitimu anofanodzidziswa otomatiki zvichienderana nedata ravanaro (semuenzaniso, vatengi vekubhangi vanogara vachibhadhara chikwereti, uye vatengi vaive nematambudziko nazvo).
• Intelligent Interfaces - inoshandiswa kune otomatiki kudzora, kutarisa, kushuma uye kuedza kugadzirisa zvinogona kuitika muhunyanzvi maitiro.
• Kufembera Kubiridzira uye Kuona – kushandisa v.i. Logistic regression masisitimu anoongorora dhatabhesi kuti aone, semuenzaniso, fungidziro yekutengeserana kwemari.